1. Forward genetics begins with the identification of an organism with an interesting mutant phenotype and aims to discover the function of genes defective in that mutant. It involves mutagenesis, screening for phenotypes of interest, genetic analysis, and chromosome walking to identify the mutated gene.
2. Reverse genetics starts with a known gene and determines the gene's function by modulating its activity through techniques like virus-induced gene silencing, RNA interference, TILLING, and gene deletion and observing resulting phenotypes in the organism.
3. Both forward and reverse genetics are aided by high-throughput approaches like insertional mutagenesis, which allows for rapid screening of large mutant collections to efficiently link phenotypes to genes.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
Introduction
Transcriptome analysis
Goal of functional genomics
Why we need functional genomics
Technique
1. At DNA level
2.At RNA level
3. At protein level
4. loss of function
5. functional genomic and bioinformatics
Application
Latest research and reviews
Websites of functional genomics
Conclusions
Reference
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
Introduction
Transcriptome analysis
Goal of functional genomics
Why we need functional genomics
Technique
1. At DNA level
2.At RNA level
3. At protein level
4. loss of function
5. functional genomic and bioinformatics
Application
Latest research and reviews
Websites of functional genomics
Conclusions
Reference
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
Introduction
Components of binary vector
Development of binary vector system
Properties of binary vector
Types of binary vector
Plant transformation using binary vector
Advantage of using binary vector
Conclusion
References
Whole genome sequencing of arabidopsis thalianaBhavya Sree
arabidopsis is the representative of plant kingdom or the 'model plant'.it is the first plant genome sequenced. the sequences lead to the overall understanding of the plant kingdom, better understanding of various genes,the important metabolic pathways, evolution etc
description of functional genomics and structural genomics and the techniques involved in it and also decribing the models of forward genetics and techniques involved in it and reverse genetics and techniques involved in it
Transcriptomics is the study of RNA, single-stranded nucleic acid, which was not separated from the DNA world until the central dogma was formulated by Francis Crick in 1958, i.e., the idea that genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA into protein.
This presentation is about chloroplast transformation, the importance of chloroplast transformation on nucleus transformation and strategies for making marker-free transplastomic plant
Introduction
Components of binary vector
Development of binary vector system
Properties of binary vector
Types of binary vector
Plant transformation using binary vector
Advantage of using binary vector
Conclusion
References
Whole genome sequencing of arabidopsis thalianaBhavya Sree
arabidopsis is the representative of plant kingdom or the 'model plant'.it is the first plant genome sequenced. the sequences lead to the overall understanding of the plant kingdom, better understanding of various genes,the important metabolic pathways, evolution etc
description of functional genomics and structural genomics and the techniques involved in it and also decribing the models of forward genetics and techniques involved in it and reverse genetics and techniques involved in it
Transcriptomics is the study of RNA, single-stranded nucleic acid, which was not separated from the DNA world until the central dogma was formulated by Francis Crick in 1958, i.e., the idea that genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA into protein.
This presentation is about chloroplast transformation, the importance of chloroplast transformation on nucleus transformation and strategies for making marker-free transplastomic plant
Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics are the three core omics technologies, which respectively deal with the analysis of genome, proteome and metabolome of cells and tissues of an organism.
A transplastomic plant is a genetically modified plant in which the new genes have not been inserted in the nuclear DNA but in the DNA of the chloroplasts.
Functional genomics is a general approach toward understanding how the genes of an organism work together by assigning new functions to unknown genes. Information about the hypothesized function of an unknown gene may be deduced from its sequence structure using already known functions of similar genes as the basis for comparison. Gene function analysis therefore necessitates the analysis of temporal and spatial gene expression patterns (Yunbi Xu et al , Plant Molecular Biology (2005) ).
A powerful non-transgenic reverse genetics method that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identify point mutations in regions of interest.
EcoTILLING is a molecular technique that is similar to TILLING, except that its objective is to uncover natural genetic variation as opposed to induced mutations.
i have included terminology, types, methods, process, applications of trangenic technology.
all the pics are collected from different websites and some text books shown in reference. pictures and matter copyrights doesn't belong to me.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi
VishwaVidyalaya, Jabalpur
(2016-17)
Credit seminar on
Guided by-
Dr. D.K. MISHRA
Submitted by-
Srishti Singh
Roll no 6527
M.Sc. (Ag) final year
3. GENETICS
•Science that deals with the structure,organisation,transmission
and function of genes, and the origin of variation
•Founder -Mendal in 1866
•Terms given by-Bateson in 1905
By:Wikipedia
4. Background
•Genetics is the study of gene function
•Gene function is inferred from the resulting phenotype when the
gene is mutated
•Genomics is changing the way of genetics is performed Globally,i.e.
high-throughput approaches
•Genomics approaches are being applied to both forward and reverse
genetics
GENETICS
FORWARD GENETICS REVERSE GENETICS
6. AIM
Then aims to discover the function of genes defective in
mutants by chromosome walking
chromosome contig candidate genes mutation
To find all of the genes involved in a trait
7. •Forward genetics usually starts with mutagenesis of organism Can use
chemicals
e.g., ethyl methyl sulfonate
Or can use radiation
e.g., X rays, gamma rays
•Then screen progeny of mutagenized individuals for phenotypes of
interest
BASICS OF FORWARD GENETICS
8. Visually- abnormal morphology, growth rate, color, flowering, fertility,
etc.
