This document describes the development of an improved PID controller for a single-effect evaporator used in pulp and paper mills. It begins by providing background on kraft pulping and the need to concentrate black liquor from 13-18% solids to 60-70% solids before feeding it to a recovery boiler. It then discusses four control configurations for a single-effect evaporator: 1) a simple PID controller with feedback, 2) adding feedforward control to address disturbances, 3) measuring concentration using boiling point rise rather than sensors, and 4) combining boiling point rise measurement with feedforward control for an improved design. The document concludes that modern mills now use more economical multi-effect evaporators rather than single-effect
This document provides an overview of a course on plantwide control of integrated chemical processes. The course is organized into four modules. Module 1 covers essential process control basics. Module 2 discusses control of common unit operations like distillation columns and reactors. Module 3 addresses key issues in plantwide control system design. Module 4 presents a systematic procedure for designing economic plantwide control systems and includes case studies comparing economic and conventional control structures. The goal is to provide practical guidance to engineers on designing effective plantwide control systems for safe, stable, and economically efficient process operation.
In this session you will learn:
Basics of control systems
Open and Closed loop control systems
Elements of automatic control
Two position control system
Modes of automatic control
Basics of Automation in Solid Dosage Form Production (Formulation & Developem...Vishal Shelke
Basics of Automation in Solid Dosage Form Production by Mr. Vishal Shelke(Formulation & Developement M.Pharm Sem II)
https://youtube.com/vishalshelke99
https://instagram.com/vishal_stagram
Sub :- Formulation & Developement
M.Pharm Sem II
Savitribai Phule Pune University
This document discusses automation in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines automation and describes its advantages such as improved quality, reduced costs, and increased safety. Automation can occur at various stages of manufacturing like material handling, production processes, and quality control. The document also discusses process control and variables like temperature, pressure, and flow that are important to measure. It provides examples of automation in tablet manufacturing that can improve material handling and specific unit operations.
This document provides an introduction to process control. It discusses the importance of precise control of variables like temperature, pressure, and flow in process industries. Process control is necessary to reduce variability, increase efficiency, and ensure safety. Key terms are defined, like process variable, set point, error, and load disturbance. The components of control loops like transducers, transmitters, and different signal types are also explained.
Process control involves using computers or microprocessors to control industrial processes. There are three main types of process control: batch process control which combines specific amounts of raw materials together for a set time like making prepackaged meals; continuous process control which regulates uninterrupted processes like fuel production; and discrete process control which produces specific items through manufacturing applications like robotic assembly lines. Process control is used across many industries like oil refining, chemicals, food production, and automotive manufacturing.
Analysis of Different Controllers used for Boiler Drum Level Control by using...ijtsrd
An intelligent model is developed to control the water level in boiler drum. There are three different types of boiler control such as i Single element boiler drum level control, ii Two element boiler drum level control and iii Three element boiler drum level control. This paper provides the knowledge about the Fuzzy PID Controller and the various PID controller design methods such as Zeigler Nichols method, Tyreus Luyben method, Internal Model Control IMC . Comparative study is made on the performance of the PID and Fuzzy PID controller for better control system design. Sumit Patel | Vinit Sharma "Analysis of Different Controllers used for Boiler Drum Level Control by using LabVIEW Simulation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29704.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/industrial-engineering/29704/analysis-of-different-controllers-used-for-boiler-drum-level-control-by-using-labview-simulation/sumit-patel
In this session you will learn:
Basics of control systems
Open and Closed loop control systems
Elements of automatic control
Two position control system
Modes of automatic control
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/industrial-automation/complete-training-on-industrial-automation-for-beginners/
This document provides an overview of a course on plantwide control of integrated chemical processes. The course is organized into four modules. Module 1 covers essential process control basics. Module 2 discusses control of common unit operations like distillation columns and reactors. Module 3 addresses key issues in plantwide control system design. Module 4 presents a systematic procedure for designing economic plantwide control systems and includes case studies comparing economic and conventional control structures. The goal is to provide practical guidance to engineers on designing effective plantwide control systems for safe, stable, and economically efficient process operation.
In this session you will learn:
Basics of control systems
Open and Closed loop control systems
Elements of automatic control
Two position control system
Modes of automatic control
Basics of Automation in Solid Dosage Form Production (Formulation & Developem...Vishal Shelke
Basics of Automation in Solid Dosage Form Production by Mr. Vishal Shelke(Formulation & Developement M.Pharm Sem II)
https://youtube.com/vishalshelke99
https://instagram.com/vishal_stagram
Sub :- Formulation & Developement
M.Pharm Sem II
Savitribai Phule Pune University
This document discusses automation in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines automation and describes its advantages such as improved quality, reduced costs, and increased safety. Automation can occur at various stages of manufacturing like material handling, production processes, and quality control. The document also discusses process control and variables like temperature, pressure, and flow that are important to measure. It provides examples of automation in tablet manufacturing that can improve material handling and specific unit operations.
