Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, destructive distillation, water for injection and sterile water
Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, destructive distillation, water for injection and sterile water
Classification of evaporation equipment
Horizontal tube evaporation
Vertical evaporator: short tubes (standard and basket)-long tubes (climbing film)
Forced circular evaporators
Evaporator accessories (problems encountered)
References
Evaporation is the process of removal of solvent from the solution by boiling the liquid in a suitable vessel and withdrawing the vapour, leaving a concentrated product.
Applications of Evaporation
Evaporation process is used in the manufacture of bulk drugs, particularly in pharmaceutical industries.
Evaporation is used in the manufacture of biological products. e.g. Insulin, enzymes and hormones.
In demineralization of water.
Temperature
Temperature and time of evaporation
Temperature and moisture content
Types of product required
Effect of concentration
Surface area
Vapour pressure of the liquid to be evaporated
Natural circulation evaporators
Evaporating pans
Evaporating still
Short tube evaporators
II. Forced circulation evaporators
III. Film evaporators
Climbing film evaporators
Horizontal film evaporators
Evaporating pan consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by steam jacket.
The hemispherical shape provides a large surface area for evaporation.
The evaporators are mounted in such a way that they can be tilted to remove the product.
The evaporating pans are heated by steam which passes through a steam jacket.
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Classification of evaporation equipment
Horizontal tube evaporation
Vertical evaporator: short tubes (standard and basket)-long tubes (climbing film)
Forced circular evaporators
Evaporator accessories (problems encountered)
References
Evaporation is the process of removal of solvent from the solution by boiling the liquid in a suitable vessel and withdrawing the vapour, leaving a concentrated product.
Applications of Evaporation
Evaporation process is used in the manufacture of bulk drugs, particularly in pharmaceutical industries.
Evaporation is used in the manufacture of biological products. e.g. Insulin, enzymes and hormones.
In demineralization of water.
Temperature
Temperature and time of evaporation
Temperature and moisture content
Types of product required
Effect of concentration
Surface area
Vapour pressure of the liquid to be evaporated
Natural circulation evaporators
Evaporating pans
Evaporating still
Short tube evaporators
II. Forced circulation evaporators
III. Film evaporators
Climbing film evaporators
Horizontal film evaporators
Evaporating pan consists of a hemispherical pan made from copper or stainless steel and surrounded by steam jacket.
The hemispherical shape provides a large surface area for evaporation.
The evaporators are mounted in such a way that they can be tilted to remove the product.
The evaporating pans are heated by steam which passes through a steam jacket.
Presentation on fractional distillation. Introduction to distillation, fractional distillation, its principle, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Distribution Law
What is Distribution law?
Immiscible liquids
Explanation
APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTION LAW
Limitations of Distribution Law
Contrast and Comparison between separation through Separating funnel and Fractional Distillation
States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter, latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols – inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid- crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism.
Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications
Distribution Law
What is Distribution law?
Immiscible liquids
Explanation
APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTION LAW
Limitations of Distribution Law
Contrast and Comparison between separation through Separating funnel and Fractional Distillation
States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter, latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols – inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid- crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism.
Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications
Similar to Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, destructive distillation, water for injection and sterile water
Distillation is the process of converting liquid into its vapours by heating and reconverting it again into liquid by condensing the vapours.
The product obtained from the condensation of vapours is known as distillate or condensate.
Container which collects the distillate is known as receiver.
It results in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components).
