Urine analysis & Hematology Slides
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This document provides information on analyzing urine and blood samples in a clinical laboratory setting. It discusses analyzing urine color, the presence of bacteria and parasites, cells, casts, and crystals under a microscope. It also covers performing complete blood counts using a hemocytometer, making blood smears, measuring hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, identifying blood type and reading test cards, and using various electrophoresis and agglutination tests to identify abnormal hemoglobins and diagnose diseases. The goal is to extract clinically relevant information from analyzing these specimen types.
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Ua urinalyisisreview
This document provides information and instructions for collecting urine samples and performing a urinalysis. It discusses obtaining first morning voids, clean-catch samples, and timed urine collections. The types of urinalysis covered are macroscopic examination, chemical analysis using urine dipsticks, microscopic examination, and culture. Specific tests on the dipstick like glucose, bilirubin, ketones, specific gravity, blood, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase are explained.
Microscopic examination of urine
The document provides information on urinalysis including guidelines for sample collection and storage. It discusses the various reasons urinalysis is performed such as to evaluate health, diagnose metabolic diseases, and monitor conditions like diabetes. Components normally present in urine like volume, pH, and inorganic/organic constituents are outlined. The document also describes the types of urinalysis including physical, chemical, microscopic, and cultural examinations. Microscopic examination involves identifying organized elements like epithelial cells, RBCs, WBCs, and casts as well as unorganized elements such as crystals and sediments.
microscopic examination of urine and other special tests
Microscopic examination of urine provides important diagnostic information by identifying cellular elements and casts in the urine sediment. A urine sample is centrifuged to separate the supernatant from the sediment, which is then examined microscopically using various techniques like brightfield, phase contrast, and polarized microscopy. Normal urine may contain occasional red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells, as well as hyaline and granular casts. Increased numbers of these elements or presence of abnormal casts indicates underlying renal or urinary tract diseases. A complete urine examination report includes quantification and description of all cellular elements and casts observed.
Peripheral blood Smear Preparation
This document provides information about preparing and examining peripheral blood smears. It discusses how to make a good blood smear by ensuring the smear is evenly spread and covers most of the slide. The document also describes staining blood smears using the Leishman's stain method and examining smears under a microscope. Key things to observe during examination include the different types of white blood cells, red blood cell morphology, and any abnormal findings. Performing a manual differential count involves identifying 100 white blood cells and categorizing them by type.
Urine analysis.ppt
Urine analysis is a common medical diagnostic tool that can evaluate general health, diagnose diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, and monitor conditions like diabetes. A urine analysis involves macroscopic examination of properties like volume, color, odor, pH and specific gravity. Microscopic examination analyzes cellular elements and crystals in sediment. Chemical analysis tests for proteins, glucose, ketones, blood, and other substances. Abnormal results can indicate issues with the kidneys, urinary tract, liver or other organs. Precise diagnosis requires correlating clinical history with comprehensive urine analysis findings.
Microscopic examination of urine
An illustrative presentation on Microscopic examination of Urine for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning and self-study..
Rbc abnormality
This document discusses various abnormalities seen in red blood cells and their clinical significance. It describes 22 different types of red blood cell abnormalities including microcytes, macrocytes, hypochromia, spherocytes, target cells, stomatocytes, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, sickle cells, ovalocytes, elliptocytes, acanthocytes, burr cells, basophilic stippling, siderocytes, Howell-Jolly bodies, Cabot rings, schistocytes, crescent bodies, crenated cells, and Heinz bodies. Each abnormality is defined by characteristics such as shape, size, staining properties, and clinical conditions they are associated with.
Urine analysis
This document provides an overview of urine analysis including physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Physical examination assesses volume, color, odor, pH, and specific gravity. Chemical examination tests for proteins, sugars, ketone bodies, bilirubin, and blood. Microscopic examination identifies epithelial cells, red blood cells, crystals, and casts which can indicate various conditions. Urine dipsticks provide a convenient qualitative analysis of various urine components. A comprehensive urine analysis evaluates kidney and bladder function and detects underlying diseases.
Recommended
Ua urinalyisisreview
This document provides information and instructions for collecting urine samples and performing a urinalysis. It discusses obtaining first morning voids, clean-catch samples, and timed urine collections. The types of urinalysis covered are macroscopic examination, chemical analysis using urine dipsticks, microscopic examination, and culture. Specific tests on the dipstick like glucose, bilirubin, ketones, specific gravity, blood, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase are explained.