This document provides an introduction to process control. It discusses the importance of precise control of variables like temperature, pressure, and flow in process industries. Process control is necessary to reduce variability, increase efficiency, and ensure safety. Key terms are defined, like process variable, set point, error, and load disturbance. The components of control loops like transducers, transmitters, and different signal types are also explained.
Process control involves using computers or microprocessors to control industrial processes. There are three main types of process control: batch process control which combines specific amounts of raw materials together for a set time like making prepackaged meals; continuous process control which regulates uninterrupted processes like fuel production; and discrete process control which produces specific items through manufacturing applications like robotic assembly lines. Process control is used across many industries like oil refining, chemicals, food production, and automotive manufacturing.
Analysis of Different Controllers used for Boiler Drum Level Control by using...ijtsrd
An intelligent model is developed to control the water level in boiler drum. There are three different types of boiler control such as i Single element boiler drum level control, ii Two element boiler drum level control and iii Three element boiler drum level control. This paper provides the knowledge about the Fuzzy PID Controller and the various PID controller design methods such as Zeigler Nichols method, Tyreus Luyben method, Internal Model Control IMC . Comparative study is made on the performance of the PID and Fuzzy PID controller for better control system design. Sumit Patel | Vinit Sharma "Analysis of Different Controllers used for Boiler Drum Level Control by using LabVIEW Simulation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29704.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/industrial-engineering/29704/analysis-of-different-controllers-used-for-boiler-drum-level-control-by-using-labview-simulation/sumit-patel
In this session you will learn:
Basics of control systems
Open and Closed loop control systems
Elements of automatic control
Two position control system
Modes of automatic control
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/industrial-automation/complete-training-on-industrial-automation-for-beginners/
The document discusses automation in the pharmaceutical industry, noting that automation reduces human intervention and increases precision, quality, and production capacity. It describes different types of automatic control systems used in processes like heat exchange. Finally, it examines automation applications in tablet manufacturing, highlighting specific unit operations like mixing, compression, and coating that benefit from automation.
Turbophase utilizes reciprocating gas or diesel engines to drive an intercooled compressor and uses waste heat to heat the compressed air, increasing gas turbine output and efficiency by adding compressed air back into the combustion process. Field tests showed Turbophase modules increased gas turbine power by up to 9 MW and reduced heat rate by up to 1.7% through added compressed air injection. Turbophase systems are modular for flexibility, have simple integration with gas turbines, and demonstrated reliable power boosting and efficiency gains in both the Middle East and United States.
This document provides an introduction to boiler control systems engineering. It begins with an overview of basic boiler components such as the furnace, fans, heat exchangers, drums and piping. It then discusses common control strategies for boilers like feedback control, feedforward control and cascade control. The document provides details on tuning PID controllers and determining control parameters. It is intended to help anyone working with boiler control systems understand the engineering of boiler controls.
The document discusses batch and continuous manufacturing processes. It defines batch processes as those that operate on discrete quantities of materials in a non-continuous manner, with periods of inactivity between batches. Continuous processes receive and process raw materials into finished units in an uninterrupted flow. Batch processes are useful for small volumes of specialty chemicals and allow scheduling maintenance between batches, while continuous processes are better for large volumes and bulk chemicals with fewer startups/shutdowns. The document also discusses controlling temperature and pressure in batch processes, as well as controlling fluid flow and storage vessel levels in continuous processes. Valve positioners are described as a way to reduce hysteresis in control valves and improve response time.
IRJET- Design & Development of Cascade Refrigeration System for Testing at Lo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a cascade refrigeration system for testing components at low temperatures. A cascade system uses two refrigerants with different boiling points in separate refrigeration cycles joined by a heat exchanger. This allows achieving temperatures below what a single-stage system can attain. The system will be used to test automotive electrical components below ambient temperature. Cascade refrigeration offers advantages over multi-stage compression like eliminating lubricant migration issues and allowing optimal refrigerant selection for different temperature ranges. The document selects R-404A and R-508B as the refrigerants based on their properties suiting the temperature requirements.
This document provides an overview of different approaches for tuning PID controllers. It first introduces PID controllers and their proportional, integral and derivative terms. It then describes several common methods for tuning PID controllers, including manual tuning on-site, Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve method, Ziegler-Nichols oscillation method, and Cohen-Coon method. These tuning methods are compared based on their performance and applicability to different process control systems.
In this session you will learn:
Instruments
Transmitters
Control valves
Valve actuators
Valve positioner
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/industrial-automation/complete-training-on-industrial-automation-for-beginners/
This document provides an introduction to process control. It defines a process as an operation that transforms raw materials into a more useful state. The objectives of process control are to produce desired outputs from inputs in the most economical way. Processes can be described by differential equations and are affected by various internal and external conditions. Effective process control requires maintaining safety, meeting production specifications, and optimizing economics while addressing changing external influences. Examples of processes include unit operations in chemical plants and manufacturing units. The document outlines the basic components of a process control system and loop.