It can be applied for two immiscible or non-reacting solid and liquid or liquid and liquid
Azeotropic distillation and steam distillation
evaporation and factors affecting evaporation
Similar to Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, destructive distillation, water for injection and sterile water (20)
Packaging of pharmaceuticals, glass, plastic, rubber , metal as a container, ...RajkumarKumawat11
Packaging of pharmaceuticals, glass, plastic, rubber , metal as a container, aerosol and aerosol packaging, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical packaging, Packaging chapter for pharma students, rajkumar kumawat
Demography and family planning, Demography, Family planning, important topic ...RajkumarKumawat11
Demography and family planning, Demography, Family planning, important topic of HECP, Complete topic for D.Pharmacy students. Contraceptive methods, topic of Health education and clinical pathology
Pharmaceutical legislation in India, Pharmaceutical LegislationRajkumarKumawat11
Pharmaceutical legislation, Pharmaceutical legislation in India, topic of Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence for pharma students, Chopra committee, DEC, Drug Enquiry Committee, Legislation
Incompatibilities in prescription, prescription Incompatibilities, important ...RajkumarKumawat11
Incompatibilities in prescription, prescription Incompatibilities, pharmaceutics, prescription errors, important topic for pharmacist, how to remove error in the dispense and compound prescription
The prescription, An important topic of pharmacy, Pharmaceutics 2nd, Prescrip...RajkumarKumawat11
The prescription, An important topic of pharmacy, Pharmaceutics 2nd, Prescription topic for pharma students, A presentation on prescription by Raj kumar kumawat
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmac...RajkumarKumawat11
Size reduction, process of size reduction, size reduction a topic of pharmaceutics, cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill, the disintegrator, mills used in pharmaceutical process
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP ...RajkumarKumawat11
carbohydrate metabolism, Glycolysis, metabolic process of carbohydrates, EMP pathway, Embden- Meyerof-Paranas pathway, cabohydrate metabolic process for study, A presentation on cabohydrate metabolic process i.e. Glycolysis
Tablet, Tablet as a dosage form, tablet as a solid unit dosage form, tablet t...RajkumarKumawat11
Tablet, Tablet as a dosage form, tablet as a solid unit dosage form, tablet topic for pharma student, presentation of tablet, tablet by raj kumar kumawat
Dosage form, complete chapter on dosage form, pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical d...RajkumarKumawat11
Pharmaceutical dosage form,Dosage form, complete chapter on dosage form, pharmaceutics,
Dosage form by raj kumar kumawat
Dosage from presentation for pharmacy students
Bacteria versus virus, Difference between bacteria and virusRajkumarKumawat11
Bacteria versus virus, Difference between bacteria and virus, presentation on bacteria and virus by raj kumar kumawat,
Basic differences between bacteria and virus
Bacteria versus fungi, Difference between bacteria and fungiRajkumarKumawat11
Bacteria versus fungi, Difference between bacteria and fungi, presentation on bacteria and fungi by raj kumar kumawat,
Basic differences between bacteria and fungi
Test for carbohydrates, qualitative test of carbohydrates, identification tes...RajkumarKumawat11
Test for carbohydrates, qualitative test of carbohydrates, identification test of carbohydrates, carbohydrates test , carbohydrates by Raj kumar, qualitative test of carbohydrates for students
General Introduction of carbohydrates
carbohydrates
introduction of carbohydrates, carbohydrates by raj kumar kumawat, carbohydrates introduction for students
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, destructive distillation, water for injection and sterile water
2. Distillation is the process of converting liquid into its vapours by
heating and recovering the vapours. It is a method of separating
substances which different in their vapour pressure.
Distillation is a process of separating the component substances from
a liquid mixture by selective vaporization and condensation.
The distillation process is carried out in an apparatus which consists
of:-
Still, in which volatile material is boiled.
Condenser, in which vapours are condensed.
Receiver, in which distillate is collected.
Types of Distillation processes:
1) Simple distillation
2) Distillation under reduced pressure
3) Fractional distillation
4) Steam distillation
5) Destructive distillation
3. SIMPLE DISTILLATION: It is a process of converting a liquid into its
vapour in a distillation still, transferring the vapour to another place
and condensing it again into liquid.
Apparatus: -
It consists of a distillation flask with a side
arm sloping downward which is connected
to a condenser.
The condensed vapours are collected in a
flask called receiver.
The whole apparatus is made of glass.
The distillation flask should be of such a size that it contain half to
two-thirds of the liquid to be distilled.
The thermometer is fitted in the distillation flask to note down the
temperature, at which the vapours are distilled.
Bumping is avoided by adding small pieces of porcelain or porous pot
before distillation.
Its only applicable if difference of boiling points are very large like 25-
350C.
4. Applications:
Used for preparation of distilled water and water for injection.
Many volatile oils and aromatic waters are prepared by simple
distillation.
Organic solvents are purified by distillation.
Many official compounds are prepared by distillation e.g. spirit of
nitrous ether and aromatic spirit of ammonia.
Concentration of liquid and to separate non volatile solid from
volatile liquid such as alcohol and ether.
5. DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE:
Liquid boils when its vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.The boiling point of the liquid may be lowered to the desired
temperature by reducing the pressure on its surface.
Apparatus:
It consists of a double neck distillation
flask (Claisen flask).
In one neck thermometer is fitted and
in second neck a capillary tube is fixed.
The distillation flask is connected to a
condenser.
The condensed vapours are collected in a flask, called receiver.
Vaccum pump is attached to the receiver to attain the desired degree
of vacuum.
Application:
Used for the concentration of extracts containing thermolabile substances
Used for separating substances which undergo decomposition when heated
under normal atmospheric pressure.
