Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), combine antibody binding with enzymatic detection to quantify molecules of interest.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
ELISA- Principle, procedure , types and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a labeled immunoassay that is considered the gold standard of immunoassays.
This immunological test is very sensitive and is used to detect and quantify substances, including antibodies, antigens, proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones.
The detection of these products is accomplished by complexing antibodies and antigens to produce a measurable result.
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), combine antibody binding with enzymatic detection to quantify molecules of interest.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and its clinical significance for MBBS, BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
ELISA- Principle, procedure , types and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a labeled immunoassay that is considered the gold standard of immunoassays.
This immunological test is very sensitive and is used to detect and quantify substances, including antibodies, antigens, proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones.
The detection of these products is accomplished by complexing antibodies and antigens to produce a measurable result.
This document describes detailed information about Radio immuno assay (RIA) including its principle, procedure, advantages, disadvantages, application etc
Immunodiffusion -Different Types,Principle,procedureand application. it is a diagnostic technique for the detection or measurements of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substances such as agar or gel agarose .common types -oudin procedure,oakley fulthorpe procedure ,mancini technique ,ouchterlony double immuno diffusion
This document describes detailed information about Radio immuno assay (RIA) including its principle, procedure, advantages, disadvantages, application etc
Immunodiffusion -Different Types,Principle,procedureand application. it is a diagnostic technique for the detection or measurements of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substances such as agar or gel agarose .common types -oudin procedure,oakley fulthorpe procedure ,mancini technique ,ouchterlony double immuno diffusion
ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay) by Pranzly.pptPranzly Rajput
INTRODUCTION
The term ELISA was first used by Engvall & Perlma in 1971.
high sensitivity
useful & powerful method in estimating ng/mL to pg/mL ordered materials in the solution.
Similar To RIA, Except No Radio-labelling.
Alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase and beta-galactosidase are the enzymes used in the EIA tests.
PRINCIPLE
MATERIAL REQUIRED
REAGENTS
TYPES
NON-COMPETITIVE ELISA
DIRECT ELISA
INDIRECT ELISA
SANDWICH ELISA
COMPETITIVE ELISA
ELISA RESULT
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE
PRECAUTIONS
ELISA or Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay is a qualitative and quantitative assay for detecting the presence of antigens (virus, hormones, enzymes, etc.) in a sample.
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a very sensitive immunochemical technique which is used to access the presence of specific protein (antigen or antibody) in the given sample and it’s quantification.
It is also called solid-phase enzyme immunoassay as it employs an enzyme linked antigen or antibody as a marker for the detection of specific protein.
ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine, plant pathology and in the food industry as a quality control check.
The following presentation contains helpful information regarding Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), including their history, introduction, advantages, procedures and applications.
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
The Histones
Deoxynucleic acid ( DNA )
Importance of Nucleotides
Base pairing
Denaturation and Renaturation
Determination GC content
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis
Prokaryotic DNA Replication
Transcription
Coding Strand and Template Strand
Steps of RNA synthesize
Macromolecules of life (Nucleic acids & Proteins)Amany Elsayed
Macromolecules of life (Nucleic acids & Proteins)
The Fibrous Proteins
The Collagens
The Globular Proteins
Structure and Function of Myoglobin
Minor Hemoglobin’s
Biological value of proteins
Nitrogen Balance
Protein Deficiency
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. 1
2- Labeled antibody techniques :
• Several types of immunological tests used labeled antibodies in the test design .
• Molecules ( labels ) such as dyes or enzymes are conjugated ( attached ) to the Fc
portion of the antibodies .
• Attaching these labels to the immunoglobulins does not interfere with the
immunoglobulins’ ability to bind to antigens
• Labeled antibody techniques are among the
more sensitive immunoassays available.
• The first sensitive and reliable drug and
hormone assays used antibodies labeled with
radioisotopes, called radioimmunoassay
( RIAs ).
• These early immunoassays required a
radiation detector to measure the reaction .
• RIAs have been replaced by improved labeling techniques, eliminating the hazards
of using radioactive materials .
☺ I – Enzyme Immunoassay :
• Enzyme immunoassays ( EIAs ) use enzyme-labeled antibodies to cause a visible
reaction .