Process control examples and applications Amr Seif
Process control involves maintaining the output of a process within a desired range through mechanisms and algorithms. For example, controlling the temperature of a chemical reactor to maintain consistent product output. There are different types of process control including regulatory control to maintain performance at a certain level, feedforward control which anticipates disturbances to compensate before they affect the process, and adaptive control where the controller modifies its own parameters based on dynamic process conditions. Discrete control systems make event-driven or time-driven changes to processes.
This document discusses key design parameters for chemical process control systems. It covers the classification of process variables, including manipulated, disturbance, measured and unmeasured variables. The document also addresses the main objectives of control systems, which are ensuring stability, suppressing disturbances, and optimizing economic performance. It questions what variables should be measured, what inputs can be manipulated, and what control configurations are best depending on the number of inputs and outputs in the chemical process. Finally, it describes the main types of control configurations: feedback, inferential, feedforward, and combinations of feedback and feedforward control.
This document proposes a control system for HVAC to save power and increase the lifespan of the system. It will include temperature control using a PLC and fan speed control through a remote switch. The goals are to reduce power consumption and costs while providing greater comfort. The methodology will include testing existing HVAC systems and designing controls using a PLC and variable frequency drive controlled by a remote switch. The budget is $184 and the schedule is 21 days to design, build, and test the prototype system.
Healthy Buildings Guide To Reopen Retail StoresSharadShekar2
The document provides a 4-step checklist for retailers to follow as they prepare to reopen stores for business after closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The steps include purging stale air from buildings, conducting periodic equipment health checks during closure, preparing HVAC equipment for startup by running it in occupied mode for 24 hours before reopening, and returning to normal operating schedules upon reopening. Retailers are advised to maximize outdoor air ventilation and properly maintain sensors and dampers. EcoEnergy Insights offers remote building management services to help retailers restart HVAC systems safely.
Automation refers to the use of machines and equipment to perform tasks that were previously done by humans. It is used in manufacturing to increase productivity, quality, and reduce costs. Some key benefits of automation include improved quality, reduced labor costs, increased speed and accuracy, and improved worker safety. Potential downsides include high upfront capital costs, high maintenance costs, risk of job losses, and reliance on continuous power supply. Automation can be applied at different stages of production like material handling, production processes, and quality inspection. The pharmaceutical industry uses automation for purposes like ensuring batch quality, consistency, compliance with standards, and handling of hazardous substances.
Validation of HVAC pharma geeta TUBE (Utility Systems)Saikat Bagchi
Validation Of HVAC, Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning; Utility Systems, Validation Parameters, Air Handling Unit, Work Flow Animation Diagram, Validation Process Tests & Parameters.
This document discusses bioreactor control systems. It describes different types of control systems including manual control, automatic control, two-position controllers, proportional control, integral control, and derivative control. It explains that automatic control systems use four basic components: a measuring element, controller, final control element, and the process to be controlled. The document also summarizes different combinations of control methods, such as proportional plus integral control and proportional plus integral plus derivative control.
The document discusses pneumatic calculations for an LSF PU Hall. It covers calculating key parameters like pressure, flow rate, temperature and air quality. Specific calculations covered include air production ratio, pressure drop, air purification percentage, air consumption, required pressure and temperature at different stages. The document also provides calculations for specific pneumatic components and their air consumption. It analyzes the current system and provides solutions to improve efficiency, such as installing an air dryer and active carbon filters. Maintaining data through regular analysis of air supply, quality, consumption and leak detection is recommended to optimize the system.
Research, Development Intelligent HVAC Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Contr...theijes
The paper describes an automatic climate in offices, describes the principles of the automation equipment climate, considered air parameters described control algorithms were compared automation system PIDcontroller and using fuzzy logic controller is designed microclimate model in Mathlab program with a fuzzy logic controller.
This document provides an introduction to process control instrumentation and techniques. It is split into multiple units covering key topics like pressure, level, temperature, and flow measurements. The objectives are to understand the four main process variables that are measured and controlled, know what a process instrument is and how it functions, and gain an understanding of different instrument types and their applications in process control systems. Basic definitions of instrumentation terms are also provided to establish a common vocabulary.
1. The document describes a single effect evaporator used to concentrate a sodium chloride solution. It discusses the components, heat and mass balances, and key factors that affect evaporation like temperature, pressure, and heat transfer.
2. An example problem is presented to calculate the steam consumption, economy, and heating surface area required for an evaporator concentrating a sodium chloride solution from 5% to 20% solids. Mass and heat balances are used to solve the problem.
3. The calculations determine that 8626.5 kg/h of steam is needed, with an economy of 0.788. The required heating surface area is 98.02 m2.
The document discusses single effect evaporators and evaporation process design factors. It describes the objectives of evaporation as concentrating solutes, recovering solvents, and forming crystals. Key factors discussed include solution properties like viscosity and solute solubility, materials selection, operating temperatures and pressures, and heat transfer coefficients. Models for mass and energy balances of single stage evaporators are presented.
