The document discusses various distillation processes used in pharmacy including simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It then provides details on the preparation of purified water, water for injection, and sterile water for injection through distillation processes. Key points include:
- Distillation processes are used to separate substances based on differences in their vapor pressures.
- Simple distillation is used to prepare distilled water and water for injection by heating a liquid until it vaporizes and then condensing the vapor.
- Distillation under reduced pressure allows lower boiling points for thermolabile or high boiling point substances.
- Fractional distillation separates mis
Distillation processes ,Types of Distillation, Types of WaterAshwini Shewale
This document discusses various distillation processes used to separate substances. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It also discusses the preparation of purified water and water for injection by distillation. The key parts of a distillation apparatus are identified as the still, condenser, and receiver. Distillation takes advantage of differences in vapor pressures to separate substances based on their boiling points.
This document discusses various distillation techniques used in pharmaceutical applications. It defines distillation as the separation of components in a liquid mixture through vaporization and condensation. The main types discussed are simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and vacuum distillation. Simple distillation involves heating a liquid to its boiling point to produce vapor which is then condensed. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column to separate close-boiling mixtures. Steam distillation uses steam to distill thermally sensitive compounds. Vacuum distillation reduces pressure to lower the boiling point of compounds. Purified water and water for injection are prepared through distillation to remove impurities, microorganisms, and pyrogens.
Distillation is a process of separating mixtures by boiling and condensing their components with differing volatilities. It works by heating a liquid mixture to its boiling point, vaporizing components, and then condensing the vapor to liquid, allowing different components to separate. There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and vacuum distillation. Distillation is used in pharmacy to purify water and organic solvents, and prepare volatile oils, aromatic waters, and other official compounds.
Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, ...RajkumarKumawat11
Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, destructive distillation, water for injection and sterile water
This document discusses various types of distillation processes including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, vacuum distillation, and vacuum still distillation. It provides definitions and explanations of the principles, apparatuses, and working processes for each type. Applications are also described for separating and purifying various substances using these distillation techniques.
- Distillation is a process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to form vapors, condensing the vapors back to liquid, and collecting the purified liquid fractions.
- There are several types of distillation including simple, steam, fractional, and vacuum distillation which vary based on conditions and mixtures separated.
- A laboratory experiment demonstrates simple distillation to separate ethanol and water using common distillation equipment like a round bottom flask, condenser, and receiver flask. The mixture is heated to form vapors that condense and drip into the collection flask.
This document discusses different types of distillation processes used to separate substances based on their boiling points. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. For each type, it explains the basic components and process, as well as common applications like purifying water, extracting essential oils, and separating organic solvent mixtures.
Distillation processes ,Types of Distillation, Types of WaterAshwini Shewale
This document discusses various distillation processes used to separate substances. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It also discusses the preparation of purified water and water for injection by distillation. The key parts of a distillation apparatus are identified as the still, condenser, and receiver. Distillation takes advantage of differences in vapor pressures to separate substances based on their boiling points.
This document discusses various distillation techniques used in pharmaceutical applications. It defines distillation as the separation of components in a liquid mixture through vaporization and condensation. The main types discussed are simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and vacuum distillation. Simple distillation involves heating a liquid to its boiling point to produce vapor which is then condensed. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column to separate close-boiling mixtures. Steam distillation uses steam to distill thermally sensitive compounds. Vacuum distillation reduces pressure to lower the boiling point of compounds. Purified water and water for injection are prepared through distillation to remove impurities, microorganisms, and pyrogens.
Distillation is a process of separating mixtures by boiling and condensing their components with differing volatilities. It works by heating a liquid mixture to its boiling point, vaporizing components, and then condensing the vapor to liquid, allowing different components to separate. There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and vacuum distillation. Distillation is used in pharmacy to purify water and organic solvents, and prepare volatile oils, aromatic waters, and other official compounds.
Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, ...RajkumarKumawat11
Distillation, distillation process for pharma students, simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, destructive distillation, water for injection and sterile water
This document discusses various types of distillation processes including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, vacuum distillation, and vacuum still distillation. It provides definitions and explanations of the principles, apparatuses, and working processes for each type. Applications are also described for separating and purifying various substances using these distillation techniques.
- Distillation is a process that separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a liquid mixture to form vapors, condensing the vapors back to liquid, and collecting the purified liquid fractions.
- There are several types of distillation including simple, steam, fractional, and vacuum distillation which vary based on conditions and mixtures separated.
