DNA damage.ppt
•
0 likes•331 views
There are five main types of endogenous DNA damage including oxidation of bases from reactive oxygen species, alkylation of bases such as methylation, and hydrolysis of bases through deamination, depurination, and depyrimidination. DNA can also be damaged through alkylation and oxidation by exogenous sources like radiation exposure. Various mutagens including base analogs, intercalating agents, and UV light-induced thymine dimers further contribute to DNA damage that must be repaired.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Types of damage
There are five main types of damage to DNA due to endogenous cellular
processes:
oxidation of bases [e.g. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG)] and generation of
DNA strand interruptions from reactive oxygen species,
alkylation of bases (usually methylation), such as formation of 7-
methylguanine, 1-methyladenine, 6-O-Methylguanine
hydrolysis of bases, such as deamination, depurination, and depyrimidination.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dnadamage-221005095702-82d15704/85/DNA-damage-ppt-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
Dna damage & repair mechanism
DNA is constantly damaged by cellular metabolism, environmental factors like UV light, and replication errors. To prevent mutations, cells have direct damage reversal and excision repair mechanisms. Direct reversal uses enzymes like photolyases and alkyltransferases to directly restore damaged bases. Excision repair involves removing the damaged segment via pathways like base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and mismatch repair (MMR). BER repairs single base changes while NER excises oligonucleotides up to 30 bases. MMR corrects errors made during replication. Defects in these pathways are associated with cancers and genetic disorders like xeroderma pigmentosum.
Sos repair
SOS response was discovered by Miroslav Radman. It's a part of DNA repair system- synthesizes enzymes required for DNA repair. Cellular response to UV damage.
Rolling circle model and m13 bacteriophage replication
This document summarizes rolling circle replication and the replication of M13 bacteriophage. Rolling circle replication involves the nicking of one strand of circular DNA by an initiator protein. DNA polymerase then uses the unnicked strand as a template to synthesize multiple copies of the DNA in a continuous head-to-tail series. These linear copies can then be converted to circular DNA molecules through additional processing. Replication of M13 bacteriophage involves its single-stranded DNA entering an E. coli cell and being converted to double-stranded replicative form DNA. A phage protein then nicks the viral DNA to allow replication and production of progeny phage genomes and assembly of new viral particles.
MUTATIONS & DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS
DNA can be damaged by physical, chemical, and environmental agents through various types of alterations including single or double base changes, breaks in the DNA chain, or cross-linkages between bases. The cell has multiple DNA repair mechanisms to correct damage including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-strand break repair. Base excision repair removes single damaged bases while nucleotide excision repair removes larger segments of damaged DNA. Mismatch repair corrects errors that occur during DNA replication. Double-strand break repair repairs more severe breaks in both strands of the DNA that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities. Defects in DNA repair pathways can result in increased cancer risks.
DNA damage and_repair
DNA damage and causes along with their various Repair mechanisms. Slideshare suitable for students of Class 12, B.Sc. and M.Sc.
DNA Repair
DNA repair mechanisms are essential for maintaining genomic integrity. There are several pathways for repairing different types of DNA damage: mismatch repair fixes errors during DNA replication, base excision repair removes damaged bases, nucleotide excision repair replaces larger sections of damaged DNA, and double-strand break repair fixes breaks in both DNA strands. Defects in DNA repair genes can lead to increased cancer risks and genetic disorders like xeroderma pigmentosum and Fanconi anemia. Overall, DNA repair helps prevent mutations from being passed to new cells.
DNA repair
The document discusses various types of DNA damage including deamination, depurination, UV light-induced T-T and T-C dimers, alkylation, oxidative damage, replication errors, and double-strand breaks. It then summarizes different DNA repair pathways such as base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, direct repair, recombination repair, and non-homologous end-joining. The SOS response in bacteria is also summarized as activating error-prone repair when normal repair pathways are overwhelmed.
Dna repair
DNA repair mechanisms identify and correct damage to DNA that occurs due to normal cellular processes and environmental factors. There are two main types of DNA damage: endogenous damage caused by normal cellular processes and exogenous damage caused by external agents like UV radiation and chemicals. The main repair mechanisms are base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, direct repair via photolyases, and error-prone repair systems like SOS repair. Together, these pathways maintain genome integrity by repairing different types of DNA lesions.