Microscopic examination of urine
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microscopic examination of urine and other special tests
Microscopic examination of urine provides important diagnostic information by identifying cellular elements and casts in the urine sediment. A urine sample is centrifuged to separate the supernatant from the sediment, which is then examined microscopically using various techniques like brightfield, phase contrast, and polarized microscopy. Normal urine may contain occasional red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells, as well as hyaline and granular casts. Increased numbers of these elements or presence of abnormal casts indicates underlying renal or urinary tract diseases. A complete urine examination report includes quantification and description of all cellular elements and casts observed.
Peripheral blood Smear Preparation
This document provides information about preparing and examining peripheral blood smears. It discusses how to make a good blood smear by ensuring the smear is evenly spread and covers most of the slide. The document also describes staining blood smears using the Leishman's stain method and examining smears under a microscope. Key things to observe during examination include the different types of white blood cells, red blood cell morphology, and any abnormal findings. Performing a manual differential count involves identifying 100 white blood cells and categorizing them by type.
Urine analysis.ppt
Urine analysis is a common medical diagnostic tool that can evaluate general health, diagnose diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, and monitor conditions like diabetes. A urine analysis involves macroscopic examination of properties like volume, color, odor, pH and specific gravity. Microscopic examination analyzes cellular elements and crystals in sediment. Chemical analysis tests for proteins, glucose, ketones, blood, and other substances. Abnormal results can indicate issues with the kidneys, urinary tract, liver or other organs. Precise diagnosis requires correlating clinical history with comprehensive urine analysis findings.
Microscopic examination of urine
An illustrative presentation on Microscopic examination of Urine for Medical, Dental, Pharmacology and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy- learning and self-study..
Rbc abnormality
This document discusses various abnormalities seen in red blood cells and their clinical significance. It describes 22 different types of red blood cell abnormalities including microcytes, macrocytes, hypochromia, spherocytes, target cells, stomatocytes, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, sickle cells, ovalocytes, elliptocytes, acanthocytes, burr cells, basophilic stippling, siderocytes, Howell-Jolly bodies, Cabot rings, schistocytes, crescent bodies, crenated cells, and Heinz bodies. Each abnormality is defined by characteristics such as shape, size, staining properties, and clinical conditions they are associated with.
Urine analysis
This document provides an overview of urine analysis including physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Physical examination assesses volume, color, odor, pH, and specific gravity. Chemical examination tests for proteins, sugars, ketone bodies, bilirubin, and blood. Microscopic examination identifies epithelial cells, red blood cells, crystals, and casts which can indicate various conditions. Urine dipsticks provide a convenient qualitative analysis of various urine components. A comprehensive urine analysis evaluates kidney and bladder function and detects underlying diseases.
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This document provides an overview of a hematology course focusing on abnormal red blood cell morphology, defining different types of abnormalities in size, shape, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells including microcytosis, macrocytosis, poikilocytosis, hypochromasia, and inclusion bodies. Various clinical conditions that cause each abnormality are discussed along with depictions of red blood cell morphologies to illustrate the abnormalities.
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1. Microscopic examination of urine sediment involves centrifuging urine to concentrate any cells, casts, crystals, or other structures present.
2. Common findings include red and white blood cells, epithelial cells, hyaline casts, calcium oxalate crystals, and triple phosphate crystals.
3. The presence and amounts of these components provide diagnostic information, such as renal infection from white blood cell casts or glomerular disease from red blood cell casts.
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This document summarizes various anomalies seen in white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. It describes several types of toxic granulation, Dohle bodies, hypersegmented neutrophils, and other abnormalities seen in neutrophils. It also discusses Barr bodies, degenerated neutrophils, vacuolated neutrophils, and giant neutrophils. Further, it provides information on Pelger-Huet anomaly, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Alder-Reilly anomaly, May-Hegglin anomaly, and Auer rods. The document concludes by mentioning smudge or basket cells and platelet satellitism.
Urine analysis Class II
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This document summarizes renal function tests and urine analysis. It describes the anatomy and function of the nephron, steps in urine formation, and normal ranges for physical and chemical urine tests including volume, color, odor, specific gravity, pH, creatinine, BUN, electrolytes, glucose, protein, and ketones. It discusses clinical implications of abnormal test values and interfering factors. Macroscopic urine examination for casts and cells is also covered, in addition to exogenous markers of glomerular filtration rate like inulin and iothalamate clearance tests.