- A laboratory experiment demonstrates simple distillation to separate ethanol and water using common distillation equipment like a round bottom flask, condenser, and receiver flask. The mixture is heated to form vapors that condense and drip into the collection flask.
This document discusses different types of distillation processes used to separate substances based on their boiling points. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. For each type, it explains the basic components and process, as well as common applications like purifying water, extracting essential oils, and separating organic solvent mixtures.
This document discusses various types of distillation processes used to separate substances based on differences in their boiling points. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. For each type of distillation, it provides details on the apparatus used and examples of applications. Key points covered include how distillation works to convert liquids to vapor and recondense them, and how fractional distillation and steam distillation can separate mixtures.
Distillation is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It involves heating the mixture to vaporize its components, cooling the vapors to condense them back to liquid, and collecting the condensed liquids separately. There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, and steam distillation. Distillation is commonly used in pharmaceutical manufacturing to purify water and organic compounds or extract volatile plant constituents. Purified water and water for injection are both prepared using distillation methods to remove impurities, microbes, and pyrogens.
This document discusses various distillation techniques used to separate liquid mixtures. It begins by defining distillation as a process that separates substances based on differences in their vapor pressures. It then describes several distillation methods including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and molecular distillation. For each method, it provides details on the operating principles, typical equipment setup, and common applications. The document serves to introduce various distillation unit operations and their uses in separating chemical substances.
Distillation is the process of converting liquid into its vapours by heating and reconverting it again into liquid by condensing the vapours.
The product obtained from the condensation of vapours is known as distillate or condensate.
Container which collects the distillate is known as receiver.
It results in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components).
It can be applied for two immiscible or non-reacting solid and liquid or liquid and liquid
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures into their component parts based on differences in their boiling points. It involves vaporizing a liquid mixture and condensing the vapor to obtain purified fractions. There are several types of distillation processes that can be used for applications like purification of organic solvents, separation of drugs and petroleum products, and recovery of volatile oils and solvents. Key distillation types discussed in the document include simple, fractional, steam, molecular, and falling film distillation. Each type has slightly different equipment setup and operating principles for achieving separation of mixtures.
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures into their component parts based on differences in their boiling points. It involves vaporizing a liquid mixture and condensing the vapor to obtain purified fractions. There are several types of distillation processes that can be used for applications like purification of organic solvents, separation of drugs and petroleum products, and recovery of volatile oils and solvents. Some key distillation techniques described in the document include simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, and molecular distillation.
Distillation is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It involves heating the mixture until it vaporizes, then cooling the vapors until they condense. There are several types of distillation processes. Simple distillation is used to purify liquids. Fractional distillation separates mixtures with components of different boiling points. Steam distillation is used for mixtures containing water. Vacuum distillation allows distillation of substances that decompose at their normal boiling points. Destructive distillation involves decomposition during heating.
This document discusses distillation, which is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It defines distillation and provides examples of its applications. It then classifies different types of distillation, including simple distillation, fractional distillation, vacuum distillation, and molecular distillation. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the principle, construction, working, and some applications. The document is presented by an assistant professor and provides detailed information on various distillation methods.
This document discusses different types of distillation processes including simple distillation and fractional distillation. Simple distillation involves a single vaporization and condensation cycle that produces an impure distillate. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column containing packing materials between the distillation flask and head. This allows for multiple vaporization and condensation cycles, improving separation of components in the mixture. The document describes components of distillation columns like trays, packings, reboilers and condensers and how they facilitate fractional distillation.
Basic Principles and methodology of distillationAkankshaPatel55
What is distillation?
Distillation is a physical separation process that utilizes the differences in boiling points of various components within a liquid mixture. It involves selectively boiling and condensing these components to achieve greater purity or isolate specific desired fractions. Imagine separating salt from saltwater: distillation boils the water away, leaving behind concentrated salt.
How does it work?
Heating: The mixture is heated in a container called a still. As the temperature rises, components with lower boiling points start to vaporize first.
Vaporization: These vapors rise and travel through a condenser, a cooled tube or chamber.
Condensation: When the vapors encounter the cool surfaces, they lose heat and condense back into a liquid form.
Collection: This collected liquid, called the distillate, is usually richer in the more volatile component(s).
Fractional distillation: This technique involves multiple condensers at different temperatures, collecting separate fractions based on their boiling points. For example, distilling crude oil separates gasoline, kerosene, and other fractions.