Biochemically— alterations in basic cell
processes (replication, protein synthesis, etc.)
Microscopically (use fluorescent tags
to see overexpression) and image analysis
How do scientists screen phenotypes?
http://www.illuminatedcell.com/autophagosomes.html
9. Genetic analysis
First step in analysis of mutants:
• Precisely describe phenotype
Basis of predicting gene function:
•identify precisely what has malfunctioned (wrong) in the
mutant
•That is what the gene product does in the wild type
10. STEPS IN FORWARD GENETICS
A set of mutants lines are created either by EMS and/or TDNA /
transposon preferably called as knockout for the latter.
These mutant lines are then screened for a particular phenotype usin
g mutant screens or procedures where a large number of
mutants can be screened in a bulk manner
The selected mutants are then carried forward and analyzed by PCR (i
n case of TDNA insertion lines), backcrossed to remove
or dilute any unwanted insertions of TDNA
11. The next logical steps involves cloning of the full length gene an
d cDNA from the wild type plants.
In the final validation step, the gene isolated in the previous step is use
d to transform the mutant plant and phenotyped.
“If
Themutant plant exhibits recovery of wild type phenotype, it is assume
d that the wt type gene is able to rescue the mutant; hence
this validates the gene function.”
The sequence information generated from the PCR is then used to ident
ify the gene where the insertion has taken place and this
becomes the candidate gene for the phenotype tested in previous
steps.
12. Genomics and forward genetics
High-throughput genetic screens
•Candidate-gene approach
To go from phenotype to gene
•Insertional mutagenesis
Loss-of-function mutation Activation tagging
•Enhancer trapping
13. High-throughput genetic screen
Paradigm Genetics, Inc.
performs “phenotypic
profiling”
Take measurements of
mutants’ physical and
chemical parameters
e.g., plant height, leaf size,
root density, and nutrient
utilization
Different developmental
times: compare to wild type
14. From phenotype to gene
Once an interesting
mutant is found and
characterized, we
want to find the gene
in which the mutant
occurred
Positional cloning
•First use genetic
mapping
•Then use
chromosome
walking
chromosome contig
candidate genes mutation
15. Candidate-gene approach
If the mutated gene is localized to a sequenced region
of the chromosome, then look for genes that could be
involved in the process under study
Last step:
•confirm gene identification
•Rescue of phenotype
•Mutations in same gene in different alleles
16. Insertional mutagenesis
•Alternative to chromosome walking
•To reduce time and effort required to identify mutant gene
•Insert piece of DNA that disrupts genes
•Inserts randomly in chromosomes
•Make collection of individuals
•Each with insertion in different place
•Screen collection for phenotypes
•Use inserted DNA to identify mutated gene :Researchgate
17. Insertional mutagenesis in Arabidopsis
• T-DNA inserts into plant
chromosome
• Screen for mutations
that affect flower
formation
• Make genomic library
from mutant DNA
• Probe with T-DNA
• Identify mutant gene
T-DNA
inserts
into
gene
probe library
made from
T-DNA tagged
mutant with
T-DNA
sequence
DNA flanking
T-DNA to
identify gene
18. Enhancer trapping
• Type of insertional mutagenesis
– Used to find genes with interesting expression
patterns
• Insert carries a reporter gene
– Expresses foreign protein
– No effect on organism
• Enhancer trap
– Has minimal promoter in front of reporter gene
– Enhancer near point of insertion acts on it
19. Enhancer trapping in Drosophila
• Use transposon P
element
• Carries reporter gene
– b-galactosidase
• Hops into genome
• When lands near
enhancer, activates gene
expression
• Expression similar to that
of neighboring gene
P element recognition sites
enhancer gene Y
enhancer b-galactosidase
b-galactosidase
gene Y
20. Advantages and disadvantages of Forward genetics
It is a tested method and many genes have been isolated in plants.
It works very well in phenotypes that can be distinguished
quickly, for eg. color, shape etc.
It works in a unbiased manner because it is random in natureThe
mutant lines created are quite stable and T-
DNA is known to preferentially integrate in and around the genic
region
On the other hand, phenotypes that are difficult to evaluate mak
e it very tedious.
