The presentation covers, Dimensions and standards, SI Unit system, Definition of basic units, SI Temperature Scale, Other Unit System, Non SI Units in common Uses, Scientific Notations, Prefixes, Significant figures
Physical Quantities--Units and Measurement--Conversion of UnitsKhanSaif2
This presentation covers physical quantities and their types, units and their types, conversion of units and order of magnitude in a very interactive manner. I hope this presentation will be helpful for teachers as well as students.
Physical Quantities--Units and Measurement--Conversion of UnitsKhanSaif2
This presentation covers physical quantities and their types, units and their types, conversion of units and order of magnitude in a very interactive manner. I hope this presentation will be helpful for teachers as well as students.
This is a summary of the topic "Physical quantities, units and measurement" in the GCE O levels subject: Physics. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure Physics will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies lowercase names for 22 derived units.
The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). SI is intended to be an evolving system, so prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves. The 24th and 25th General Conferences on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 2011 and 2014, for example, discussed a proposal to change the definition of the kilogram, linking it to an invariant of nature rather than to the mass of a material artefact, thereby ensuring long-term stability.[1]
The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS systems and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them. The CGPM, which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875, brought together many international organisations to not only agree on the definitions and standards of the new system but also agree on the rules for writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the world.
The International System of Units has been adopted by all developed countries except the United States.[citation needed]
This presentation covers measurement of physical quantities, system of units, dimensional analysis & error analysis. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as students.
This is a summary of the topic "Physical quantities, units and measurement" in the GCE O levels subject: Physics. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure Physics will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. It comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. The system also specifies lowercase names for 22 derived units.
The system was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). SI is intended to be an evolving system, so prefixes and units are created and unit definitions are modified through international agreement as the technology of measurement progresses and the precision of measurements improves. The 24th and 25th General Conferences on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 2011 and 2014, for example, discussed a proposal to change the definition of the kilogram, linking it to an invariant of nature rather than to the mass of a material artefact, thereby ensuring long-term stability.[1]
The motivation for the development of the SI was the diversity of units that had sprung up within the CGS systems and the lack of coordination between the various disciplines that used them. The CGPM, which was established by the Metre Convention of 1875, brought together many international organisations to not only agree on the definitions and standards of the new system but also agree on the rules for writing and presenting measurements in a standardised manner around the world.
The International System of Units has been adopted by all developed countries except the United States.[citation needed]
This presentation covers measurement of physical quantities, system of units, dimensional analysis & error analysis. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as students.
he SI comprises a coherent system of units of measurement starting with seven base units, which are the second (symbol s, the unit of time), metre (m, length), kilogram (kg, mass), ampere (A, electric current), kelvin (K, thermodynamic temperature), mole (mol, amount of substance), and candela (cd, luminous intensity) ...
Principles and Practices of Traceability and CalibrationJasmin NUHIC
To learn and understand different types of measurements units, measurement constants, calibration and measurement standards as well as principles and practices of treaceability.
The presentation covers asynchronous sequential circuit analysis; Map, transition table, flow table. It also covers asynchronous circuit design process and race conditions
synchronous Sequential circuit counters and registersDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation covers, synchronous sequential circuits; registers and counters. design of registers, shift registers are explained. Design of counter, synchronous and ripple counter is demostrated.
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The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
The presentation covers financial feasibility of projects, payback analysis, NPV analysis or discounted cash flow analysis, IRR analysis, Benefit to cost ratio analysis, B/C pitfalls, ROI
The presentation covers infrastructure project financing, typical configurations, key project parties, project contracts, It explains financing of a power project, security mechanism, SPV payment hierarchy and risk mitigation mechanism
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Nec 602 unit ii Random Variables and Random processDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation explains concept of Probability, random variable, statistical averages, correlation, sum of random Variables, Central Limit Theorem,
random process, classification of random processes, power spectral density, multiple random processes.