Applications of distillation:
Purification: Distillation is widely used to purify water, removing impurities and producing drinkable water. It also purifies alcohol, removing water and other impurities to get higher-proof spirits.
Separation: Distillation is essential in separating various chemicals and compounds, like essential oils from plants, fragrances from flowers, and specific chemicals from crude oil.
Desalination: Distillation can be used for desalination, converting saltwater into freshwater, although other methods are more common now.
Types of distillation:
Simple distillation: Used for mixtures with significant boiling point differences. The distillate is less pure than other methods.
Fractional distillation: Used for complex mixtures with closer boiling points, collecting different fractions based on their volatility.
Vacuum distillation: Used for heat-sensitive materials that decompose at normal boiling points. It lowers the boiling point by reducing pressure.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses various types of distillation processes including simple distillation, fractional distillation, flash distillation, azeotropic distillation, and steam distillation. It explains the basic principles and components of distillation, differences between continuous and batch distillation, factors that influence column efficiency, and challenges with separating azeotropic mixtures. Key concepts covered include Raoult's law, distillation curves, reflux ratios, and minimum and maximum boiling azeotropes.
Evaporators and evaporation under reduce pressure.Umair hanif
This document discusses different types of evaporators used in industrial pharmacy. It describes evaporators as apparatus that vaporize liquid from a solution through evaporation. There are several factors that affect the evaporation rate like temperature, surface area, and agitation. Some common types of evaporators mentioned are evaporating pans, evaporating stills, calandria evaporators, climbing film evaporators, horizontal film evaporators, and rising-falling film evaporators. Vacuum evaporation is also discussed where pressure is reduced to allow evaporation at lower temperatures. Triple effect vacuum evaporators are more efficient as they can save up to 70% energy compared to single effect evaporators.
This document discusses various distillation techniques used to separate mixtures. It defines distillation as the separation of constituents in a mixture including a liquid by partial vaporization and separate collection of the vapor. Simple distillation is used to purify liquids by heating the mixture until it vaporizes and condenses the vapor. Molecular distillation can distill normally non-volatile substances under high vacuum. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids using their different boiling points over multiple equilibrium stages in a fractionating column. Azeotropic mixtures cannot be fully separated by distillation alone.
1. The document describes a lab experiment to isolate limonene from orange peels through steam distillation. Peels are blended with water and distilled to obtain an "essential oil" containing limonene, which is then extracted and characterized using gas chromatography.
2. Key steps include grinding orange peels, distilling the peels to obtain limonene, extracting limonene using liquid-liquid extraction, and analyzing the isolated limonene using gas chromatography to determine its boiling point.
3. Steam distillation is used because it allows isolation of limonene at a lower temperature than normal distillation, preventing decomposition of the thermally sensitive terpene compounds like limonene.
The document lists and describes common glassware used in biochemistry laboratories, including Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, pipettes, volumetric flasks, burettes, condensers, separatory funnels, funnels, test tubes, petri dishes, watch glasses, mortar and pestles, dessicators, and crucibles. It notes what each item is used for, such as reaction vessels, containers, liquid measurements, transfers, storage of accurate solutions, titrations, separations, heating and cooling reactions. Volumetric devices have markings indicating standard volumes.
Instruments that are used in lab, their uses and mechanismProtik Biswas
Condensers are used to cool hot vapors and condense them into liquids. They are commonly used in reflux and distillation processes. A condenser consists of an inner glass tube surrounded by an outer tube through which coolant flows.
Suction pumps use atmospheric pressure and valves to draw liquid up through the pump. They are often used to accelerate filtration processes.
Buchner funnels speed up solid/liquid separation using vacuum filtration. The liquid is drawn through a perforated plate, leaving the solid component on a filter paper. They are mainly used to dry crystals after recrystallization.
Evaporation is the process of removing solvent from a solution by applying heat, leaving a concentrated product. It occurs below the boiling point through vaporization from the liquid surface. Key factors that affect the evaporation rate include temperature, vapor pressure, surface area, and time. Various types of evaporators are used for evaporation, including steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, climbing film evaporators, and forced circulation evaporators. The type of evaporator used depends on factors like the product properties and desired concentration.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
This document discusses various types of distillation processes used to separate substances based on differences in their boiling points. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. For each type of distillation, it provides details on the apparatus used and examples of applications. Key points covered include how distillation works to convert liquids to vapor and recondense them, and how fractional distillation and steam distillation can separate mixtures.