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This document summarizes different types of erythrocyte inclusions seen on supravital and Wright staining, along with their composition and associated disease states. It describes inclusions such as basophilic stippling composed of RNA seen in iron deficiency, Howell-Jolly bodies which are nuclear fragments seen in megaloblastic anemia, Heinz bodies containing denatured hemoglobin associated with G6PD deficiency, and siderotic granules containing iron found in sideroblastic anemia.
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This document provides guidelines for peripheral blood smear examination, including slide preparation, staining, and microscopic evaluation. Key points include:
- Blood smears are used to evaluate anemia, infections, and abnormal cells. Three steps are involved in making blood films: preparation, fixation, and staining.
- Under the microscope, a preliminary low and high power scan examines staining quality and cell distribution before a 100-cell differential count at oil immersion.
- RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and parasites are examined for morphologies, counts, and any abnormalities. Terms like pancytopenia and bicytopenia are defined.
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This document describes various methods for estimating hemoglobin concentration in blood. It provides details on Sahli's acid hematin method, including the principle, equipment needed, procedure, sources of error, and merits and demerits. It also explains the cyanmethemoglobin method, which is the standard and most accurate method. Automated analyzers that measure additional blood parameters are also mentioned.
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I. This document discusses various tests used to evaluate renal function, including glomerular filtration rate tests and tubular reabsorption and secretion tests.
II. Glomerular filtration rate can be estimated using creatinine clearance, beta-2 microglobulin, cystatin C, urea clearance, or inulin clearance. Tubular reabsorption is evaluated using tests like osmolarity, specific gravity, and free water clearance.
III. Tubular secretion is assessed using tests such as PAH clearance and titratable acidity/urinary ammonia levels. The history of urinalysis is also briefly outlined, from its early uses to developments in microscopy and quantification of sediment.
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This document summarizes the morphology of normal white blood cells and platelets. It provides reference ranges for total white blood cell count and differential counts. It describes the characteristics of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. It also discusses qualitative abnormalities that may affect white blood cells, including inherited conditions, acquired conditions, and leukemias. Finally, it provides a brief overview of platelet structure and disorders of platelets.
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This document provides details on microscopic examination of urine sediment. Key points include:
- Urine sample collection and preparation for examination under microscope by centrifuging and examining the sediment.
- Classification of findings as organised or unorganised substances, and types of cells, casts, crystals and other formed elements that may be observed.
- Significance of various normal and abnormal findings in identifying renal and other diseases. Detailed morphology of different cell types, casts, crystals and other structures are described.
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This document provides information about urine analysis including collection and preservation of urine samples, physical examination of urine, and chemical examination of urine.
Key points include: urine should be collected in a clean, dry container; physical properties examined include volume, color, odor, appearance and specific gravity; chemical tests can detect proteins, sugars, pH, and other substances; abnormal results may indicate conditions like urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, or metabolic disorders. Precise methods are described to test for proteins, sugars, pH, and other urine components. Interpretation of results is provided to evaluate both normal and pathological findings.
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This document provides information about hematological parameters and blood components. It describes that whole blood is composed of plasma and cells. Plasma constitutes 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients and wastes. Cells make up 45% of blood and include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. Normal ranges are provided for various blood cell counts. Methods for measuring hematocrit, hemoglobin and performing a complete blood count are summarized. Red blood cell indices including MCV, MCH and MCHC are also defined. Finally, blood typing and Rh factor are briefly explained.
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This document provides an overview of a hematology course focusing on abnormal red blood cell morphology, defining different types of abnormalities in size, shape, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells including microcytosis, macrocytosis, poikilocytosis, hypochromasia, and inclusion bodies. Various clinical conditions that cause each abnormality are discussed along with depictions of red blood cell morphologies to illustrate the abnormalities.
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1. Microscopic examination of urine sediment involves centrifuging urine to concentrate any cells, casts, crystals, or other structures present.
2. Common findings include red and white blood cells, epithelial cells, hyaline casts, calcium oxalate crystals, and triple phosphate crystals.
3. The presence and amounts of these components provide diagnostic information, such as renal infection from white blood cell casts or glomerular disease from red blood cell casts.
Wbc & platelets anomalies
This document summarizes various anomalies seen in white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. It describes several types of toxic granulation, Dohle bodies, hypersegmented neutrophils, and other abnormalities seen in neutrophils. It also discusses Barr bodies, degenerated neutrophils, vacuolated neutrophils, and giant neutrophils. Further, it provides information on Pelger-Huet anomaly, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Alder-Reilly anomaly, May-Hegglin anomaly, and Auer rods. The document concludes by mentioning smudge or basket cells and platelet satellitism.
