SOS repair
a system that repairs severely damaged bases in DNA by base excision and replacement, even if there is no template to guide base selection. This process is a last resort for repair and is often the cause of mutations.
Mismatch Repair Mechanism Is One Of The Important DNA Repair Mechanism Which Recognizes And Replaces The Wrong Nucleotides. DNA Repair Is Important Since Its Failure Leads To Deadly Diseases Like Cancer. In This Presentation, You Will Learn About DNA Repair, Mismatch Repair, Proteins Involved In Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic MMR, Diagrams, Biological Importance Of MMR And References For Further Study.
SOS response was discovered by Miroslav Radman. It's a part of DNA repair system- synthesizes enzymes required for DNA repair. Cellular response to UV damage.
Mismatch Repair Mechanism Is One Of The Important DNA Repair Mechanism Which Recognizes And Replaces The Wrong Nucleotides. DNA Repair Is Important Since Its Failure Leads To Deadly Diseases Like Cancer. In This Presentation, You Will Learn About DNA Repair, Mismatch Repair, Proteins Involved In Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic MMR, Diagrams, Biological Importance Of MMR And References For Further Study.
SOS response was discovered by Miroslav Radman. It's a part of DNA repair system- synthesizes enzymes required for DNA repair. Cellular response to UV damage.
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
Each cell in the human contains all the genetic material for the growth and development of a human
Some of these genes will be need to be expressed all the time
These are the genes that are involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration
Other genes are not expressed all the time
They are switched on an off at need
Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of chemical compounds known as terpenes built from five-carbon precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate, and dimethylallyl diphosphate.
Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology.
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body some time based on nanoparticles as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect.
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues.
Definition - Rolling circle replication is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication.
* can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules of DNA or RNA, such as plasmids.
* Eucaryotic also replicate.
* widely used in molecular biology & biomedical
nanotechnology, especially in the field of
biosensing (as a method of signal Amplification).
Steps:
Circular ds DNA will be “nicked”
3` end is elongated →Leading strand
5` end displaced → Lagging strand
made up of double stranded by OKAZAKI fragments.
4) Replication of both “ unnicked” and displaced ss DNA
5) Displaced DNA circulates and synthesis its own complementary strand.
Initation-- phosphate ends, by the action of:
a) Helicase
b) Topoisomerases
c) Single stranded binding proteins(SSBPs)
Elongation-OH group of broken strand, using the unbroken strand as a template. The polymerase will start to move in a circle for elongation, due to which it is named as Rolling Circle Model.
end will be displaced and will grow out like a waving thread.
Termination-* At the point of termination, the linear DNA molecule is cleaved from the circle resulting in a double stranded circular DNA molecule and a single- stranded linear DNA molecule.
* The linear single stranded molecule is circularized by the action of ligase and then replication to double stranded circular plasmid molecule.
Example- Conjugation of F+ and F- bacteria
Diagrammatic representation of Rolling circle
some Examples-Viral DNA
* Human herpes virus
* Human papilloma virus
* Geminivirus
Viral RNA
* pospiviridiae
* Avsunviridiae
Reference:- https://en. m. wikipedia.org
what- when- how.com
https//www.sciencedirect.com
www.slideshare.com
Genetics-notes.wikispace.com
you tube
Prescott 5th edition page.no: 236, 237
Brock biology of microorganism , page.no: 253,616
Each cell in the human contains all the genetic material for the growth and development of a human
Some of these genes will be need to be expressed all the time
These are the genes that are involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration
Other genes are not expressed all the time
They are switched on an off at need
Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of chemical compounds known as terpenes built from five-carbon precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate, and dimethylallyl diphosphate.
Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology.
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body some time based on nanoparticles as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect.
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues.
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure light absorbance across the ultraviolet and visible ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. When incident light strikes matter it can either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted.
Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells
Chicken embryonic development
The chicken (taxon -Gallus gallus) embryo develops and hatches in 20 to 21 days and has been extensively used in embryology studies. ... Fertilized eggs can be easily maintained in humidified incubators and during early stages of development, the embryo floats on to of the egg yolk that it is using for nutrition.
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat (tallow), soybean oil, or some other vegetable oil with alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl, or propyl ester.
The milk processing plant is the unit where milk is processed according to customer demand. in this ppt you will find information regarding the milk processing unit instrument and process.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. SOS REPAIR
Stand for ‘Save Our Ship’.
Occurs when cells are overwhelmed by UV
damage.
Triggered when other repair systems are
overwhelmed by amount of damage.
The error-prone(SOS) repair mechanism involves
DNA pol. III and 2 other gene products encoded by
umuCD.
3.
4. THE SOS RESPONSE
In response to extensive genetic damage there is a
regulatory system that co-ordinates the bacterial cell
response. This results in the increased expression of
>30 genes, involved in DNA repair, these include:
recA - activator of SOS response, recombination
sfiA (sulA) - a cell division inhibitor (repair before
replication)
umuC, D - an error prone bypass of thymine dimers
(loss of fidelity in DNA replication)
uvrA,B,C,D - excision repair
The SOS response is regulated by two key genes:
recA & lexA
5.
6. SOS RESPONSE IS CONTROLLED BY LEXA AND
RECA
recA lexA target gene
LexA
RecA
LexA
LexA
e.g.recA, lexA, uvrA, uvrB, umuC
Repressed
SOS response is controlled by LexA and RecA
OFF
ON
recA lexA target gene
LexA
e.g. RecA, UvrA, UvrB, UmuC
de-repressed
RecA is activated in the presence of damaged DNA. It serves as a co-protease to activate a latent,
self-cleaving proteolytic activity in LexA, thereby removing the repressor from SOS inducible genes.
RecARecA RecA
RecA
+ cleaved LexA
active proteins