Distillation is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It involves heating the mixture to vaporize its components, cooling the vapors to condense them back to liquid, and collecting the condensed liquids separately. There are several types of distillation including simple distillation, fractional distillation, and steam distillation. Distillation is commonly used in pharmaceutical manufacturing to purify water and organic compounds or extract volatile plant constituents. Purified water and water for injection are both prepared using distillation methods to remove impurities, microbes, and pyrogens.
This document discusses various distillation techniques used to separate liquid mixtures. It begins by defining distillation as a process that separates substances based on differences in their vapor pressures. It then describes several distillation methods including simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and molecular distillation. For each method, it provides details on the operating principles, typical equipment setup, and common applications. The document serves to introduce various distillation unit operations and their uses in separating chemical substances.
Distillation is the process of converting liquid into its vapours by heating and reconverting it again into liquid by condensing the vapours.
The product obtained from the condensation of vapours is known as distillate or condensate.
Container which collects the distillate is known as receiver.
It results in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components).
It can be applied for two immiscible or non-reacting solid and liquid or liquid and liquid
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures into their component parts based on differences in their boiling points. It involves vaporizing a liquid mixture and condensing the vapor to obtain purified fractions. There are several types of distillation processes that can be used for applications like purification of organic solvents, separation of drugs and petroleum products, and recovery of volatile oils and solvents. Key distillation types discussed in the document include simple, fractional, steam, molecular, and falling film distillation. Each type has slightly different equipment setup and operating principles for achieving separation of mixtures.
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures into their component parts based on differences in their boiling points. It involves vaporizing a liquid mixture and condensing the vapor to obtain purified fractions. There are several types of distillation processes that can be used for applications like purification of organic solvents, separation of drugs and petroleum products, and recovery of volatile oils and solvents. Some key distillation techniques described in the document include simple distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation, and molecular distillation.
Distillation is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It involves heating the mixture until it vaporizes, then cooling the vapors until they condense. There are several types of distillation processes. Simple distillation is used to purify liquids. Fractional distillation separates mixtures with components of different boiling points. Steam distillation is used for mixtures containing water. Vacuum distillation allows distillation of substances that decompose at their normal boiling points. Destructive distillation involves decomposition during heating.
This document discusses distillation, which is a process used to separate mixtures based on differences in their boiling points. It defines distillation and provides examples of its applications. It then classifies different types of distillation, including simple distillation, fractional distillation, vacuum distillation, and molecular distillation. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the principle, construction, working, and some applications. The document is presented by an assistant professor and provides detailed information on various distillation methods.
This document discusses different types of distillation processes including simple distillation and fractional distillation. Simple distillation involves a single vaporization and condensation cycle that produces an impure distillate. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column containing packing materials between the distillation flask and head. This allows for multiple vaporization and condensation cycles, improving separation of components in the mixture. The document describes components of distillation columns like trays, packings, reboilers and condensers and how they facilitate fractional distillation.
Basic Principles and methodology of distillationAkankshaPatel55
What is distillation?
Distillation is a physical separation process that utilizes the differences in boiling points of various components within a liquid mixture. It involves selectively boiling and condensing these components to achieve greater purity or isolate specific desired fractions. Imagine separating salt from saltwater: distillation boils the water away, leaving behind concentrated salt.
How does it work?
Heating: The mixture is heated in a container called a still. As the temperature rises, components with lower boiling points start to vaporize first.
Vaporization: These vapors rise and travel through a condenser, a cooled tube or chamber.
Condensation: When the vapors encounter the cool surfaces, they lose heat and condense back into a liquid form.
Collection: This collected liquid, called the distillate, is usually richer in the more volatile component(s).
Fractional distillation: This technique involves multiple condensers at different temperatures, collecting separate fractions based on their boiling points. For example, distilling crude oil separates gasoline, kerosene, and other fractions.
Applications of distillation:
Purification: Distillation is widely used to purify water, removing impurities and producing drinkable water. It also purifies alcohol, removing water and other impurities to get higher-proof spirits.
Separation: Distillation is essential in separating various chemicals and compounds, like essential oils from plants, fragrances from flowers, and specific chemicals from crude oil.
Desalination: Distillation can be used for desalination, converting saltwater into freshwater, although other methods are more common now.