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This document summarizes renal function tests and urine analysis. It describes the anatomy and function of the nephron, steps in urine formation, and normal ranges for physical and chemical urine tests including volume, color, odor, specific gravity, pH, creatinine, BUN, electrolytes, glucose, protein, and ketones. It discusses clinical implications of abnormal test values and interfering factors. Macroscopic urine examination for casts and cells is also covered, in addition to exogenous markers of glomerular filtration rate like inulin and iothalamate clearance tests.
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This document provides information about performing and interpreting a peripheral blood smear examination. It discusses preparing the smear, staining it using Romanowsky staining techniques, and systematically examining it under the microscope. The summary includes evaluating red blood cells for abnormalities in size, shape, inclusions and other features. White blood cell differential counts and platelet assessment are also reviewed. The document outlines various morphological abnormalities that may be observed and their potential clinical significance.
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1. The document discusses quality control in blood banking, including internal and external quality control measures.
2. It outlines quality control procedures that should be followed for various blood banking components and tests, including red blood cells, platelets, plasma, and transfusion transmitted disease testing.
3. Regular quality control and participation in proficiency testing programs are important to monitor performance and ensure high standards.
Esr method, principle and interpretation
The document discusses the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a common medical test used to detect inflammation. It defines ESR as the rate at which red blood cells settle in one hour and notes it is indicative of inflammation. The document also describes factors that increase and decrease ESR, different methods for measuring ESR including the Westergren method, and limitations of ESR as a non-specific test that cannot diagnose disease on its own.
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This document provides information on hemoglobin electrophoresis, including its definition, purpose, principles, procedures, materials, risks, results, factors that can affect the test, and applications. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to screen for and diagnose blood disorders by separating normal and abnormal hemoglobin types in blood based on their electrical charges. The procedure involves extracting hemoglobin from blood samples, running the samples through a gel or cellulose acetate strip using an electrical current, then staining and analyzing the strips to identify abnormal hemoglobin levels or variants that can indicate blood disorders.
RBC Inclusions
This document summarizes different types of erythrocyte inclusions seen on supravital and Wright staining, along with their composition and associated disease states. It describes inclusions such as basophilic stippling composed of RNA seen in iron deficiency, Howell-Jolly bodies which are nuclear fragments seen in megaloblastic anemia, Heinz bodies containing denatured hemoglobin associated with G6PD deficiency, and siderotic granules containing iron found in sideroblastic anemia.
Blood film preparation and reporting
This document provides guidelines for peripheral blood smear examination, including slide preparation, staining, and microscopic evaluation. Key points include:
- Blood smears are used to evaluate anemia, infections, and abnormal cells. Three steps are involved in making blood films: preparation, fixation, and staining.
- Under the microscope, a preliminary low and high power scan examines staining quality and cell distribution before a 100-cell differential count at oil immersion.
- RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and parasites are examined for morphologies, counts, and any abnormalities. Terms like pancytopenia and bicytopenia are defined.
- Detailed guidelines are given for examining and reporting R
Haemoglobin estimation ,different methods and normal values
This document describes various methods for estimating hemoglobin concentration in blood. It provides details on Sahli's acid hematin method, including the principle, equipment needed, procedure, sources of error, and merits and demerits. It also explains the cyanmethemoglobin method, which is the standard and most accurate method. Automated analyzers that measure additional blood parameters are also mentioned.
Renal function tests and intro to urinalysis
I. This document discusses various tests used to evaluate renal function, including glomerular filtration rate tests and tubular reabsorption and secretion tests.
II. Glomerular filtration rate can be estimated using creatinine clearance, beta-2 microglobulin, cystatin C, urea clearance, or inulin clearance. Tubular reabsorption is evaluated using tests like osmolarity, specific gravity, and free water clearance.
III. Tubular secretion is assessed using tests such as PAH clearance and titratable acidity/urinary ammonia levels. The history of urinalysis is also briefly outlined, from its early uses to developments in microscopy and quantification of sediment.
Morphology of white blood cells
This document summarizes the morphology of normal white blood cells and platelets. It provides reference ranges for total white blood cell count and differential counts. It describes the characteristics of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. It also discusses qualitative abnormalities that may affect white blood cells, including inherited conditions, acquired conditions, and leukemias. Finally, it provides a brief overview of platelet structure and disorders of platelets.
Urine analysis microscopic examination
This document provides details on microscopic examination of urine sediment. Key points include:
- Urine sample collection and preparation for examination under microscope by centrifuging and examining the sediment.
