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Dichotomous key

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Alia Najiha
Alia Najiha

The document describes characteristics of microbes and how to create a dichotomous key to identify bacteria. It includes a table listing characteristics of 8 bacteria species. It then shows the dichotomous key developed from the table to identify the bacteria through a series of yes/no questions. The key begins by separating bacteria based on Gram stain, then asks about galactose fermentation, H2S production, and reaction in litmus milk to systematically identify the bacteria.

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Characteristics of Microbes
• Prokaryote • microscopic, unicellular organisms • lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
Bacterial Structures • Flagella • Pili • Capsule • Plasma Membrane • Cytoplasm • Cell Wall • Lipopolysaccharides • Teichoic Acids • Inclusions • Spores Chapter 4
How to Make a Dichotomous Key From a Table of Bacterial Characteristics (for use in running the minimum number of tests in identifying an unknown bacterium)
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production positive negative Aeromonas Alcaligenes hydrophila faecalis
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline Aeromonas Alcaligenes Citrobacter Pseudomonas hydrophila faecalis freundii fluorescens
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline Aeromonas Alcaligenes Citrobacter Pseudomonas hydrophila faecalis freundii fluorescens
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk Catalase produced positive negative acid alkaline positive negative Aeromonas Alcaligenes Citrobacter Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Mycobacterium hydrophila faecalis freundii fluorescens leprae smegmatis
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk Catalase produced Hemolysis positive negative acid alkaline positive negative positive negative Aeromonas Alcaligenes Citrobacter Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Streptococcus Corynebacterium hydrophila freundii fluorescens faecalis leprae smegmatis pneumoniae xerosis

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Dichotomous key

  • 2. • Prokaryote • microscopic, unicellular organisms • lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
  • 3. Bacterial Structures • Flagella • Pili • Capsule • Plasma Membrane • Cytoplasm • Cell Wall • Lipopolysaccharides • Teichoic Acids • Inclusions • Spores Chapter 4
  • 4.
  • 5. How to Make a Dichotomous Key From a Table of Bacterial Characteristics (for use in running the minimum number of tests in identifying an unknown bacterium)
  • 6. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 7. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila
  • 8. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 9. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 10. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • 11. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 12. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens
  • 13. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 14. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production positive negative Aeromonas Alcaligenes hydrophila faecalis
  • 15. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 16. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline Aeromonas Alcaligenes Citrobacter Pseudomonas hydrophila faecalis freundii fluorescens
  • 17. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 18. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline Aeromonas Alcaligenes Citrobacter Pseudomonas hydrophila faecalis freundii fluorescens
  • 19. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 20. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk Catalase produced positive negative acid alkaline positive negative Aeromonas Alcaligenes Citrobacter Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Mycobacterium hydrophila faecalis freundii fluorescens leprae smegmatis
  • 21. Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, fluorescens catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H 2S negative Streptococcus Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, pneumoniae galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose smegmatis fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H 2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose xerosis fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H 2S positive
  • 22. Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk Catalase produced Hemolysis positive negative acid alkaline positive negative positive negative Aeromonas Alcaligenes Citrobacter Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Streptococcus Corynebacterium hydrophila freundii fluorescens faecalis leprae smegmatis pneumoniae xerosis