Types of distillation:
Simple distillation: Used for mixtures with significant boiling point differences. The distillate is less pure than other methods.
Fractional distillation: Used for complex mixtures with closer boiling points, collecting different fractions based on their volatility.
Vacuum distillation: Used for heat-sensitive materials that decompose at normal boiling points. It lowers the boiling point by reducing pressure.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses various types of distillation processes including simple distillation, fractional distillation, flash distillation, azeotropic distillation, and steam distillation. It explains the basic principles and components of distillation, differences between continuous and batch distillation, factors that influence column efficiency, and challenges with separating azeotropic mixtures. Key concepts covered include Raoult's law, distillation curves, reflux ratios, and minimum and maximum boiling azeotropes.
Evaporators and evaporation under reduce pressure.Umair hanif
This document discusses different types of evaporators used in industrial pharmacy. It describes evaporators as apparatus that vaporize liquid from a solution through evaporation. There are several factors that affect the evaporation rate like temperature, surface area, and agitation. Some common types of evaporators mentioned are evaporating pans, evaporating stills, calandria evaporators, climbing film evaporators, horizontal film evaporators, and rising-falling film evaporators. Vacuum evaporation is also discussed where pressure is reduced to allow evaporation at lower temperatures. Triple effect vacuum evaporators are more efficient as they can save up to 70% energy compared to single effect evaporators.
This document discusses various distillation techniques used to separate mixtures. It defines distillation as the separation of constituents in a mixture including a liquid by partial vaporization and separate collection of the vapor. Simple distillation is used to purify liquids by heating the mixture until it vaporizes and condenses the vapor. Molecular distillation can distill normally non-volatile substances under high vacuum. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids using their different boiling points over multiple equilibrium stages in a fractionating column. Azeotropic mixtures cannot be fully separated by distillation alone.
1. The document describes a lab experiment to isolate limonene from orange peels through steam distillation. Peels are blended with water and distilled to obtain an "essential oil" containing limonene, which is then extracted and characterized using gas chromatography.
2. Key steps include grinding orange peels, distilling the peels to obtain limonene, extracting limonene using liquid-liquid extraction, and analyzing the isolated limonene using gas chromatography to determine its boiling point.
3. Steam distillation is used because it allows isolation of limonene at a lower temperature than normal distillation, preventing decomposition of the thermally sensitive terpene compounds like limonene.
The document lists and describes common glassware used in biochemistry laboratories, including Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, pipettes, volumetric flasks, burettes, condensers, separatory funnels, funnels, test tubes, petri dishes, watch glasses, mortar and pestles, dessicators, and crucibles. It notes what each item is used for, such as reaction vessels, containers, liquid measurements, transfers, storage of accurate solutions, titrations, separations, heating and cooling reactions. Volumetric devices have markings indicating standard volumes.
Instruments that are used in lab, their uses and mechanismProtik Biswas
Condensers are used to cool hot vapors and condense them into liquids. They are commonly used in reflux and distillation processes. A condenser consists of an inner glass tube surrounded by an outer tube through which coolant flows.
Suction pumps use atmospheric pressure and valves to draw liquid up through the pump. They are often used to accelerate filtration processes.
Buchner funnels speed up solid/liquid separation using vacuum filtration. The liquid is drawn through a perforated plate, leaving the solid component on a filter paper. They are mainly used to dry crystals after recrystallization.
Evaporation is the process of removing solvent from a solution by applying heat, leaving a concentrated product. It occurs below the boiling point through vaporization from the liquid surface. Key factors that affect the evaporation rate include temperature, vapor pressure, surface area, and time. Various types of evaporators are used for evaporation, including steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, climbing film evaporators, and forced circulation evaporators. The type of evaporator used depends on factors like the product properties and desired concentration.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
2. DISTILLATION PROCESSES
Distillation is the process of converting liquid into its vapours by
heating and converting it again into liquid by condensing the vapours.
It is the method of separating substances which differ in their vapour
pressures. The distillation process is carried out in an apparatus
which consists of
(a) Still, in which volatile material is boiled.
(b) Condenser, in which vapours are condensed.
(c) Receiver, in which distillate is collected.
TYPES OF DISTILLATION PROCESSES
The following are the various types of distillations:
1. Simple distillation
2. Distillation under reduced pressure
3. Fractional distillation
4. Steam distillation
5. Destructive distillation
3. 1. Simple Distillation
It is a process of converting a liquid into its vapour in a
distillation still, transferring the vapour to another place and
condensing it again into liquid.