The document discusses automation in the pharmaceutical industry, noting that automation reduces human intervention and increases precision, quality, and production capacity. It describes different types of automatic control systems used in processes like heat exchange. Finally, it examines automation applications in tablet manufacturing, highlighting specific unit operations like mixing, compression, and coating that benefit from automation.
Turbophase utilizes reciprocating gas or diesel engines to drive an intercooled compressor and uses waste heat to heat the compressed air, increasing gas turbine output and efficiency by adding compressed air back into the combustion process. Field tests showed Turbophase modules increased gas turbine power by up to 9 MW and reduced heat rate by up to 1.7% through added compressed air injection. Turbophase systems are modular for flexibility, have simple integration with gas turbines, and demonstrated reliable power boosting and efficiency gains in both the Middle East and United States.
This document provides an introduction to boiler control systems engineering. It begins with an overview of basic boiler components such as the furnace, fans, heat exchangers, drums and piping. It then discusses common control strategies for boilers like feedback control, feedforward control and cascade control. The document provides details on tuning PID controllers and determining control parameters. It is intended to help anyone working with boiler control systems understand the engineering of boiler controls.
The document discusses batch and continuous manufacturing processes. It defines batch processes as those that operate on discrete quantities of materials in a non-continuous manner, with periods of inactivity between batches. Continuous processes receive and process raw materials into finished units in an uninterrupted flow. Batch processes are useful for small volumes of specialty chemicals and allow scheduling maintenance between batches, while continuous processes are better for large volumes and bulk chemicals with fewer startups/shutdowns. The document also discusses controlling temperature and pressure in batch processes, as well as controlling fluid flow and storage vessel levels in continuous processes. Valve positioners are described as a way to reduce hysteresis in control valves and improve response time.
IRJET- Design & Development of Cascade Refrigeration System for Testing at Lo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a cascade refrigeration system for testing components at low temperatures. A cascade system uses two refrigerants with different boiling points in separate refrigeration cycles joined by a heat exchanger. This allows achieving temperatures below what a single-stage system can attain. The system will be used to test automotive electrical components below ambient temperature. Cascade refrigeration offers advantages over multi-stage compression like eliminating lubricant migration issues and allowing optimal refrigerant selection for different temperature ranges. The document selects R-404A and R-508B as the refrigerants based on their properties suiting the temperature requirements.
This document provides an overview of different approaches for tuning PID controllers. It first introduces PID controllers and their proportional, integral and derivative terms. It then describes several common methods for tuning PID controllers, including manual tuning on-site, Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve method, Ziegler-Nichols oscillation method, and Cohen-Coon method. These tuning methods are compared based on their performance and applicability to different process control systems.
In this session you will learn:
Instruments
Transmitters
Control valves
Valve actuators
Valve positioner
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/industrial-automation/complete-training-on-industrial-automation-for-beginners/
This document provides an introduction to process control. It defines a process as an operation that transforms raw materials into a more useful state. The objectives of process control are to produce desired outputs from inputs in the most economical way. Processes can be described by differential equations and are affected by various internal and external conditions. Effective process control requires maintaining safety, meeting production specifications, and optimizing economics while addressing changing external influences. Examples of processes include unit operations in chemical plants and manufacturing units. The document outlines the basic components of a process control system and loop.
Process control examples and applications Amr Seif
Process control involves maintaining the output of a process within a desired range through mechanisms and algorithms. For example, controlling the temperature of a chemical reactor to maintain consistent product output. There are different types of process control including regulatory control to maintain performance at a certain level, feedforward control which anticipates disturbances to compensate before they affect the process, and adaptive control where the controller modifies its own parameters based on dynamic process conditions. Discrete control systems make event-driven or time-driven changes to processes.
This document discusses key design parameters for chemical process control systems. It covers the classification of process variables, including manipulated, disturbance, measured and unmeasured variables. The document also addresses the main objectives of control systems, which are ensuring stability, suppressing disturbances, and optimizing economic performance. It questions what variables should be measured, what inputs can be manipulated, and what control configurations are best depending on the number of inputs and outputs in the chemical process. Finally, it describes the main types of control configurations: feedback, inferential, feedforward, and combinations of feedback and feedforward control.
This document proposes a control system for HVAC to save power and increase the lifespan of the system. It will include temperature control using a PLC and fan speed control through a remote switch. The goals are to reduce power consumption and costs while providing greater comfort. The methodology will include testing existing HVAC systems and designing controls using a PLC and variable frequency drive controlled by a remote switch. The budget is $184 and the schedule is 21 days to design, build, and test the prototype system.
Healthy Buildings Guide To Reopen Retail StoresSharadShekar2
The document provides a 4-step checklist for retailers to follow as they prepare to reopen stores for business after closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The steps include purging stale air from buildings, conducting periodic equipment health checks during closure, preparing HVAC equipment for startup by running it in occupied mode for 24 hours before reopening, and returning to normal operating schedules upon reopening. Retailers are advised to maximize outdoor air ventilation and properly maintain sensors and dampers. EcoEnergy Insights offers remote building management services to help retailers restart HVAC systems safely.