The presentation describes Measures of Information, entropy, source coding, source coding theorem, huffman coding, shanon fano coding, channel capacity theorem, capacity of a discrete and continuous memoryless channel, Error Free Communication over a Noisy Channel
Rec101 unit ii (part 2) bjt biasing and re modelDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation covers BJT Biasing: Operating Point or Q point, Fixed-Bias, Emitter Bias, Voltage-Divider Bias, Collector Feedback bias, Emitter-Follower bias, common base bias, bias Stabilization and re model of CB/ CE/ CC configuration
The presentation covers, Field Effect Transistor: Construction and Characteristic of JFETs, dc biasing of CS, ac analysis of CS amplifier, MOSFET (Depletion and Enhancement)Type, Transfer Characteristic
The presentation covers Bipolar Junction Transistor: Construction, Operation, Transistor configurations and input / output characteristics; Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common Collector
The presentation explains elements of communication system, need of the modulation, types of modulation, basic signals, fundamentals of amplitude modulation/ demodulation, envelope detector, DSB_SC, SSB, VSB and comparison of modulation techniques
The presentation covers digital Voltmeter, RAMP Techniques, digital Multi-meters. It also covers Oscilloscope; Introduction and Basic Principle, CRT, Measurement of voltage, current, phase and frequency using CRO, Introduction of Digital Storage Oscilloscope and its comparison over analogue CRO
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. Dimensions and Standard
dimensions and standards: Scientific notations and
metric prefixes. SI electrical units, SI temperature scales,
Other unit systems, dimension and standards.
2/3/2017 1
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
2. Measurements
• Measurement involves comparing the value to be measured with
a known value (standard)
• It is impossible to measure without comparison;
• the act of measurement involves reading the value with an
instrument. The instrument makes the comparison of the value
with standard & gives reading.
• Standard are object or prescription to which all other
measurements are compared
2/3/2017 2
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
3. Types of Measurement
• Direct Method: In this method unknown quantity is directly
compared with the standard. Direct method is quite common for
measurement of physical quantities like Length, Mass and Time
• Indirect Methods: Measurement by direct methods are not
always possible or feasible. Also as direct method involves
humans so are less accurate and sensitive. Measurement
systems are indirect methods for measurement
Measurement system consists of a transuding element which
converts the quantities to be measured in electrical form.
Analogous signal is then processed by some intermediate means
and is then fed to the end devices which displays the result.
2/3/2017
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
3
4. Measuring Instruments
• Measurement generally involve an “Instrument” as a physical
means for determining a quantity or variable.
• Instrument may be defined as a device for determining a value
or magnitude of a quantity
Types of Instruments:
• Absolute Instruments: Measures the quantity in terms of
physical constants of the instruments. Ex : Tangent
Galvanometer
• Secondary Instruments: Quantity being measured is output
displayed by instrument. These instruments are calibrated by
comparison with an absolute instrument or another secondary
instrument of higher accuracy.
2/3/2017
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
4
5. Scientific notations and metric prefixes
Scientific notation also referred to as standard form or standard
index form is the way of expressing numbers that can easily handle
very large numbers or very small number
A quantity written in scientific notation as M x 10n
where
– M is the number in decimal number (for base 10)
– 10 is the base and n is the exponent or power of 10 (base)
Example
• 5.45E+6 or 5.45 x 106
• Numbers less than 1 will have a negative exponent.
2/3/2017 5
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
6. Scientific notations
Example
• 2930000000000 2.93E+12 or 2.93 x 1012
• 293 2.93E+1 or 2.93 x 102
• 00293.00 2.93E+1 or 2.93 x 102
• 0.293 2.93E-1 or 2.93 x 10-1
• 0.00000293 2.93E-6 or 2.93 x 10-6
Scientific notation has two parts
• The digits (with the decimal point placed after the first non zero
digit)
• power part ; multiplied by 10 to a power that puts the decimal
point after first non zero digit
2/3/2017 6
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
7. SI Unit Prefixes - Part I
Name Symbol Meaning Factor
Yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1024
Zetta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1021
Exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1018
Peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 1015
Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012
Giga G 1,000,000,000 109
Mega M 1,000,000 106
kilo k 1,000 103
hecto h 100 102
deka da 10 101
8. SI Unit Prefixes - Part I
Name Symbol Meaning Factor
deci d 0.1 10-1
centi c 0.01 10-2
mili m 0.001 10-3
micro µ 0.000 001 10-6
nano n 0.000 000 001 10-9
pico p 0.000 000 000 001 10-12
femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 10-15
atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10-18
zepto z 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10-21
yocto y 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10-24
9. Measurements Standards
2/3/2017 9
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
A Comuter Generated Image of the international prototype kilogram (the inch ruler is for scale). The prototype is of
a platinum–iridium alloy and is 39.17 mm in both diameter and height, its edges have a four-angle (22.5°, 45°,
67.5° and 79°) chamfer to minimize wear https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram#/media/File:CGKilogram.jpg
STANDARD: the
physical object or
realizable physical
parameter
DIMENSION: what it
measures (for example,
length or mass or a
combination of basic
units)
UNIT: the label given to
the standard; what
measurements are
measured in. Ex KG
standard
Each standard has, a unit and a dimension related to it. The unit is the
label given to it, and the dimension is what the standard measures.