4. Apparatus used for laboratory scale
• It consists of a distillation flask with a side arm sloping downward which is
connected to a condenser.
• The condensed vapours are collected in a flask called ‘receiver’.
• The whole apparatus is made of glass (see Fig. 11-1).
• The distillation flask should be of such a size that it can contain half to two-
thirds of the liquid to be distilled.
• The thermometer is fitted in distillation flask to note down the temperature,
at which the vapours are distilled.
• Bumping is avoided by adding small pieces of porcelain or porous pot
before distillation.
Applications of simple distillation in pharmacy
• It is used for the preparation of distilled water and water for injection.
• Many volatile oils and aromatic waters are prepared by Simple
distillation.
• Organic solvents are purified by distillation.
• Many official compounds are prepared by distillation e.g. Spirit
5. 2. Distillation Under Reduced Pressure
Theory Liquid boils when its vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
The boiling point of the liquid may be lowered to the desired temperature by
reducing the pressure on its surface.
6. Apparatus used for laboratory scale
• It consists of a double-neck distillation flask known as "claisen flask'.
• In one of its necks a these mometer is fitted and in the second neck a
capillary tube is fitted which prevents bumping of the heated liquid.
• The capillary tube should be so line as to permit only a slow stream of
bubble which can be controlled with a pinch cock.
• Thick walled glass apparatus with inter-changeable standard glass joints
are used for vacuum distillation.
• The claisen flask is connected to a receiver through condenser.
• Vacuum pump is attached to the receiver to attain the desired degree of
vacuum.
• Heating of claisen flask is not started-until the desired vacuum has been
attained.
Applications in pharmacy
• It is used for the concentration of extracts containing thermolabile
(constituents which are sensitive to heat) order to prevent their destruction.
• It is used for separating substances which undergo decomposition when
heated under normal atmospheric pressure.
• It is used for obtaining a light porous mass on distillation of
7. VACUUM STILL
The vacuum stills are employed for distilling substances under reduced pressure on
a large scale.
A vacuum still is generally made of stainless steel or any other metal which
can withstand a high vacuum. The still is connected to condenser. The
vacuum is created by means of a vacuum pump.
8. • vacuum still is filled by attaching a pipe to a tap in the
lower part of the hood and the pump is started.
• The other end of the pipe dips into the liquid to be
distilled so that it can be drawn into the still.
• An observation window in the hood is very helpful to the
operator to see the progress of distillation and also the
level of the content of the liquid to be distilled.
• Two receivers are generally attached to the condenser in
order to collect the distillate without stopping distillation.
• However, they may be used alternately by a suitable
arrangement of the cocks.
Applications in pharmacy
• Distillation of substances that have a high boiling point at
atmospheric pressure.
• Distillation of thermolabile substances that get damaged
by a high temperature.
• Removal of the last traces of a volatile solvent.
9. 3. Fractional Distillation (Distillation of miscible liquids)
Theory: When a substance is dissolved in a liquid, the vapour pressure of
the liquid is lowered. When two miscible liquids are mixed together, each will
act as solute or solvent for the other. So, when a mixture of two such liquids is
heated, the vapour pressure of each is lowered. The pressure exerted by
each liquid in the mixture is known as "partial pressure". "The liquid boils
when the sum of the partial pressures is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
The vapours arising from two miscible liquids at boiling point is richer in the
component exerting the greater partial pressure.
Apparatus used for laboratory scale
• The apparatus used for laboratory scale is as shown in Fig. 11-4.
Fractionating column is fitted between the distillation flask and the
condenser.
• Fractionating column is used for continuous separation of two miscible
liquids.
• Long fractionating column is used in the mixture where the boiling point is
quite close to each other and short fractionating column is used in those
cases where there is a considerable difference in the boiling point of the
mixture of miscible liquids.
10.
11. In fractional distillation, the mixture of miscible liquids is heated in the
still. The vapours formed are allowed to pass through the
fractionating column, where a part of the vapour is condensed and
while returning to the still comes into an intimate contact with the
rising vapour resulting in further fractionation of the liquid being
distilled. The liquid with higher boiling point is condensed first and
vapour becomes richer with the liquid having the lower boiling point
which gets condensed in a condenser.
Applications in pharmacy
* Alcohol is purified from the mixture of alcohol and water
obtained from fermentation tank.