2. 2
• The tests can be design to detect either antibody or antigen, such as viral antigen, in
a patient specimen .
• Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ( ELISA ) is a type of EIA .
• It is a very sensitive immunochemical technique used to access the presence and
quantification of specific protein ( antigen or antibody ) in a given sample .
• It is also called solid-phase enzyme immunoassay as it employs an enzyme linked
antigen or antibody as a marker for the detection of a specific protein .
• An enzyme conjugated with an antibody reacts with a colorless substrate to generate
a colored reaction product .
• A number of enzymes have been employed for ELISA, including alkaline
phosphatase ( ALP ) and horseradish peroxidase ( HRP ) .
• The enzyme activity may be monitored directly by measuring the product formed or
by measuring the effect of the product on a coupled reaction .
• Depending on the substrate used, the product can be photometric, fluorometric, or
chemiluminescent .
• For example, a typical photometric reaction using HRP-labeled Ab ( Ab-HRP ) and
the substrate ( a peroxide ) generate the product ( oxygen ) .
• The oxygen can then oxidize a reduced chromogen ( reduced
orthophenylenediamine [ OPD ] ) to produce a colored compound ( oxidized OPD ),
which is measured using a photometer .
Ab-HRP + peroxidase Ab = HRP + O2
O2 + reduced OPD Oxidized OPD + H2o
4. 4
◘ Types of ELISA :-
- A number of variations of ELISA have been developed, allowing qualitative
detection or quantitative measurement of either antigen or antibody .
♠ A . Indirect ELISA :
• It detects the presence of Antibody in a sample .
• The antigen for which the sample must be analyzed is adhered to the wells of the
microtiter plate .
• The primary antibody present in the sample bind specifically to the antigen after
addition of sample .
• The solution is washed to remove unbound antibodies and then enzymes conjugated
secondary antibodies are added .
• The substrate foe enzyme is added to quantify the primary antibody present in the
serum directly correlates with the intensity of the color .
♦ Advantages :-
- A wide variety of labeled secondary antibodies are available commercially.
- Versatile because many primary antibodies can be made in one species and the
same labeled secondary antibody can be used for detection .
- Maximum immunoreactivity of the primary antibody is retained because it is not
labeled .
- Sensitivity is increased because each primary antibody contains several epitopes
that can be bound by labeled secondary antibody, allowing for signal
amplification .
5. 5
♦ Dis-advantages :
- Cross-reactivity might occur with the secondary antibody, resulting in non-
specific signal .
- An extra incubation step is required in the procedure .
♠ B. Sandwich ELISA :-
• It is used to identify a specific sample antigen .
• The wells of microtiter plate are coated with the antibodies .
• Non-specific binding sites are blocked using bovine serum albumin .
• The antigen containing sample is applied to wells .
• A specific primary antibody is then added after washing .
• This sandwiches the antigen .
• Enzyme linked secondary antibody is added that binds primary antibody .
• Unbound antibody-enzyme conjugates are washed off .
• The substrate for enzyme is introduced to quantify the antigen .
♦ Advantages :-
- High specificity because the antigen/analyte is specifically captured and
detected .
- Suitable for complex ( or crude/impure ) samples as the antigen does not require
purification prior to measurement .
- Flexible and sensitive, both direct or indirect detection methods can be used .
6. 6
♠ C . Competitive ELISA :-
• This type of ELISA depends in the competitive reaction between the sample antigen
and antigen bound to the wells of microtiter plate with the primary antibody .
• First, the primary antibody is incubated with the sample .
• This results in the formation of Ag-Ab complex which are then added to the wells
that have been coated with the same antigens .
• After incubation, unbound antibodies are washed off .
• The more antigens in the sample, the more primary antibody will bind to the sample
antigen .
• Therefore there will be smaller amount of primary antibody available to bind to the
antigen coated on well .
• Secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme is added, followed by a substrate to
elicit a chromogenic signal .
• concentration of color is inversely proportional to the amount of antigen present in
the sample .
♦ Advantages :-
- It is highly sensitive even when the specific detecting antibody is present in
relatively small amounts .