Automation refers to the use of machines and equipment to perform tasks that were previously done by humans. It is used in manufacturing to increase productivity, quality, and reduce costs. Some key benefits of automation include improved quality, reduced labor costs, increased speed and accuracy, and improved worker safety. Potential downsides include high upfront capital costs, high maintenance costs, risk of job losses, and reliance on continuous power supply. Automation can be applied at different stages of production like material handling, production processes, and quality inspection. The pharmaceutical industry uses automation for purposes like ensuring batch quality, consistency, compliance with standards, and handling of hazardous substances.
Validation of HVAC pharma geeta TUBE (Utility Systems)Saikat Bagchi
Validation Of HVAC, Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning; Utility Systems, Validation Parameters, Air Handling Unit, Work Flow Animation Diagram, Validation Process Tests & Parameters.
This document discusses bioreactor control systems. It describes different types of control systems including manual control, automatic control, two-position controllers, proportional control, integral control, and derivative control. It explains that automatic control systems use four basic components: a measuring element, controller, final control element, and the process to be controlled. The document also summarizes different combinations of control methods, such as proportional plus integral control and proportional plus integral plus derivative control.
The document discusses pneumatic calculations for an LSF PU Hall. It covers calculating key parameters like pressure, flow rate, temperature and air quality. Specific calculations covered include air production ratio, pressure drop, air purification percentage, air consumption, required pressure and temperature at different stages. The document also provides calculations for specific pneumatic components and their air consumption. It analyzes the current system and provides solutions to improve efficiency, such as installing an air dryer and active carbon filters. Maintaining data through regular analysis of air supply, quality, consumption and leak detection is recommended to optimize the system.
Research, Development Intelligent HVAC Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Contr...theijes
The paper describes an automatic climate in offices, describes the principles of the automation equipment climate, considered air parameters described control algorithms were compared automation system PIDcontroller and using fuzzy logic controller is designed microclimate model in Mathlab program with a fuzzy logic controller.
This document provides an introduction to process control instrumentation and techniques. It is split into multiple units covering key topics like pressure, level, temperature, and flow measurements. The objectives are to understand the four main process variables that are measured and controlled, know what a process instrument is and how it functions, and gain an understanding of different instrument types and their applications in process control systems. Basic definitions of instrumentation terms are also provided to establish a common vocabulary.
1. The document describes a single effect evaporator used to concentrate a sodium chloride solution. It discusses the components, heat and mass balances, and key factors that affect evaporation like temperature, pressure, and heat transfer.
2. An example problem is presented to calculate the steam consumption, economy, and heating surface area required for an evaporator concentrating a sodium chloride solution from 5% to 20% solids. Mass and heat balances are used to solve the problem.
3. The calculations determine that 8626.5 kg/h of steam is needed, with an economy of 0.788. The required heating surface area is 98.02 m2.
The document discusses single effect evaporators and evaporation process design factors. It describes the objectives of evaporation as concentrating solutes, recovering solvents, and forming crystals. Key factors discussed include solution properties like viscosity and solute solubility, materials selection, operating temperatures and pressures, and heat transfer coefficients. Models for mass and energy balances of single stage evaporators are presented.
This document defines evaporator concepts like steam economy, evaporator capacity, and steam consumption. It describes single effect evaporators, where vapor from boiling liquid is condensed and discarded, resulting in low steam economy. Multiple effect evaporators improve steam economy by using vapor from one effect to heat the next. Forward, backward, mixed, and parallel feeding arrangements are described for transferring liquid between multiple effects. Forward feed provides increasing concentration from first to last effect without pumps between effects.
Evaporation is the process by which liquid water passes directly to the vapor phase. It is influenced by factors like available energy from solar radiation, transport of vapor away from the evaporating surface by wind, and moisture supply to vegetated surfaces. The rate of evaporation can be estimated using various methods like the energy balance method, aerodynamic method, or a combined method. Potential evapotranspiration estimates the evaporation rate from a reference crop and can be adjusted based on crop and soil coefficients.
This document describes the single effect evaporation desalination process. It discusses the process components and flow, including an evaporator, condenser, and heating steam. Mathematical models are developed for the process, including material and energy balances. The models account for variables like salt concentration, mass flow rates, temperatures, heat of evaporation, and heat transfer between components. The goal of the models is to analyze the thermal performance of the single effect evaporation process.
Evaporators are used to reduce the volume of a liquid by boiling it. This concentrates the liquid and removes solvents. There are different types of evaporators that use heat exchange and decreasing pressure between effects to boil liquids. Key components include a heat exchanger, vacuum system, vapor separator and condenser. Process factors like material properties, temperatures, and pressures must be considered during evaporator operation.