Recommended
Dna damage & repair mechanism
DNA is constantly damaged by cellular metabolism, environmental factors like UV light, and replication errors. To prevent mutations, cells have direct damage reversal and excision repair mechanisms. Direct reversal uses enzymes like photolyases and alkyltransferases to directly restore damaged bases. Excision repair involves removing the damaged segment via pathways like base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and mismatch repair (MMR). BER repairs single base changes while NER excises oligonucleotides up to 30 bases. MMR corrects errors made during replication. Defects in these pathways are associated with cancers and genetic disorders like xeroderma pigmentosum.
Sos repair
SOS response was discovered by Miroslav Radman. It's a part of DNA repair system- synthesizes enzymes required for DNA repair. Cellular response to UV damage.
Rolling circle model and m13 bacteriophage replication
This document summarizes rolling circle replication and the replication of M13 bacteriophage. Rolling circle replication involves the nicking of one strand of circular DNA by an initiator protein. DNA polymerase then uses the unnicked strand as a template to synthesize multiple copies of the DNA in a continuous head-to-tail series. These linear copies can then be converted to circular DNA molecules through additional processing. Replication of M13 bacteriophage involves its single-stranded DNA entering an E. coli cell and being converted to double-stranded replicative form DNA. A phage protein then nicks the viral DNA to allow replication and production of progeny phage genomes and assembly of new viral particles.
MUTATIONS & DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS
DNA can be damaged by physical, chemical, and environmental agents through various types of alterations including single or double base changes, breaks in the DNA chain, or cross-linkages between bases. The cell has multiple DNA repair mechanisms to correct damage including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and double-strand break repair. Base excision repair removes single damaged bases while nucleotide excision repair removes larger segments of damaged DNA. Mismatch repair corrects errors that occur during DNA replication. Double-strand break repair repairs more severe breaks in both strands of the DNA that can lead to chromosomal abnormalities. Defects in DNA repair pathways can result in increased cancer risks.
DNA damage and_repair
DNA damage and causes along with their various Repair mechanisms. Slideshare suitable for students of Class 12, B.Sc. and M.Sc.
DNA Repair
DNA repair mechanisms are essential for maintaining genomic integrity. There are several pathways for repairing different types of DNA damage: mismatch repair fixes errors during DNA replication, base excision repair removes damaged bases, nucleotide excision repair replaces larger sections of damaged DNA, and double-strand break repair fixes breaks in both DNA strands. Defects in DNA repair genes can lead to increased cancer risks and genetic disorders like xeroderma pigmentosum and Fanconi anemia. Overall, DNA repair helps prevent mutations from being passed to new cells.
DNA repair
The document discusses various types of DNA damage including deamination, depurination, UV light-induced T-T and T-C dimers, alkylation, oxidative damage, replication errors, and double-strand breaks. It then summarizes different DNA repair pathways such as base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, direct repair, recombination repair, and non-homologous end-joining. The SOS response in bacteria is also summarized as activating error-prone repair when normal repair pathways are overwhelmed.
Dna repair
DNA repair mechanisms identify and correct damage to DNA that occurs due to normal cellular processes and environmental factors. There are two main types of DNA damage: endogenous damage caused by normal cellular processes and exogenous damage caused by external agents like UV radiation and chemicals. The main repair mechanisms are base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, direct repair via photolyases, and error-prone repair systems like SOS repair. Together, these pathways maintain genome integrity by repairing different types of DNA lesions.
DNA reparing
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA molecules. Around 1 million lesions can occur per cell per day due to normal metabolic activities and environmental factors like UV light. Unrepaired lesions can alter gene transcription or cause mutations. The main types of DNA repair are direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair. Cells have checkpoint mechanisms to detect DNA damage and initiate repair or induce apoptosis if damage is too severe. Defects in DNA repair can cause diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum or increase cancer risks. Telomere shortening due to factors like oxidation also contributes to cellular aging, and telomerase may help counter this
DNA Damage, Repair and Recombination
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. Failure to repair damaged DNA leads to mutations, which are permanent changes in the DNA sequence. There are several types of DNA damage including mismatches, modified DNA bases, and single or double strand breaks. Cells use multiple repair pathways like direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, recombination repair, and translesion DNA synthesis to fix different types of DNA damage. Homologous recombination repairs double strand breaks by exchanging DNA between similar molecules, while site-specific and transposon recombination involve movement of DNA between defined sequences.