Only one gene/trait can be analyzed
Some genes may be missed and the procedure works only in plan
ts that are amenable to Agrobacterium transformation
22. AIM
Then aims to determine the role of the gene from the
effects on the organism
AGCTCAATAGATAATC
TCGAGTTAGTCTATTAG
Sequence/mutation DNA Phenotype
23. Basics of reverse genetics
To find out the function of a known gene
• Reverse genetics starts with known genes
– e.g., from genomic sequencing
• to determine function through targeted
modulation of gene activity
Decrease
Increase
24. Reverse Genetics Techniques
Virus indused gene silencing
Chemical mutagenesis or TILLING
RNA mediated interfernce (RNAi)
DELETEAGENES
25. Virus indused gene silencing(VIGS) eg: zebra fish
Injection of zebra fish embryo with retrovirus preparation
Raising of founder embryo generation
F1 generation by inbreeding/outbreeding of founder
Identification of F1 fish with multiple insertions
26. Raising F2 families by inbreeding selected F1 fishes
Sperms were collected and archived from 2nd and 3rd
generation
DNA extracted from fin clips
Insertion sites were identified by LM-PCR and
sequencing
Eg. Arabidopsis
27.
28. RNA mediated interfernce (RNAi)
•Suppresses gene expression
•Post-transcriptional biological process
•mRNA degradation/ inhibition of
translation
•Target - dsRNA
30. DELETEAGENES useful for small genes and tandem repeats
Deletion library construction
Treat wild type seeds with fast neutron
Plant M1 seeds and grow up population
Collect M2 seeds from individual plants
Plant some seeds from each line
Collect tissue and extract DNA
Fast Neutron Deletion Mutagenesis-based Reverse Genetics
Approach for Plants
31. TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that
combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to
identify point mutations in regions of interest. (McCallum
et.al, 2000)
(Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes)
TILLING
TILLING first began in the late 1990’s by McCallum
who worked on characterizing the function of two
chromomethylase gene in Arabidopsis.
32. Development of mutagenized population
EMS mutagenesis
Development of M2 population
DNA preparation and pooling of individuals
Mutation Discovery
PCR amplification of a region of interest
Mismatched cleavage
Detection of Heteroduplexes as extra peak or band (HPLC
or Acrylamide gel)
Identification of the mutant individual
Sequencing of Mutant PCR product
The TILLING Methodology
33. The TILLINGpopulation-MUTAGENESIS
Mutagenizing seed with EMS done by soaking seeds in an EMS
solution (14-18 h in a 30-100 mM (0.3%-1%) EMS solution.)
Planting the seeds in field
Mutagenized population (M1generation) is grown to maturity
allowed to self-fertilize to produce M2 seeds.
M2 seeds can be maintained as lines or bulked
If the M2 seed is bulked then lines need to be established using M3 seed.
In either case, when sampling M2 plants to establish population
34. Arraying the population for TILLING
Genomic DNA is isolated from individuals M2/M3 plants
Standardized the DNA concentration of each sample
Arrayed in a 96-well microtiter plate
Allowing up to 8-fold pooling of diploid plants to increase
TILLING throughput
36. Advantages
Its applicability to virtually any organism.
Its facility for high-throughput and its independence of genome
size, reproductive system or generation time.
Since it uses Chemical mutagenesis virtually all genes can be
targeted by screening few individuals.
High degree of mutational saturation can be achieve without
excessive collateral DNA damage.
Eco- TILLING is useful for association mapping study and linkage
disequilibrium analysis.
Ecotilling can be used not only to determine the extent of variation
but also to assay the level of heterozygosity within a gene.
37. EcoTILLING
The first publication of the EcoTILLING method in which
TILLING was modified to mine for natural polymorphisms
was in 2004 from work in Arabidopsis thaliana.
EcoTILLING is similar to TILLING, except that its objective
is to identify natural genetic variation as opposed to induced
mutations.
Many species are not amenable to chemical mutagenesis;
therefore, EcoTILLING can aid in the discovery of
natural variants and their putative gene function
This approach allows one to rapidly screen through many
samples with a gene of interest to identify naturally occurring
SNPs and / or small INs/DELS.
41. REFERENCES
Azpiroz-Leehan, R., and Feldmann, K.A. (1997).T-DNA insertion
mutagenesis in Arabidopsis: Going back and forth. Trends Genet. 13,
152–159.
Bradelly J Till et al.,(.2004) Discovery of induced mutation in maize by
TILLING:BMC Plant biology.4,471-2229
Krysan, P.J., Young, J.C., and Sussman, M.R. (1999). T-DNA as an
insertional mutagen in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 11, 2283–2290
Parinov, S., and Sundaresan, V. (2000). Functional genomics in
Arabidopsis: Large-scale insertional mutagenesis complements the
genome sequencing project. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 11, 157–161.
Sussman, M.R., Amasino, R.M., Young, J.C., Krysan, P.J., and Austin-
Phillips, S. (2000). The Arabidopsis knockout facility at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison. Plant Physiol. 124, 1465–1467.