- Classification of findings as organised or unorganised substances, and types of cells, casts, crystals and other formed elements that may be observed.
- Significance of various normal and abnormal findings in identifying renal and other diseases. Detailed morphology of different cell types, casts, crystals and other structures are described.
Platelet count and hematocrit determination methods
1. The document describes the principles, procedures, and clinical significance of platelet count and hematocrit determination methods. Platelet count involves diluting blood with ammonium oxalate and counting platelets under a microscope, while hematocrit involves filling a capillary tube with blood and centrifuging it to measure the ratio of red blood cells to plasma.
2. Both tests help diagnose bleeding, clotting, and anemia issues by checking platelet and red blood cell levels. Abnormally high or low counts can indicate conditions like blood cancers, blood loss, kidney disease, or dehydration. Precise methods and calculations are required to obtain accurate results.
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This document provides information about urine analysis performed by the Department of Urology at GRH and KMC in Chennai, India. It discusses the history of urine analysis from early observations of color and odor to modern quantitative tests. It outlines the moderators and their qualifications. It also describes proper procedures for urine specimen collection, transport, preservation, and analysis, including macroscopic examination, chemical dipstick analysis, microscopy, culture, and cytology. Key factors that can affect urine such as volume, color, turbidity, and specific gravity are explained.
Urine examination
This document provides information on evaluating proteinuria in urine. It discusses the different types of proteinuria including glomerular, tubular, overflow and hemodynamic proteinuria. Glomerular proteinuria is caused by damage to the glomerular basement membrane and can be selective or non-selective. Tubular proteinuria occurs when low molecular weight proteins are excreted due to tubular damage. Tests for detecting and quantifying protein in urine include heat and acetic acid test, reagent strip, sulphosalicylic acid test, and 24-hour urine collection. The document provides normal ranges and indications for proteinuria testing.
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This document provides information about urine analysis including collection and preservation of urine samples, physical examination of urine, and chemical examination of urine.
Key points include: urine should be collected in a clean, dry container; physical properties examined include volume, color, odor, appearance and specific gravity; chemical tests can detect proteins, sugars, pH, and other substances; abnormal results may indicate conditions like urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, or metabolic disorders. Precise methods are described to test for proteins, sugars, pH, and other urine components. Interpretation of results is provided to evaluate both normal and pathological findings.
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This document provides information about hematological parameters and blood components. It describes that whole blood is composed of plasma and cells. Plasma constitutes 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients and wastes. Cells make up 45% of blood and include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. Normal ranges are provided for various blood cell counts. Methods for measuring hematocrit, hemoglobin and performing a complete blood count are summarized. Red blood cell indices including MCV, MCH and MCHC are also defined. Finally, blood typing and Rh factor are briefly explained.
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Routine lab tests provide important health information. Some common tests include:
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- Blood chemistries analyze chemical substances like electrolytes, kidney and liver enzymes, lipid profiles, and blood glucose. This provides insights into organ function.
- Additional tests such as coagulation profiles and hormonal assays evaluate risks of bleeding, metabolic conditions, and other health issues.
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This document discusses blood physiology and components. It begins by outlining the main functions of blood, which include transport, homeostasis, and defense. It then describes the properties of blood such as viscosity, pH, volume, and temperature. Blood consists of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The document provides detailed information about red blood cells, including their shape, size, lifespan, production, hemoglobin function, and indices. It also discusses various blood disorders like anemia, polycythemia, and the regulation of acid-base balance through buffer systems, respiration, and the kidneys.
blood practical CBC
This document provides information about performing a complete blood count (CBC) test. It discusses the objectives and aims of the practical, which include counting red blood cells, white blood cells, determining hemoglobin concentration, and calculating red blood cell indices. It describes manual and automated methods for obtaining CBC measurements using a hemocytometer or Coulter counter. Key steps in the procedures and normal reference ranges for CBC components are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing some clinical applications and implications of abnormal CBC results.
Hemoglobin estimation, RBC, WBC, platelet counts - Pathology - Nursing
This document provides information on various blood tests including hemoglobin estimation, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, and platelet count. It discusses the normal ranges and causes of abnormal high or low results for each test. The key methods described are the Sahli's acid hematin method for hemoglobin estimation and manual counting using a hemocytometer under a microscope for red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts. Indications for ordering each test and procedures are outlined.
Hematology
Physicians working in the field of hematology are called hematologists. Initially, hematologists complete a four-year medical degree and this is followed by three or four years in an internship or residency program. Thereafter, they spend two or three more years learning how to diagnose and treat blood disorders.