Dna repair
1. DNA repair is a collection of processes by which cells identify and correct damage to DNA molecules to maintain the integrity of the genome.
2. There are several pathways of DNA repair including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, non-homologous end joining, and homologous recombination.
3. Defects in DNA repair pathways can lead to increased mutations, cancer, and cell death if damage is left unrepaired.
Dna damage
DNA can be damaged through various means, including single base alterations, double base alterations, chain breaks, and cross-linking. Single base alterations include depurination, deamination, alkylation, base analogue incorporation, and mismatch bases. Double base alterations include pyrimidine dimers and purine dimers caused by UV radiation. Chain breaks include single and double stranded breaks caused by irradiation and free radicals. Cross-linking can occur between DNA and DNA or DNA and proteins due to UV radiation, ionizing radiation, and free radicals. Unrepaired damage can lead to mutations if incorrectly repaired during replication.
Enzymes used in Genetic Engineering
This document discusses enzymes used in genetic engineering, specifically focusing on restriction enzymes and DNA modifying enzymes. It provides details on various types of modifying enzymes including nucleases, polymerases, phosphatases, kinases, ligases and others. Restriction enzymes are described as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. DNA ligase is presented as the molecular glue that joins cut DNA fragments. The document outlines the classification, nomenclature, mechanisms and applications of various restriction enzymes and modifying enzymes used in genetic engineering techniques.
DNA as the Genetic material,DNA damage and Repair Mechanism
1. Experiments in the 1940s-1950s provided evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material. This included Avery, MacLeod and McCarty's experiment showing only DNA could transform bacteria.
2. Further evidence came from Hershey and Chase's experiment labelling bacterial virus DNA and protein differently, finding that DNA entered host bacteria cells while protein did not.
3. DNA can be damaged by various agents like radiation, chemicals, and oxidation. Cells have multiple DNA repair mechanisms like base-excision repair and nucleotide-excision repair to repair damages and prevent mutations.
DNA repair mechanism
Damaged DNA must be repaired to prevent mutations from being passed down to future generations. Living organisms have multiple DNA repair mechanisms, including photoreactivation, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. Defects in human DNA repair pathways can cause inherited diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum and progeria, characterized by premature aging.
Sos repair mechanism
SOS repair
a system that repairs severely damaged bases in DNA by base excision and replacement, even if there is no template to guide base selection. This process is a last resort for repair and is often the cause of mutations.
Recombination
recombination
types of recombination
models of recombination
biological roles of recombination
Phi x 174 phage.
This presentation is about the Phi X 174 phage which include detail information of morphology, life cycle and genome organization of phi X 174 phage.
Rolling Circle Replication ppt
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
Shuttle vector - a plasmid vector used in rDNA technology.
Shuttle vectors are constructed so that they can propagate in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They contain two origins of replication - one for each host cell type. YEp13 is an example of a shuttle vector that can replicate in yeast (eukaryotic) and E. coli (prokaryotic) cells. It contains sequences from the 2 micron yeast plasmid, including the LEU2 gene as a selectable marker, as well as sequences from the pBR322 plasmid which allow replication in E. coli. Shuttle vectors allow initial cloning experiments and selection to be done in E. coli before introducing the recombinant DNA into yeast cells.
Dna repair mechanisms
DNA repair mechanisms in prokaryotes involve direct repair, excision repair, and mismatch repair. Direct repair converts damaged nucleotides directly back to their original structure using enzymes like photolyase. Excision repair removes damaged sections of DNA through base excision repair which removes single damaged bases using glycosylases and AP endonucleases, or nucleotide excision repair which removes short oligonucleotides. Mismatch repair recognizes and fixes errors made during DNA replication by distinguishing the parental DNA strands and excising the newly synthesized strand containing mistakes.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
Prokaryotic DNA replication
DNA replication in prokaryotes begins with the unwinding of DNA at the origin of replication by enzymes like DnaA and DnaB helicase. This produces two replication forks that move in opposite directions. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase III is the main enzyme that synthesizes new DNA. Replication terminates at the terminus region when the DnaB helicase is stopped by protein Tus bound to Ter sequences.
