Demography and family planning, Demography, Family planning, important topic of HECP, Complete topic for D.Pharmacy students. Contraceptive methods, topic of Health education and clinical pathology

3. Demography is the ”scientific study of
human population”.
“Demo” means “the people” and “graphy”
means “measurement”.
Demos = population, Graphy = picture
Demography can also defined as the
statistical study of populations which
involves studying the structure, size and
distribution of population.

4. Demographic Cycle
FIRST STAGE(HIGH STATIONARY):- High birth
rates and High death rates; Population stationary
SECOND STAGE(EARLY EXPANDING):- Constant
birth rates and Decline death rates; Population expands
THIRD STAGE(LATE EXPANDING):- Decline birth
rates and Decline death rates; Population increase
FOURTH STAGE(LOW STATIONARY):- Low birth
rates and Low death rates; Population stationary
FIFTH STAGE(DECLINE STAGE):- Lower Birth
rates than death rates; Population starts declining

5. FERTILITY
Quality of being able to produce children
Natural capacity to conceive a child
The ability to produce progenies
REASONS OF HIGH FERTILITY RATE:-
Marriage at early stage
Low literacy level
Poverty
Contraceptive usage limitation
Traditional life style

6. FACTORS REGULATING FERTILITY
Age of marriage
Duration of married life
Spacing of children
Education
Economic status
Religion and cast
Nutrition
Family planning
Others like Position of women in society,
Value of children, Widow remarriage,
Industrialization etc.

7. FACTORS REGULATING FERTILITY
Age of marriage
Duration of married life
Spacing of children
Education
Economic status
Religion and cast
Nutrition
Family planning
Others like Position of women in society,
Value of children, Widow remarriage,
Industrialization etc.

8. Controlling the number of children by birth control
The ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and
attain their desired number of children and the spacing
and timing of their births.
 “A way thinking and living adopted voluntarily on the
basis of knowledge, attitudes, and responsible decisions by
individuals and couples, in order to promote health and
welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively
to the social development of a country".

9. OBJECTIVES
To avoid unwanted birth
To bring about wanted birth
To regulate the intervals between each pregnancy
To control the time at which birth occur in relation to the
parent’s age
To determine the number of children in a family
Help to avoid social, health and financial problems

10. FAMILY WELFARE
Now a days this term is used at the place of family planning.
Family welfare signifies “the importance of the quality of
family and welfare of the entire family”.
It includes:-
1. Spacing & limitation of births
2. Advice on sterility
3. Education of parenthood
4. sex education
5. Genetic counseling
6. Carrying out pregnancy tests
7. Services to unmarried mothers
8. Premarital examination & counseling
9. Maternity & child health (MCH) services
10.Immunization services

11. CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
These are preventive methods which help women to avoid
unwanted pregnancies.
CLASSIFICATION
1. TEMPORARY METHODS (SPACING METHOD)
A. BARRIER METHODS: PHYSICAL METHODS
CHEMICAL METHODS
COMBINED METHODS
B. INTRA-UTERINE DEVICES
C. HORMONAL METHODS
D. POST CONCEPTIONAL METHODS
E. MISCELLANEOUS
2. PERMANENT METHODS (TERMINAL METHODS)
A. MALE STERILISATION
B. FEMALE STERILISATION

12. TEMPORARY METHODS:-
1. Barrier (Occlusive)Methods: Suitable for both men & women. The
aim of these methods is to prevent the sperm meeting the ovum.
a. Physical (Mechanical)method:- examples are: Condom,
Diaphragm, Vaginal Sponge(vaginal sponge contain
spermicide i.e. nonoxynol-9)
b. Chemical method:- They are used in the form of foam,
creams, paste, jelly, suppositories & soluble films.
These preparations contain surface active agents which attach
to the spermatozoa. They inhibit oxygen uptake & kill the
sperms.
2. Intra-uterine devices(IUDs):-
1st generation device- Lippe’s loop
2nd generation device- Copper T, Copper 7, Nova T, Multiload devices
3rd generation device- Progestasert

13. 3. Hormonal methods:
a. Oral Pills:-
i. Combined pills
eg: MALA-N and MALA-D (Ethyl oestradiol 0.03 & Norgesterol
0.3 mg)
ii. Progostogen only pill(POP, Minipill, Micropill):- Each tablet
contains norethisterone 400 mcg and ethinyl estradiol 35
mcg. Micropil is an oral contraceptive containing progestogen
(norethisterone) capable of fully inhibiting ovulation.
iii. Post Coital Pill( Morning after):- Combined estrogen and
progestin (Yuzpe Regimen)
iv. Once a Month Pill:- contain long acting oestrogen(Quinestrol)
in combination with a shrt acting progestogen.
v. Male Pill:- contain Gossypol is a derivative of cotton seed oil

14. 3. Hormonal methods:
b. Depot formulation:-
i. Injectable contraceptives
e.g.: DMPA(Depot medroxyprogesteroe acetate)
NET-EN(Nor-ethisterone enanthate)
They are progesterone & require administration once every 3 months.
ii. Subdermal implants:- It consists of a 6 hollow silastic capsules
each containing 36 mg of levonorgestrel.
e.g.:- Norplant contains levonorgestrel
iii. Vaginal Rings:- They contain levonorgestrel. It is slowly
absorbed through the vaginal mucosa. It bypasses the digestive
system and liver. So an effective concentration is avail able even
with a lower dose.

15. 4. Post conceptional methods: (Termination of Pregnancy)
i. Menstrual regulation Relatively simple method of birth control.
It consists of aspiration of uterine contents within 6-14 days of a
missed period but before tests can confirm pregnancy. Usually no
after care is required.
ii. Menstrual induction:- It consists of intrauterine application of
1.5mg solution of prostaglandin-F2. it disturbs the normal
progesterone- prostaglandin balance.
iii. Abortion:-Termination of pregnancy before the foetus become
viable(capable of living independently)
The Indian Law (MTP act 1971) allows abortion only up to 20 weeks.

16. 5. Miscellaneous Methods
i. Abstinence: It is refraining from sexual intercourse.
ii. Coitus interrupts:- It means withdrawal of penis before semen is
ejaculated into the vagina.
iii. Safe(Rhythm) period:-It is based on the fact that ovulation in
females occurs. Roughly 10th to 20th day after the onset of
menstruation is not safe.
iv. Natural family planning methods: They include Basal Body
Temperature method, Cervical Mucus method and Symptothermic
method.
v. Breast feeding
vi. Birth Control Vaccine:- β- subunit of Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin(HCG)

17. PERMANENT METHODS (STERILISATION/
TERMINAL METHOD)
1. Male Sterilisation (Vesectomy)
2. Female Sterilisation (Tubectomy)
Done by two procedures:-
a. Laproscopy
b. Minilaprotomy