Lab tests in hematology.pptx
Blood is composed of plasma and cells. Diseases of the blood present with issues like anemia, abnormal cell counts, bleeding, clotting problems, and infections. Evaluation of blood diseases involves a complete blood count, blood film examination, and tests of coagulation factors and bone marrow aspiration. A complete blood count provides information on red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, and differential white blood cell count which can indicate various diseases. Additional tests like red cell indices, reticulocyte count, coagulation tests, and peripheral blood smear aid in diagnosis. Bone marrow examination is often necessary.
Clinical Hematology Laboratory
Hematology is the branch of medicine, that is concerned with the study of blood, blood forming organs and blood diseases. It includes study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases .
After the completion of this presentation we will know about:
What is hematology and its purpose.
hematology laboratory.
Blood and its compositions and collections
Hematology lab equipment's
Some hematological tests , disease and hazards too.
BLOOD TESTS for nursing students bsc nursing
A complete blood count (CBC) and basic metabolic profile (BMP) are common laboratory tests that provide important information about blood disorders and overall health status. A CBC measures red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts while also providing data on hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell indices. A BMP evaluates electrolytes, kidney and liver function, blood glucose, and acid-base balance. Together these tests provide clinicians with a comprehensive overview of a patient's hematological and metabolic status to aid in diagnosis.
Hematuria
Hematuria is the presence of blood in a person’s urine. The two types of hematuria are
gross hematuria—when a person can see the blood in his or her urine
microscopic hematuria—when a person cannot see the blood in his or her urine, yet it is seen under a microscope
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Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
The Histones
Deoxynucleic acid ( DNA )
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Denaturation and Renaturation
Determination GC content
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis
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PhenylKetonuria & Alkaptomuria & Albinism & Cystinuria & Maple Syrup Urine ...
This document summarizes several inborn errors of amino acid metabolism:
Phenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and results in mental retardation if untreated. Alkaptonuria is caused by a deficiency of homogentistic acid oxidase and causes black pigmentation of tissues, joint problems, and dark urine. Albinism results from a deficiency of tyrosinase causing lack of pigment in hair, eyes, and skin.
Protein Electrophoresis & Gas Liquid Chromatography & HPLC Applications
This document provides information on several chromatography techniques including serum protein electrophoresis, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. It describes the basic procedures, clinical applications, and significance of each method. Serum protein electrophoresis is used to separate and quantify protein fractions in serum to diagnose conditions such as hypoalbuminemia and multiple myeloma. Gas chromatography separates volatile compounds and is applied in forensics to analyze bodily fluids. High performance liquid chromatography is widely used to separate non-volatile compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids, and pharmaceuticals.
Biosynthetic reactions of amino acids and Gel Electrophoresis
Amino acids and their derivatives can act as neurotransmitters in the brain and body. They are synthesized from other amino acids using enzymes and cofactors. Key amino acid derivatives that act as neurotransmitters include glutamate, GABA, histamine, catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, and glycine. These neurotransmitters have various roles like excitation, inhibition, mood regulation, and metabolic processes. Chromatography and electrophoresis techniques are commonly used to separate and analyze the complex mixtures of proteins and amino acids in cells and tissues. These techniques exploit differences in molecules' sizes, charges, and binding properties.
Macromolecules of life (Nucleic acids & Proteins)
Macromolecules of life (Nucleic acids & Proteins)
The Fibrous Proteins
The Collagens
The Globular Proteins
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Minor Hemoglobin’s
Biological value of proteins
Nitrogen Balance
Protein Deficiency
Chemistry of protein
The document discusses several key topics regarding proteins and biochemistry:
1) The major objectives of biochemistry are to understand all chemical processes in living cells at the molecular level, and how this knowledge is essential for medicine to understand health, disease, and effective treatments.
2) Diseases can be caused by various physical, chemical, biological, genetic, immunological, nutritional, and endocrine factors that all influence cellular biochemical mechanisms.
3) Proteins are the most abundant and versatile biomolecules, built from 20 standard amino acids, and serve important structural, regulatory, transport, and other roles essential for life.
Cancer treatment
The document discusses various cancer treatment methods including surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and combination/adjuvant chemotherapy. It provides details on each method such as how surgery is used for diagnosis and removal of tumors, how different types of radiation are used in radiotherapy, and how chemotherapy works by destroying cancer cells. The document also covers natural compounds that can induce apoptosis in cancer cells, including plant extracts, flavonoids, and curcumin which suppresses prostaglandin formation through COX-2 inhibition. Nanoparticles are also discussed as a means of targeted drug delivery to cancer cells to reduce side effects.