M13 and Mu Virus Structure and Life Cycle
The document summarizes the life cycles of M13 and Mu viruses. M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage that infects E. coli. It has a single stranded DNA genome packed inside a protein capsid. It replicates through the attachment to and penetration of host cells, followed by replication of its genome and production of new virus particles. Mu is a temperate bacteriophage that can enter a lysogenic cycle by integrating its double stranded DNA into the host genome. It has an icosahedral head and tail structure and replicates through a "cut and paste" mechanism where its DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Cells of the immune system
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including its main cells and functions. It discusses how immune cells such as lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and others work together to protect the body. The adaptive immune system mounts targeted responses through B cells and T cells, while the innate immune system provides initial defenses using cellular and chemical methods. Key cells include macrophages that phagocytose pathogens and present antigens, B cells that produce antibodies, and T cells that help activate other immune cells and identify and attack infected cells.
Prokaryotic replication
Prokaryotic replicationMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Replication in prokaryotes occurs through three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at a specific origin of replication site called OriC, where DnaA protein binds and unwinds the DNA, forming an open complex. Elongation then proceeds bidirectionally as DNA polymerase synthesizes leading and lagging strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet. The entire replication process in E. coli takes around 40 minutes to complete replication of its genome.CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sir
cDNA is produced from mRNA found in the nucleus and contains only the expressed genes of an organism. To create a cDNA library, mRNA is first extracted and purified from a cell, then reverse transcribed into cDNA using an oligo-dT primer that binds to the poly-A tail. The resulting single-stranded cDNA is converted into double-stranded DNA and cloned into plasmids in bacteria. cDNA libraries are useful for reproducing eukaryotic genomes without introns, expressing eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes, discovering novel genes, and studying alternative splicing in different cells.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
Brinjal.pptx
This document summarizes the symptoms and characteristics of various insect pests that affect plants. It describes pests such as the shoot and fruit borer that cause withering of terminal shoots and bore holes in shoots and fruits. It also mentions stem borers that cause drooping and withering of young plant tops and stunting of older plants. Descriptions of other pests include the hadda beetle, leaf roller, lace wing bug, bud worm, hairy caterpillar, brinjal mealy bug, tobacco caterpillar, whitefly, spiraling whitefly, serpentine leaf miner, and striped mealybug. For each, it outlines the visual symptoms of damage caused and sometimes includes details on the
pests on millet.pptx
The document summarizes various pests that affect millet crops, including shoot flies, stem borers, pink borers, white borers, white grubs, root aphids, caterpillars, ear head caterpillars, web worms, gall midges, ear head bugs, ear head beetles, weevils, leaf beetles, flea beetles, leaf rollers, slug caterpillars, chafer beetles, grasshoppers, aphids, and whiteflies. It describes the symptoms, appearance of larvae and adults, and in some cases the specific crops affected for each pest.
More Related Content
What's hot
DNA reparing
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA molecules. Around 1 million lesions can occur per cell per day due to normal metabolic activities and environmental factors like UV light. Unrepaired lesions can alter gene transcription or cause mutations. The main types of DNA repair are direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and double-strand break repair. Cells have checkpoint mechanisms to detect DNA damage and initiate repair or induce apoptosis if damage is too severe. Defects in DNA repair can cause diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum or increase cancer risks. Telomere shortening due to factors like oxidation also contributes to cellular aging, and telomerase may help counter this
DNA Damage, Repair and Recombination
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. Failure to repair damaged DNA leads to mutations, which are permanent changes in the DNA sequence. There are several types of DNA damage including mismatches, modified DNA bases, and single or double strand breaks. Cells use multiple repair pathways like direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, recombination repair, and translesion DNA synthesis to fix different types of DNA damage. Homologous recombination repairs double strand breaks by exchanging DNA between similar molecules, while site-specific and transposon recombination involve movement of DNA between defined sequences.
Dna repair
1. DNA repair is a collection of processes by which cells identify and correct damage to DNA molecules to maintain the integrity of the genome.
2. There are several pathways of DNA repair including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, non-homologous end joining, and homologous recombination.
3. Defects in DNA repair pathways can lead to increased mutations, cancer, and cell death if damage is left unrepaired.
Dna damage
DNA can be damaged through various means, including single base alterations, double base alterations, chain breaks, and cross-linking. Single base alterations include depurination, deamination, alkylation, base analogue incorporation, and mismatch bases. Double base alterations include pyrimidine dimers and purine dimers caused by UV radiation. Chain breaks include single and double stranded breaks caused by irradiation and free radicals. Cross-linking can occur between DNA and DNA or DNA and proteins due to UV radiation, ionizing radiation, and free radicals. Unrepaired damage can lead to mutations if incorrectly repaired during replication.