The document discusses evaporation as a unit operation used to concentrate solutions by removing water or other volatile solvent. It describes different types of evaporators used for this purpose, including batch pans, rising film evaporators, falling film evaporators, and multiple effect evaporators. The key components and working principles of evaporators are explained. Specific examples of evaporation applications are also provided.
This document discusses optimizing the main parameters of a boiler using soft computing techniques. It summarizes that ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) with PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control was used to optimize the feed water level, steam temperature, and steam flow of a boiler. The results showed improved transient response and reduced settling time compared to using PID control alone. Specifically, the level was controlled between 0.5-1.5m, flow at 1m3/s with 1.4 overshoot, and temperature at 150°C considering outside temperature of 20°C.
Level Control of Tank System Using PID Controller-A ReviewIJSRD
This paper discusses the review of level control of tank system using PID controller. PID controller use for one or more tank system. PID has fast response. Paper present different methods of level control. Eliminate the steady state error. It is most common way of solving problems of practical control systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this paper, we propose a new technique for implementing optimum controller for a conical tank. The objective of the controller is to maintain the level inside the process tank in a desired value. Hence an attempt is made in this paper as Internal Model Based PID controller design for conical tank level control. For each stable operating point, a first order process model was identified using process reaction curve method. The real time implementation is done in Simulink using MATLAB. The experimental results shows that proposed control scheme have good set point tracking and disturbance rejection capability.
HIL Report on Refrigeration unit & BoilersAkansha Jha
Study of refrigeration unit & boilers. It involved the calculation of safe chimney height required to dispose the smoke out into atmosphere without polluting the land and the estimation of fuel amount required for an oil fired boiler per day in HIL, Rasayani.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A PID controller is a control mechanism widely used in industrial systems that attempts to correct the error between a measured process variable and desired setpoint. It does this by calculating and outputting a corrective action based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms that can rapidly adjust the process and keep the error minimal. The weighted sum of these three terms is used to control an element like a valve or heating element position. Tuning the gains of each term provides control tailored to the specific process requirements.
This document provides an overview of process automation technology in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins with definitions of PAT and discusses the purpose and advantages and disadvantages of automation. It describes general automatic control systems including open and closed loop control. It also summarizes various process measurements for attributes like temperature, pressure, level, and composition. Finally, it discusses automation improvements for specific unit operations in tablet manufacturing like material handling, mixing, drying and packaging. The document is presented by Sourav Mainan at PES College of Pharmacy in Bangalore, India.
The application of Self-adaptive Fuzzy PID control the evaporator superheatIJRES Journal
In view of the characteristics of the cold storage refrigeration system, such as nonlinear, time-varying and coupling, the traditional PID control accuracy is low, this study adopted the method of adaptive Fuzzy PID to control the superheat of the evaporator outlet. Fuzzy PID controller can adjust the parameters according to the deviation and deviation rat. It can avoid the disadvantages of traditional PID controller that it cannot adjust control parameters according to operating conditions.
This document discusses various advanced control configurations that can enhance the performance of single-loop PID controllers. It describes cascade control, which uses two measurements and one manipulated variable to improve disturbance rejection. It also discusses selective/override control, which shares one or more manipulated variables among multiple controlled variables. Other configurations covered include split-range control, ratio control, inferential control, feedforward control, and combinations of these methods. The key advantages and applications of each configuration are provided through examples.
Fuzzy based control using labview for miso temperature processeSAT Journals
Abstract This project aims at designing and implementing a fuzzy controller for Multiple Input Single Output temperature process. Temperature control of water in the tank is achieved by varying current to the heating rod and inlet flow rate by a fuzzy controller. The system consists of a tank, reservoir, variable speed pump, temperature sensor placed inside a heating tank containing the heating rod, voltage controlled current source and computer. Water is pumped into the tank from reservoir and RTD measures the current temperature. The signal from the temperature sensor is sent to the DAQ interfaced to the computer. LabVIEW software is used to acquire the input signal and send the output signal that is determined by the control algorithm. Fuzzy logic controller is designed in LabVIEW. Based on the set point temperature, the controller sets the appropriate current to the heating rod. If the required temperature is less than that sensed by the temperature sensor, the flow rate of water into the tank is controlled by a variable speed pump. While conventional controllers are analytically described by a set of equations, the FLC is described by a knowledge-based algorithm. Thus this system is highly efficient in both heating and reducing the temperature of the tank. A fuzzy logic controller gives faster response, is more reliable and recovers quickly from system upsets. It also works well to uncertainties in the process variables and it does not require mathematical modelling.
Fuzzy based control using lab view for miso temperature processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document provides an overview of advanced process control (APC), including its definition, applications, advantages, and limitations. It discusses how APC builds on basic process control techniques by using process models and optimization to enhance plant operation and profitability. Examples are given of APC applications in petrochemical plants and semiconductor manufacturing. The benefits of APC include improved yield, quality, energy efficiency, and responsiveness. However, APC implementations are also complex, time-consuming, and require specialized expertise and resources.