Used for obtaining a light porous mass on distillation of the liquid extract.
6. VACUUM STILL:
The vacuum stills are used for distilling substances under reduced
pressure on a large scale.
Apparatus: This is generally made of stainless steel or
any other metal which can withstand a high vacuum.
The still is connected to a condenser.
The vacuum is created by means of a vacuum pump.
The vacuum still is filled by attaching a pipe to a tap
in the lower part of the hood and the pump is started.
The other end of the pipe dips into the liquid to be
distilled so that it can be drawn into the still.
Two receivers are generally attached to the condenser in order to collect the
distillate without stopping distillation.
Application:
Distillation of substances that have a high boiling point at atmospheric
pressure.
Distillation of thermolabile substances then gets damaged by a high
temperature.
Removal of the last traces of a volatile solvent.
7. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION (DISTILLATIONOF MISCIBLE LIQUIDS):
When a substance is dissolved in liquid, the vapour pressure of the liquid is lowered.
When to miscible liquids are mixed together, each will act as solute for the other.
So, when a mixture of two such liquids is heated, the vapour pressure of each is
lowered.
The pressure exerted by each liquid in the mixture is known as partial pressure.
The liquid boils when sum of the partial pressure is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.
Apparatus:
Fractionating column is fitted between the distillation
flask and condenser. Fractionating column is used for
continuous separation of two miscible liquids.
The distillation flask is connected to a condenser.
The condensed vapours are collected in a flask called
receiver.The liquid with higher boiling point is condensed
first and vapour become richer with the liquid having lower boiling point which get
condensed later.
Application:
Alcohol is purified from the mixture of alcohol and water obtained from
fermentation tank.
Used for the separation of miscible liquids such as alcohol and water, acetone
and water, chloroform and benzene.
8. STEAM DISTILLATION (DISTILLATIONOF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS):
When two immiscible liquids are mixed together, the liquid boils when sum of partial
pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. So, when a mixture of two such liquids
are heated, the vapour pressure of each is lowered.The pressure exerted by each
liquid in the mixture is known as partial pressure.
Apparatus:
Consists of steam can fitted with a cork having two holes.
Through one hole steam is passed through bent tube into
the flask containing non aqueous liquid.
The another tube (safety tube) is long and kept almost
to the bottom of the steam can. It will remove the
excess pressure incase the pressure is too much.
The delivery tube carries vapours from the flask is connected
to condenser and then condenser is connected to receiver.
The distillate is then collected in florentine receiver where oil is completely
separated from water.
Application:
Used for the preparation of volatile oils.
Used to determine the percentage of volatile oil in the drug.
Used for the distillation of volatile oil for its purification without any
decomposition.
9. WATER FOR INJECTION I.P. AND PURIFIED WATER I.P.:
The potable water is used for the preparation of purified water. It
contains:
1. Dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia
2. Dissolved salts and solids
This can be avoided by taking following precautions:
a. By heating the feed water:This removes the dissolved gases.The
solubility of gases decreases as temperature is raised.
b. A constant level device is attached to the boiler to avoid excessive
concentration of salts.
10. It consists of boiler which is made of cast
iron. It is connected to the condenser tubes
through the baffles.
Baffles are provided over the top of the
condenser tubes to avoid water drops
getting mixed with the vapours.
The cooling water enters at the bottom of
the condenser and is heated by condensing
vapours.
The flow rate is adjusted in such a way that
water gets heated at 90-950C before it
enters the boiler.
The top of the condenser is open so that
gases from the water can escape into the
atmosphere.
A constant level device is fitted in such a
way that only the heated water free from
gases enters the boiler.
11. STERILE WATER: It is water for injection which is
sterilized ad suitably packed. It contains no
antimicrobial agent or other added substances. It
has pH between 4.5-7.5. It must comply with sterility
test. It should also comply with the requirements of
the test for carbon dioxide, chloride, sulphate,
nitrates and nitrites, ammonium, calcium and heavy
metals. It must comply with pyrogen test.
Sterile water for injection should be stored in single
dose containers not larger than of one liter in size.
12. Purified water I.P. Water for Injection I.P.
Water free from volatile and nonvolatile
impurities
Free from volatile and nonvolatile
impurities, microorganisms and
pyrogens
Prepared by distillation, ion exchange
and reverse osmosis process
Prepared by distillation of potable water,
purified and distilled water
Contains no added substances Contains no added substances
Liable to contaminate by microbes, not
been used for parenteral preparation
Need not to be sterile but it should
comply with pyrogen test
Stored in tightly closed containers Stored in tightly closed neutral glass
containers