Enzymes used in Genetic Engineering
This document discusses enzymes used in genetic engineering, specifically focusing on restriction enzymes and DNA modifying enzymes. It provides details on various types of modifying enzymes including nucleases, polymerases, phosphatases, kinases, ligases and others. Restriction enzymes are described as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. DNA ligase is presented as the molecular glue that joins cut DNA fragments. The document outlines the classification, nomenclature, mechanisms and applications of various restriction enzymes and modifying enzymes used in genetic engineering techniques.
DNA as the Genetic material,DNA damage and Repair Mechanism
1. Experiments in the 1940s-1950s provided evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material. This included Avery, MacLeod and McCarty's experiment showing only DNA could transform bacteria.
2. Further evidence came from Hershey and Chase's experiment labelling bacterial virus DNA and protein differently, finding that DNA entered host bacteria cells while protein did not.
3. DNA can be damaged by various agents like radiation, chemicals, and oxidation. Cells have multiple DNA repair mechanisms like base-excision repair and nucleotide-excision repair to repair damages and prevent mutations.
DNA repair mechanism
Damaged DNA must be repaired to prevent mutations from being passed down to future generations. Living organisms have multiple DNA repair mechanisms, including photoreactivation, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. Defects in human DNA repair pathways can cause inherited diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum and progeria, characterized by premature aging.
Sos repair mechanism
SOS repair
a system that repairs severely damaged bases in DNA by base excision and replacement, even if there is no template to guide base selection. This process is a last resort for repair and is often the cause of mutations.
Recombination
recombination
types of recombination
models of recombination
biological roles of recombination
Phi x 174 phage.
This presentation is about the Phi X 174 phage which include detail information of morphology, life cycle and genome organization of phi X 174 phage.
Rolling Circle Replication ppt
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
Shuttle vector - a plasmid vector used in rDNA technology.
Shuttle vectors are constructed so that they can propagate in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They contain two origins of replication - one for each host cell type. YEp13 is an example of a shuttle vector that can replicate in yeast (eukaryotic) and E. coli (prokaryotic) cells. It contains sequences from the 2 micron yeast plasmid, including the LEU2 gene as a selectable marker, as well as sequences from the pBR322 plasmid which allow replication in E. coli. Shuttle vectors allow initial cloning experiments and selection to be done in E. coli before introducing the recombinant DNA into yeast cells.
Dna repair mechanisms
DNA repair mechanisms in prokaryotes involve direct repair, excision repair, and mismatch repair. Direct repair converts damaged nucleotides directly back to their original structure using enzymes like photolyase. Excision repair removes damaged sections of DNA through base excision repair which removes single damaged bases using glycosylases and AP endonucleases, or nucleotide excision repair which removes short oligonucleotides. Mismatch repair recognizes and fixes errors made during DNA replication by distinguishing the parental DNA strands and excising the newly synthesized strand containing mistakes.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a DNA virus that can cause tumors in monkeys and humans, and it was first identified as a contaminant in polio vaccines in the 1960s. SV40 has been widely used as a cloning vector due to its ability to efficiently deliver genes into a variety of cells without killing the host cell or eliciting an immune response. Future research prospects for SV40 vectors include developing recombinant versions for gene transfer applications and furthering understanding of related retroviruses.
Prokaryotic DNA replication
DNA replication in prokaryotes begins with the unwinding of DNA at the origin of replication by enzymes like DnaA and DnaB helicase. This produces two replication forks that move in opposite directions. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase III is the main enzyme that synthesizes new DNA. Replication terminates at the terminus region when the DnaB helicase is stopped by protein Tus bound to Ter sequences.
M13 and Mu Virus Structure and Life Cycle
The document summarizes the life cycles of M13 and Mu viruses. M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage that infects E. coli. It has a single stranded DNA genome packed inside a protein capsid. It replicates through the attachment to and penetration of host cells, followed by replication of its genome and production of new virus particles. Mu is a temperate bacteriophage that can enter a lysogenic cycle by integrating its double stranded DNA into the host genome. It has an icosahedral head and tail structure and replicates through a "cut and paste" mechanism where its DNA integrates into the host chromosome.