10. Standards
The 4 desirable characteristics of a STANDARD
• Universal – is agreed upon by the world
• Easily Available – must be reproducible with relative ease
• Immutable – does not change appreciably over a long period of time
• Precise – the best of the best
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NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
11. Standards
The CIPM (abbreviated from the French Comité international des
poids et mesures) consists of eighteen persons from Member States
of the Metre Convention (Convention du Mètre) of 1875 appointed
by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM)
whose principal task is to ensure world-wide uniformity in units of
measurement by direct action or by submitting proposals to the
CGPM.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures
2/3/2017 11
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
12. Standards
2/3/2017 12
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
A standard is physical representation of a unit of physical quantity.
Standards are used for obtaining the values of physical properties of
other equipments by comparison.
International Standards
Maintained by International Bureau of weights and measure
Primary Standards
Maintained by National Laboratories
Secondary Standards
Basic reference maintained in Industrial reference Laboratories
Working Standards
Major tools of Measurement Laboratories
13. The Seven Base SI Units
Basic Physical parameter Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric Current ampere A
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Supplementary units
Angle Radiun rad
Solid Angle Staradian sr
The International System of Units (SI units) is founded on seven SI
base units for seven base quantities assumed to be mutually
independent. In addition two supplementary units are added
14. The Seven Base SI Units
Metre (m): Length equal to 1650763.73 wavelength in vacuum of
radiation corresponding to transitions between level 2p10 and
5ds (orange and red line) of the Krypton 86 atom (exited at triple
point of nitrogen at 63.15 0K)
Kilogram (Kg): equal to the mass of the international prototype
of the mass. This prototype is a cylinder of Platinum Iridium alloy.
Second (s): is duration of 9192631770 periods of radiation
corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of
ground state of Cesium 133 atom
15. The Seven Base SI Units
Ampere (A) : Constant current, which if maintained between two
paralle conductors of infinite length of negligible cross section
and placed one meter apart in vaccum would produce between
them a force equal to 2 x 10-7 Newton per meter length
Kelvin (K): is 1/273.15 of thermodynamic temperature of triple
point of water
Candela (Cd): Luminous intensity in a perpendicular direction of
a surface of 1/600000 square meter of a black body at the
temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101325
Newton per square meter.
16. The Seven Base SI Units
Mole: is amount of substance of a system which contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 Kg of
Carbon 12.
Supplementary Units
Radian (rad): Plane angle subtended by an arc of a circle equal in
length to the radius of the circle.
Steradian (sr): solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere by
the surface whose area is equal to the square of radius of the
sphere
17. Derived Units
Physical parameter Unit Name Symbol Equivalent SI Unit
volume Cubic meter m3
Density Kilogram per cubic meter Kg/m3
speed Meter per second m/s
Force Newton N kg m/s2
pressure Pascal Pa N / m2
Energy Joule J N m
Power Watt W J / s
Derived quantities, are defined in terms of the seven base
quantities via a system of quantity equations. The SI derived
units for these derived quantities are obtained from these
equations and the seven SI base units
18. SI Electrical Units
2/3/2017 18
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
Physical parameter Unit Name Symbol Equivalent SI Unit
Power Watt W J / s
Electric Potential Volt V W / A
Frequency Hertz Hz s-1
Electric Charge Coulomb C A s
Electric Resistance Ohm V / A
Capacitance Farad F C/V
Inductance Henry H V s / A
Electric Conductance Siemens S A / V
Magnetic Flux Weber Wb V s
Magnetic Flux Density Tesla T Wb / s2
19. SI Temperature Scales
• The SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin. The Kelvin (K) is the
fraction 1/273.15 of the thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water.