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOSIS )
The document summarizes programmed cell death or apoptosis. It describes apoptosis as a naturally occurring, genetically programmed process where a cell undergoes an organized breakdown. During apoptosis, cells shrink, break into membrane-bound fragments called apoptotic bodies, and are removed by phagocytes without causing inflammation. The document outlines the major pathways of apoptosis, including the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and extrinsic death receptor pathway, and discusses the roles of caspase proteases and Bcl-2 family proteins in apoptosis signaling and regulation.
ONCOGENES
Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes all play roles in cancer development. Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that encode proteins regulating cell growth and proliferation. Their mutation results in uncontrolled cell stimulation and growth. Tumor suppressor genes normally inhibit cell growth and proliferation; their inactivation or deletion allows uncontrolled cell division. DNA repair genes ensure accurate DNA replication; mutations in these genes increase mutations in other genes like proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, promoting tumorigenesis.
Gene mutation & Chromosomal Mutations
A nonsense mutation is a point mutation that introduces a premature stop codon into the coding region of a gene. This results in only a partial protein being produced, as the stop codon signals the ribosome to terminate translation early. These truncated proteins are often nonfunctional or defective.
The lac operon regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli. It is negatively regulated by the lac repressor protein, which binds to the operator region and blocks transcription when lactose is absent. However, in the presence of lactose or another inducer molecule, the repressor dissociates from the DNA, allowing transcription and expression of the genes required to break down and utilize lactose.
Gene regulation in prokary
Cancer Biology
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread throughout the body. The three main properties of cancer cells are that they grow aggressively, can invade nearby tissues, and may spread (metastasize) to distant areas. Nearly all cancers are caused by genetic abnormalities within cells that affect genes regulating cell growth and death. Some genetic changes are inherited, but many are acquired from environmental exposures like tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals or infectious agents. Cancer development involves multiple genetic mutations that cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably and evade the immune system.
Molecular Theory and techniques and polymerase chain reaction
Molecular techniques target nucleic acids instead of proteins and consist of nucleic acid binding to its complementary sequence. Nucleic acids store genetic information and direct protein synthesis, allowing insights into cellular changes before proteins are detectable. Areas investigated using nucleic acid hybridization include genetically-based diseases, infectious organisms, individual differences, and altered cell growth. Molecular testing in clinical laboratories uses DNA probes or nucleic acid amplification techniques like PCR to detect or characterize specific DNA or RNA targets.
Chemiluminescence immunoassay and Immunofluorescence Assay
Chemiluminescence immunoassay is a sensitive technique that uses light emission from chemical reactions to detect antigens or antibodies. It has very low background signals in biological samples, allowing detection of analytes at attomole or zeptomole levels. The most common chemiluminescent compounds used are luminol and acridinium esters. The assay involves capturing the target antigen on a plate using capture antibodies. A biotin-conjugated detection antibody then binds, followed by an avidin-HRP conjugate. Addition of a chemiluminescent substrate triggers a reaction where HRP emits light, and the amount of light is proportional to the antigen concentration.
Labeled antibody techniques , ELISA
Labeled antibody techniques use antibodies conjugated to labels like enzymes or dyes. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) use enzyme-labeled antibodies to generate a visible reaction with a substrate. A common type of EIA is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which uses an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen to detect specific proteins. There are several variations of ELISA that can qualitatively or quantitatively detect antigens or antibodies in samples.
Spectrophotometric Instruments (Detector) and Application of UV – VIS spectro...
The document discusses two types of detectors used in spectrophotometric instruments: photomultiplier tubes and photodiode arrays. Photomultiplier tubes use a cascade of electrons to amplify light signals, making them very sensitive, while photodiode arrays use integrated circuits containing many photodiodes to detect light across a spectrum. The document also discusses applications of UV-VIS spectroscopy like quantitative measurements of concentration and qualitative analysis of substance structure from absorption spectra. Immunoassays are described using antibodies to detect antigens, with discussion of monoclonal vs polyclonal antibodies, test sensitivity and specificity, and qualitative vs quantitative testing methods like agglutination.
Some Clinical Laboratory Measurement of Immune Functions
This document describes several clinical laboratory techniques for measuring immune functions, including antibody-based assays that detect antigens or quantify them. It discusses methods like agglutination assays, precipitation assays, immunoassays using radioisotopes, enzymes or fluorescence to label antibodies or antigens. It also summarizes techniques like immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to detect epitopes on or within cells, assays to assess immune functions like phagocytosis and proliferation, and methods for evaluating hypersensitivity reactions.