Cells of the immune system
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including its main cells and functions. It discusses how immune cells such as lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and others work together to protect the body. The adaptive immune system mounts targeted responses through B cells and T cells, while the innate immune system provides initial defenses using cellular and chemical methods. Key cells include macrophages that phagocytose pathogens and present antigens, B cells that produce antibodies, and T cells that help activate other immune cells and identify and attack infected cells.
Prokaryotic replication
Prokaryotic replicationMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Replication in prokaryotes occurs through three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation begins at a specific origin of replication site called OriC, where DnaA protein binds and unwinds the DNA, forming an open complex. Elongation then proceeds bidirectionally as DNA polymerase synthesizes leading and lagging strands. Termination occurs when the replication forks from opposite directions meet. The entire replication process in E. coli takes around 40 minutes to complete replication of its genome.CDNA Library preparation. ppt for Jamil sir
cDNA is produced from mRNA found in the nucleus and contains only the expressed genes of an organism. To create a cDNA library, mRNA is first extracted and purified from a cell, then reverse transcribed into cDNA using an oligo-dT primer that binds to the poly-A tail. The resulting single-stranded cDNA is converted into double-stranded DNA and cloned into plasmids in bacteria. cDNA libraries are useful for reproducing eukaryotic genomes without introns, expressing eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes, discovering novel genes, and studying alternative splicing in different cells.
Sv40 virus
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that was first isolated from monkey kidney cell cultures used to produce the poliovirus vaccine. It has a small circular DNA genome wrapped in histone proteins. The genome contains early and late protein coding genes as well as regulatory sequences. The early proteins are non-structural while the late proteins form the viral capsid. The SV40 genome can be modified to replace the early protein coding genes with a gene of interest for gene therapy purposes. A recombinant SV40 viral vector offers advantages such as the ability to transduce both dividing and resting cells with high efficiency and provide long-lasting transgene expression.
What's hot (20)
DNA as the Genetic material,DNA damage and Repair Mechanism
DNA as the Genetic material,DNA damage and Repair Mechanism
Shuttle vector - a plasmid vector used in rDNA technology.
Shuttle vector - a plasmid vector used in rDNA technology.
More from Pudhuvai Baveesh
Brinjal.pptx
This document summarizes the symptoms and characteristics of various insect pests that affect plants. It describes pests such as the shoot and fruit borer that cause withering of terminal shoots and bore holes in shoots and fruits. It also mentions stem borers that cause drooping and withering of young plant tops and stunting of older plants. Descriptions of other pests include the hadda beetle, leaf roller, lace wing bug, bud worm, hairy caterpillar, brinjal mealy bug, tobacco caterpillar, whitefly, spiraling whitefly, serpentine leaf miner, and striped mealybug. For each, it outlines the visual symptoms of damage caused and sometimes includes details on the
pests on millet.pptx
The document summarizes various pests that affect millet crops, including shoot flies, stem borers, pink borers, white borers, white grubs, root aphids, caterpillars, ear head caterpillars, web worms, gall midges, ear head bugs, ear head beetles, weevils, leaf beetles, flea beetles, leaf rollers, slug caterpillars, chafer beetles, grasshoppers, aphids, and whiteflies. It describes the symptoms, appearance of larvae and adults, and in some cases the specific crops affected for each pest.
Linkage and Recombination.ppt
Genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together due to their physical linkage on the chromosome. However, linkage can be broken during meiosis via recombination between homologous chromosomes through the process of crossover. Recombination results in new combinations of parental alleles and limits the types of gametes produced under conditions of complete linkage. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila provided evidence of this by demonstrating non-Mendelian inheritance ratios when genes were linked versus unlinked.
Genetic mapping.ppt
The document discusses various methods used for physical and transcript mapping including somatic cell hybrids, radiation hybrid maps, fluorescence in situ hybridization, flow sorting chromosomes, pulsed field electrophoresis, clone contig mapping, chromosome walking, inverse PCR, bubble PCR, and PCR-based screening. It also discusses genetic mapping techniques such as identifying genetic markers and recombinants, calculating genetic vs physical distances, multipoint mapping, and autozygosity mapping.
mendelian genetics.ppt
Mendel observed patterns of inheritance in pea plants through experimentation with traits such as flower color, seed shape, and pod color. His work provided evidence that heritable traits are specified by discrete units (later identified as genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring in predictable patterns. Through experiments involving one trait (monohybrid crosses) and two traits (dihybrid crosses), Mendel deduced that genes assort and transmit independently during gamete formation and fertilization. Later work showed that traits are influenced not only by genes but also environmental factors and that variations exist in patterns of gene expression and dominance.