• Absolute zero (0 0K) is lowest possible temperature. Absolute
zero, in Celsius scale, is approximately -273 0C.
• Scientists discovered absolute zero when they figured that as
temperature decreases, the volume of a gas also gets smaller.
They graphed this relationship and found that for each substance
tested, zero volume for each substance would hypothetically
occur around minus 273 0C, the equivalent of absolute zero.
2/3/2017 19
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
20. Other Temperature Scales
• Celsius temperature scale and Fahrenheit temperature scale is
derived SI unit and is generally used to measure everyday
temperature
2/3/2017 20
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
FromTo 0C 0F 0K
0C 0C 0C*1.8+32 0C+273.15
0F (0F-32)/1.8 0F (0F-32)/1.8 +273.15
0K 0K-273.15 (0K-273.15)*1.8+32 0K
Q . Normal Human temperature of Human body is 98.6 0F. Convert into 0C
Temperature in 0C = (0F-32)/1.8 = (98.6-32)/1.8=66.6/1.8= 370C
21. Units Outside the SI
2/3/2017 21
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
Certain units are not part of the International System of Units, but
are important and widely used. the units in this category that are
accepted for use with the SI are
Name
Symbol
Value in SI units Name
Symbol
Value in SI units
minute min 1 min = 60 s liter L 1 L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3
hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s metric ton (a) t 1 t = 103 kg
day d 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s neper Np 1 Np = 1
degree (angle) ° 1° = ( /180) rad bel(b) B 1 B=(1/2) ln 10 Np (c)
minute (angle) 1=(1/60)°=(/10 800) rad electronvolt (d) eV 1 eV=1.60218 x 10-19 J, approx
second (angle) 1=(1/60)=(/648 000) rad
unified atomic
mass unit(e) u 1 u=1.66054 x 10-27 kg, approx
Pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 astronomical unit(f) ua 1 ua=1.49598 x 1011 m, approx
22. Other unit systems: CGS
2/3/2017 22
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
• In 1832, German mathematician Carl F. Gauss proposed a system of
three fundamental units as millimetre, milligram and second
• In 1874, British physicists Maxwell extended it with a set of
electromagnetic units and the selection of centimetre, gram and
second and the naming of CGS (Centimetre, Gram, Second) System.
• The sizes of many CGS units turned out to be inconvenient for
practical purposes. For example, everyday objects are hundreds or
of centimetres long, such as humans, rooms and buildings.
• CGS system never gained wide use outside the field of science
23. Other unit systems FPS
2/3/2017 23
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
Foot–pound–second system
• built on the three fundamental units: foot for length, (avoirdupois)
pound for mass and second for time
• Variants of the FPS system were the most common system in
technical publications in English until the middle of the 20th
century
• 1 Pound (Lb) = 0.453592 Kg
• 1 Foot = 0.3048 Meter
24. Dimension
2/3/2017 24
NEC 403 Unit I by Dr Naim R Kidwai,
Professor & Dean, JIT Jahangirabad
Every derived unit is recognized by its dimensions which can be
defined as complete algebraic formula for derived unit in terms of
fundamental units using characteristic notion.
Derived
Unit
symbol
Relation
Dimension
Derived Unit
symbol
Relation
Dimension
Velocity v =Displacement/ Time LT-1 Charge Q =Current x Time TI
AccelerationA =Velocity/ Time LT-2 EMF E =Work done/ Charge ML2T-3I-1
Force F =Mass x Acceleration MLT-2 Resistance R =EMF/ Current ML2T-3I-2
Work W =Force x Displacement ML2T-2 Magnetic Flux E=N(d/dt) ML2T-2I-1
Power P =Work/ Time ML2T-3 Flux Density B =flux/ Area MT-2I-1
Energy E =power x Time ML2T-2 Inductance L E=L(dI/dt) ML2T-2I-2
Torque T =Force x distance ML2T-2 Capacitance C =Q/E M-1L-2T4I2