Review on Boiler Control Automation for Sugar IndustriesIRJET Journal
This document discusses boiler automation systems for sugar industries. It begins with an abstract that outlines controlling boiler parameters like steam generation and drum water level using PID controllers and SCADA systems. It then discusses several key boiler parameters that are controlled like drum level, pressures, temperatures, and flows. Upgrading to advanced automation controls is recommended to improve efficiency by minimizing excess air, allowing tighter emissions control, and improving combustion characterization. Automating the control of critical parameters can help ensure efficient and reliable plant operation.
The document discusses various types of controllers used in industrial control applications. It describes PI, PD, and PID controllers, which use proportional, integral, and derivative terms to adjust the control signal. Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon tuning methods are presented for optimizing controller parameters. Both analog and digital implementations of PID controllers are discussed.
This document discusses microprocessor control of injection molding machines. It begins by introducing microprocessors and their ability to process both analog and digital signals. It then explains that microprocessor control offers improved accuracy, efficiency and versatility. It describes the components of a microprocessor control unit and its functions like sequence control and monitoring. It differentiates between open loop and closed loop control systems, listing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses some advantages of microprocessor control like multi-stage pressure and speed regulation, and applications in various industries including automation using robotic systems.
Effect of Different Defuzzification methods in a Fuzzy Based Liquid Flow cont...IJITCA Journal
Most of the process control technique is suffered by the complex dynamic systems with nonlinear or timevariable thats why it is very difficult to describe the behaviour of the system. One way to deal with the
uncertainty of the behaviour of the system is to use fuzzy logic.If Fuzzy logic was modelled on spontaneous human reasoning then it captures the impreciseness the most input data which are inherent. In a fuzzy logic controller the focus is the human operator's behaviour, whereas in conventional PID controller what is modeled is the system or process being controlled.FLC regulator has a very good result from complex
nonlinear dynamic processes, uses the reasoning of the human mind which is not always in the form of a
yes or no. In this work,it shows overall effective control and operation of the mechanical equipments applied for control of liquid flow, implemented the fuzzy liquid flow algorithm and compared the effect of
using different defuzzification methods.Flow control system takes information about sensor output voltage,
control valve opening & flows rate as parameters and controls in case of overflowing & wastage.In this design two input parameters: sensor output voltage and rate of change voltage and one output parameters: opening of the control valve .
Effect of Different Defuzzification methods in a Fuzzy Based Liquid Flow cont...IJITCA Journal
Most of the process control technique is suffered by the complex dynamic systems with nonlinear or timevariable
thats why it is very difficult to describe the behaviour of the system. One way to deal with the
uncertainty of the behaviour of the system is to use fuzzy logic.If Fuzzy logic was modelled on spontaneous
human reasoning then it captures the impreciseness the most input data which are inherent. In a fuzzy logic
controller the focus is the human operator's behaviour, whereas in conventional PID controller what is
modeled is the system or process being controlled.FLC regulator has a very good result from complex
nonlinear dynamic processes, uses the reasoning of the human mind which is not always in the form of a
yes or no. In this work,it shows overall effective control and operation of the mechanical equipments
applied for control of liquid flow, implemented the fuzzy liquid flow algorithm and compared the effect of
using different defuzzification methods.Flow control system takes information about sensor output voltage,
control valve opening & flows rate as parameters and controls in case of overflowing & wastage.In this
design two input parameters: sensor output voltage and rate of change voltage and one output
parameters: opening of the control valve .
Comparison of different controller strategies for Temperature controlIRJET Journal
This document compares different controller strategies (feedback, feedback with feedforward, and internal model control) for controlling temperature in a heat exchanger system. It describes a heat exchanger system with cold water input and temperature sensor output. The strategies are assessed based on transient response criteria like overshoot and settling time, and error-based criteria like integral of absolute and square errors. The study finds that internal model control outperforms the other strategies for a second-order plus dead time system.
This document compares the performance of PID, PI, and MPC controllers for controlling water level in a tank process. It describes modeling the first-order plus dead time process in MATLAB and tuning the PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols method. Simulation results show that the MPC controller achieved better performance than the PID and PI controllers in terms of rise time, settling time, and overshoot. Specifically, the MPC controller had the shortest rise time and settling time, as well as the lowest overshoot of the three controllers evaluated.
Similar to Development of improved pid controller for single effect evaporator (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
Development of improved pid controller for single effect evaporator
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 272
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED PID CONTROLLER FOR SINGLE-
EFFECT EVAPORATOR
Aminu Tijjani1
, H. K. Verma2
, Chhaya Sharma3
1
M.Tech Student, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering School of Engineering and Technology,
Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India,
mailtoalameen87@gmail.com
2
Distinguished Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering School of Engineering and
Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India,
hk.verma@sharda.ac.in
3
Associate Professor, Department of Paper Technology Campus Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Saharanpur
Campus, India,
chhaya1964@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Kraft pulping is the pulping process that is mostly used in paper mills. This is because the chemicals used in cooking are being
recovered, and environmental pollution is minimized, as the chemicals are not discarded into the environment, but rather re-
cycled. These chemicals are recovered by burning the black liquor that leaves the digester in a reactor called a recovery boiler.