GENETIC CODONS.ppt
The genetic code is a triplet code where each group of three nucleotides (codon) in mRNA specifies a single amino acid in the resulting polypeptide. The genetic code is almost universal across organisms, with 61 codons specifying 20 standard amino acids and 3 codons acting as termination signals. It exhibits several key properties including being comma-free, non-overlapping, degenerate, and containing start and stop signals. Wobble can occur in the third position of the codon-anticodon pairing to allow some redundancy.
viral dna.ppt
Viruses contain genetic material surrounded by a protein capsid. They rely on host cells for replication and typically infect specific cell types of one host species. A viral genome can be DNA or RNA, single or double stranded, and circular or linear in size. Viruses enter host cells, hijack their machinery to produce viral components, and assemble new viral particles which are then released to infect more cells through either a lytic or lysogenic pathway.
F-NUCLEOSOMES.ppt
Human DNA must be highly compressed to fit inside the nucleus. It achieves this by wrapping around proteins called nucleosomes, which act as spools. Each nucleosome contains an octamer of histone proteins around which 147 base pairs of DNA are wrapped. Multiple nucleosomes then coil further to form a 30nm fiber. This fiber is attached to a scaffold of RNA and proteins, forming loops that allow for further compaction of the DNA into chromosomes. The positioning of centromeres divides chromosomes into metacentric, submetacentric and acrocentric types in humans.
lampbrush chr.ppt
Polytene chromosomes are large chromosomes found in secretory cells like salivary glands that contain thousands of identical DNA strands aligned in parallel. This gives them a banded appearance with dark bands and clear interbands when viewed under a microscope. The bands represent regions of condensed and transcriptionally active DNA. B chromosomes are nonessential supernumerary chromosomes that are found in some populations but not others and can provide adaptive advantages in some species and environments.
polyploidy ..ppt
The document discusses euploidy, or changes in the number of sets of chromosomes, in animals and plants. It notes that while most animal species are diploid, some natural variations exist, including polyploidy in certain tissues and endopolyploidy. Polyploidy is more common and tolerated in plants, with 30-35% of ferns and flowering plants being polyploid. Examples are given of polyploid crops like wheat, cotton, and strawberries that are important agricultural products.
Micro RNA.ppt
This document discusses two topics: microRNAs and alternative splicing.
For microRNAs: Computational methods are used to predict microRNA genes by looking for evolutionarily conserved sequences that can form stem-loop hairpin structures. MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA.
For alternative splicing: Splicing of pre-mRNA can result in different mRNA and protein isoforms through various combinations of exons. Bioinformatics methods aim to identify alternative splice variants by comparing cDNA and genomic sequences and analyzing microarray data. Splice graphs can model alternative splicing pathways.
stress proteins and cancer.ppt
This document discusses heat shock proteins and their relationship to cancer. Heat shock proteins help cells cope with stress and prevent protein damage. Studies show they play a role in cancer progression and drug resistance in breast cancer cells. Current research proposes investigating if plant extracts like Echinacea increase heat shock proteins in breast cancer cells. Understanding this relationship could help develop more effective cancer treatments. Further research on Echinacea's effects may provide insights into a possible cure for breast cancer.
DNA Structure.ppt
DNA consists of a double helix structure made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, pentose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine. The bases bond specifically with each other - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. The sequence of these base pairs encodes genetic information.
self incompatability.ppt
Self-incompatibility is a plant's inability to set seed when self-pollinated due to morphological, genetic, physiological or biochemical causes controlled by the multi-allelic S locus. It is classified based on flower morphology, genes involved, site of expression, and pollen cytology. Two main types are distyly found in primula, controlled by two S alleles, and tristyly found in lythrum, controlled by S and M genes determining three style positions. Self-incompatibility prevents self-fertilization by arresting pollen tube growth when the pollen and pistil share the same S allele.
modes of reproduction and apomixis.ppt
This document discusses different modes of reproduction in living organisms, including sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, and their sub-types. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to produce offspring, while asexual reproduction does not. Some key sub-types are vegetative reproduction, apomixis (reproduction without fertilization), and gametophytic apomixis which allows embryo development without meiosis or fertilization. The document also notes the significance of different reproductive modes for plant breeding and genome evolution.