* It is used for the separation of miscible liquids, such as,
alcohol and water, acetone and water, chloroform and
benzene.
12. 4. Steam Distillation (Distillation of two immiscible
liquids)
Theory: When two immiscible liquids are heated together, then the mixture
boils when the sum of the vapour pressure equals to the atmospheric
pressure. The temperature at which mixture boils is lower that that of either of
the liquids i.e. the boiling point of the mixture is low than that of the liquid with
the lower boiling point. The temperatures which the mixture boils remains
stationary until one of the liquids has been completely removed from the still.
Apparatus used for laboratory scale
• It consists of a "Steam Can’’ fitted with a cork having two holes.
• Through one of the holes passes bent tube leading the steam to the
flask containing the non-aqueous liquid.
• This tube should reach almost to the bottom of the flask.
• Another long tube which passes through the other hole reaches
almost the bottom of the steam can.
• This tube acts as a safety tube, so that case the pressure inside
13. • Moreover, when steam starts coming out from the safety tube, it
indicates that the steam can is almost empty.
• The delivery tube carrying vapours from the flask is connected to
the condenser to convert it into liquid which gets collected in the
receiver.
• The non-aqueous liquid is placed in the flask. A small quantity of
water is added to it.
• The steam can and the flask are heated simultaneously, so that a
uniform flow of steam passes through the boiling mixture.
• 'Distillation is continued until all the non-aqueous liquid has distilled
over.
• The distillate is then collected in florentine receiver where oil is
completely separated from water.
Applications in pharmacy
• It is used for the preparation of volatile oils.
• It is used to determine the percentage of volatile oil in the drug.
• It is used for the distillation of volatile oil for its
14.
15. PURIFIED WATER I.P.
Water which is free from volatile and non-volatile impurities is Called
as purified water. It is prepared by distillation, ion-exchange treatment,
reverse osmosis or any other suitable process. It contains no added
substances and meets the requirements for chemical purity specified
for it. It is liable to get contaminated by micro-organisms, hence
purified water should not be used in preparations meant for parentral
administration. It should be stored in tightly closed containers.
16. WATER FOR INJECTION I.P.
Water which is free from volatile and non-volatile impurities,
microorganisms and pyrogens is called "Water for Injection". It is
obtained by distilling potable water, purified water or distilled water
from a neutral glass or suitable metal still fitted with an efficient
device for preventing the water drops to go along with water. The first
portion of the distillate is rejected which contains volatile impurities.
The remainder is collected in suitable containers, previously rinsed
with freshly distilled water and closed so as to avoid Contamination.
It contains no added substances. Water for injection must meet the
purity requirements stated under purified water. It need not be sterile
but it should comply with the test for pyrogen. Water for injection is
stored in tightly-closed neutral glass containers.
17. STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION
It is water for injection which is sterilized and suitably packed, it
contains no anti-microbial agent or other added substances. It has pH
between 4.5 and 7.5. It must comply with the tests for sterility. It
should also comply with the requirements of the tests for carbon
dioxide, chloride, sulphate, nitrates and nitrites, ammonium, calcium
and heavy metals. It must comply with the test for pyrogens. Sterile
water for injection should be stored in single-dose contains not larger
than of one liter in size.
18. Preparation of Purified Water I.P. and Water for Injections I.P. by Distillation
The potable water is used for the preparation ofpurified water. It contains:
(1) Dissolved gases such as carbon-dioxide and ammonia
(2) Dissolved salts and solids
This can be avoid by taking the following precautions:
• By heating the feed water. This removes the dissolved gas The solubility of gases
decreases as the temperature is raised. For purpose of economy the water feeding
the boiler should be through the condenser jacket for heating the water.
• A constant level device is attached to the boiler to avoid excess concentration of
salts. Inspite of this, some of the solids will be deposit and it becomes necessary to
de-scale the boiler after a certain period.
Baffles are made of stainless steel. Baffles are provided over the top of the condenser
tubes to avoid water drops getting mixed with the vapours. It is done to avoid carry-
over of pyrogen and other water soluble materials in the droplet. The cooling water
enters at the bottom of the condenser and is heated by the condensing vapours. The
flow rate is adjusted in such a way that water gets heated at 90°-95°C before it enters
the boiler. The top of the condenser jacket is open, so that gases from the water can
escape into the atmosphere.
A constant level device is fitted in such a way that the heated water free from
gases enters the boiler.