Cytokines and HYPERSENSITIVITY and Disorder of Human Immunity
Cytokines and HYPERSENSITIVITY and Disorder of Human Immunity, Nutrition for Surveillance and for the Response
Lymphatic System and ANTIBODIES (Abs) and complement system
The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and immune cells through the body. It includes lymph nodes, which filter lymph and contain lymphocytes, and lymphatic vessels that drain lymph from tissues into the bloodstream. The lymphatic system works with the circulatory system and contains two types of lymphoid organs - primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus that develop immune cells, and secondary organs like the spleen and lymph nodes that filter pathogens and activate immune responses. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction by immune cells and complement proteins in the blood. They have a diverse structure that allows the immune system to recognize many different antigens.
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms like immunity, the immune system, and immune response. It describes the two main branches of the immune system: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. The innate system provides non-specific resistance and is the body's first line of defense. The adaptive system provides antigen-specific immunity and develops memory to enhance the response. The document also outlines the major cells involved in the immune response, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. It discusses the functions of phagocytic cells in phagocytosis and intracellular/extracellular killing of pathogens.
Endocrine glands and Adrenal (suprarenal) gland
The document summarizes key information about endocrine glands and hormones. It discusses the adrenal gland, which has an outer cortex that produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens, and an inner medulla that produces catecholamines. It also describes the regulation and functions of growth hormone, sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen, and the roles of the thymus and pineal glands. Measurement of hormone concentrations can provide information about endocrine physiology and diagnose endocrine diseases.
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Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
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were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThe binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
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spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
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Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
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We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Urine analysis & Hematology Slides
- 2. 2 Gram Positive Bacteria ( purple ) Gram Negative Bacteria ( Pink ) ( Red )
- 3. 3 Sensitivity Test Red blood cells in urine under microscope ( may be normal , Microcytic , crenated )
- 4. 4 white blood cells in urine under microscope
- 5. 5 Epithelial cell in urine
- 6. 6 Bacteria in Urine Parasites in Urine (trichomonas vaginalis ) (trichomonas trophozoite ) (schistosoma haematobium in urine)
- 7. 7 Spermatozoa in urine Mucus in urine Hyaline casts in urine
- 8. 8 RBC casts in urine WBC casts in urine Epithelial cell casts in urine
- 9. 9 Fatty casts in urine Granular casts in urine
- 10. 10 ◘ Normal Crystals seen in Acidic Urine : - Uric Acid in urine - Sodium Urates in urine
- 11. 11 - Amorphous Urates - calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in urine ◘ Normal crystals seen in alkaline urine : - Amorphous Phosphates
- 12. 12 - Triple Phosphate ( ammonium magnesium phosphate ) - Calcium Phosphate ◘ Abnormal Urine Crystals : - cystine crystals in urine
- 13. 13 - cholesterol crystals in urine - bilirubin crystals in urine
- 14. 14 ◘ Hematology • hemocytometer • RBC count by hemocytometer RBC count = N * 5 * 10000 = ( ) rbc in million/ mm3 (RBCs Count (million / mm3 ) = no. of RBCs in 5 squares x 10,000)
- 15. 15 • WBC count by hemocytometer WBCs Count (thousands/ mm3) = no. of WBCs in 4 squares x 50 ♦ Differential WBC
- 16. 16 - Neutrophil - neutrophils band
- 19. 19 • Blood Film • Hematocrite
- 20. 20 Hb Conc. = A540 nm * 36.8 HCT = PCV = Hematocrit
- 21. 21 • platelets count - Platelets Count (thousands/ mm3) = Cells counted x 1000 - Total Platelets Count / mm3 = no. of platelets in 5 squares*1000 Platelets under microscope
- 22. 22 • Blood group
- 23. 23 • how to read card
- 24. 24 ◘ Cellulose acetate strip & Citrate Agar Gel Comment : • Cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis used to differentiate between normal and abnormal hemoglobin but it can't differentiate between different variants of abnormal hemoglobin so you must apply citrate agar Hb electrophoresis
- 25. 25 • Citrate agar used to differentiate between different variants of abnormal hemoglobin it differentiate Hb S and D And differentiate Hb C and E ◘ gel electrophoresis ◘ Slide widal test
- 26. 26 ◘ ESR ◘ CRP