Introduction to Genetics.ppt
Genetics and Heredity defines key genetic terminology such as genes, alleles, chromosomes, loci, and inheritance. It discusses how Gregor Mendel conducted early experiments breeding pea plants over generations to develop the laws of inheritance and establish the foundations of genetics. Mendel demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors, now known as genes, located on chromosomes. His work showed that some traits are dominant over others and that segregation and independent assortment of alleles allows for prediction of phenotypic ratios in offspring.
plant breeding.ppt
This document provides an overview of a course on basic plant breeding techniques. The course objectives are to understand how breeders meet breeding goals, learn classical and modern breeding methods, and see examples of genetics' importance in modern breeding. Key learning outcomes are to understand plant breeding developments, basics of genetics, and breeding concepts. The document then discusses the history and milestones of plant breeding, achievements in various crops, activities in plant breeding like creation of variation and selection, and breeding objectives like increasing yield and improving quality. It also covers concepts of centers of origin and diversity first proposed by Vavilov.
inheritance autosomal and sex linked.ppt
This document summarizes different patterns of inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and Y-linked traits. It describes the key characteristics of each type of inheritance such as affected family members, chance of passing the trait to offspring, and examples of related genetic disorders.
sex determination.ppt
Sex determination in animals can occur through homogametic or heterogametic sex determination. In homogametic sex determination, the presence of a Y chromosome determines maleness in mammals and fish. In heterogametic sex determination, the presence of a second X chromosome determines femaleness in fruit flies, while the presence of two Z chromosomes determines maleness in birds, amphibians, and reptiles. For insects like grasshoppers and plants, the female is XX and the male is XO. In fruit flies, sex is determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes, and the inactive X chromosome is inactivated through a process where Xist expression coats the inactive X chromosome in RNA
endoduplication and chimera.ppt
Endoreplication is a process where DNA replicates without cell division, leading to increased DNA content and polyploidy. It can be thought of as a variant of the cell cycle where mitosis is aborted prior to cytokinesis. While limited to specific cell types in animals, endoreplication is more widespread in plants and can be detected in most tissues. It serves as a universal developmental mechanism for differentiating and developing cell types with various functions. Examples include cell differentiation in plants, oogenesis, embryonic development, buffering against DNA damage, and stress response.
More from Pudhuvai Baveesh (20)
Recently uploaded
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Recently uploaded (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
DNA damage.ppt
- 1. Types of damage There are five main types of damage to DNA due to endogenous cellular processes: oxidation of bases [e.g. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG)] and generation of DNA strand interruptions from reactive oxygen species, alkylation of bases (usually methylation), such as formation of 7- methylguanine, 1-methyladenine, 6-O-Methylguanine hydrolysis of bases, such as deamination, depurination, and depyrimidination.
- 2. DNA UNDERGOES DAMAGE SPONTANEOUSLY FROM HYDROLYSIS(水解) AND DEAMINATION(去氨基) • This is ironic since the proper structure of the double helix depends on an aqueous environment.
- 3. Deamination C-U Depurination ----> an abasic site Deamination of 5-mC---->T
- 4. DNA IS DAMAGED BY ALKYLATION, OXIDATION, AND RADIATION Often mispqir with thymine G:C –A:T Reactive oxygen species O2-, H2O2, OH• G modification (alkylation & oxidation)
- 5. Thymine dimer by ultraviolet light Incapable of base-pairing and cause the DNA polymerse to stop during replication
- 6. Clastogenic – ionizing radiation and agents like bleomycin that cause DNA to break are said to be clastogenic.
- 7. MUTATIONS ARE ALSO CAUSED BY BASE ANALOGS AND INTERCALATING AGENTS Base analogues
- 8. Intercalating agents which cause the deletion or addition of a base pair or a few base pairs
- 9. DNA DAMAGE DNA undergoes damage spontaneously from hydrolysis and deamination
- 10. DNA is damaged by alkylation, oxidation, and radiation
- 11. Thymine dimer caused by UV light
- 12. Base analogs and intercalating agents that cause mutations in DNA
- 13. Ames test for carcinogens
- 14. Bruce N. Ames Professor of the Graduate School Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UC Berkeley
- 15. REPAIR OF DNA DAMAGE