Feeding the black liquor directly from the digester to the recovery boiler will cause a water/smelt explosion. This explosion
happens if the percentage of water in the liquor is high, the solid content of the black liquor leaving the digester is usually
between 13-18%. To avoid such disaster the concentration of the black liquor has to be increased, which should in the range of
60-70%, this is done in a single or multiple effect evaporator. In this paper, a single effect evaporator control has been designed
using a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller. During the first design a simple PID controller with a feedback control
was used. Then taking into consideration the load disturbance in the process, a feed forward control has then been introduced
into the controller design. Subsequently the concept of boiling point rise (BPR) to measure concentration has then been used in
the controller design of a single effect evaporator.
Keywords: Boiling Point Rise, Concentration, Evaporators, Feed Forward Control, Paper Mill, PID Controller,
Pulping Process, Single-Effect Evaporator
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1. INTRODUCTION
The paper making process as a whole consist of various sub
sections, wood is a raw material used in paper making.
Trees from the field are cut down into wood logs, then
transporting the wood logs to the paper mill industry. The
wood logs undergo what is known as wood preparation,
upon reaching the paper mill. This wood preparation
includes de-barking, wood chipping and then chip selection.
The selected chip with appropriate size is then sent to a
digester for cooking. The cooking is done under a
predetermined temperature and pressure for a certain period
of time. The cooked pulp then undergoes washing, which
the pulp is then separated from the black liquor. The black
liquor undergoes chemical recovery in order to recover the
used chemicals [4]. The washed pulp then goes to a
bleaching if required. The bleached pulp is then conveyed to
the paper making machine. It is at the paper making
machine were the pulp is transformed into a giant paper
web, and water is squeezed out of it, leaving behind a
delicate paper which need to be dried, and later cut into
required sizes.
The black liquor enters the chemical recovery cycle at the
evaporation section. This is crucial as the black liquor
leaving the digester has low solid content usually 13-18%,
and for the black liquor to be fired into the recovery boiler it
must have at least 58% of solid content [5], otherwise a
water/smelt explosion may occur. For that purpose the
concentration of black liquor has to be increased, and this is
done by evaporation process. The evaporation process is
done in vessels called evaporators.
Evaporators are heat exchangers. This heat exchangers are
bodies in which the evaporation takes place. This
evaporators are also called as effects. The principle
operation of the evaporators is to increase the concentration
of the black liquor in it. Superheated steam or hot air is fed
to the evaporator effect, in which contains the black liquor.
As the steam enters into the wall tubing, it exchanges it is
heat energy with the liquor inside the evaporator. This rises
the temperature of the black liquor to a point whereby it
starts to boil [6]. Upon boiling, the water present in the
liquor is converted to a gaseous form and leave the salt [2].
The steam that gives away it is energy to the liquor changes
to liquid state, and is collected as condensate at one end. In
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 273
pulp and paper mills, there are different types of evaporators
used, for the purpose of increasing it is concentration, some
of them are. Rising film, falling film, direct contact and
forced circulation [4].
This work focuses on the design of a Proportional Integral
Derivative (PID) Controller for single effect evaporator, for
the purpose of increasing the solid concentration of black
liquor leaving the digester, before it is fed to the recovery
boiler for combustion.
2. CONTROLLER FOR SINGLE EFFECT
EVAPORATOR
2.1 Control Requirements
To achieve the target concentration in the end product, the
rate at which the steam is fed to the heat exchanger has to be
controlled. The rate at which the steam is to be supplied will
be determined based on the solid content concentration of
the black liquor, and to what percentage the concentration is
required to be increased to. For operation and control of the
single effect evaporator, a PID controller is used to control
the degree of opening or closing of a motorized control
valve.
2.2 Simple PID Controller
For a simple PID controller in a single effect evaporator
process, the controller can either be a Micro-process based
[1] or PLC based. The desired set point of the concentration
is inputted into the PID which will be in digital form. A
concentration sensor is placed inside the outlet of the
evaporator so as to measure the concentration of liquor
leaving the evaporator. The sensor measures the
concentration and feds the analog reading to and ADC, the
digital data now is fed to the PID controller. The PID
controller generates an error signal based on the difference
between the measured concentration and set point [3], and
feds it to a DAC. The digital signal is fed to the motorized
control valve, which determines the degree of opening or
closing of the valve based on the error signal fed to it. This
in turns control the amount of steam to be fed to the process.
Fig 1 is a block diagram that illustrates the control strategy
employed here and fig 2 shows the simple PID controller for
a single-effect evaporator.
Fig -1 Block diagram of control strategy of single effect
evaporator
(Csp: Concentration set point, Cm: Measured concentration,
Ca: Actual concentration).
Fig -2: Block diagram of PID controller for a single effect
evaporator
3. PID CONTROLLER WITH FEED FORWARD
CONTROL FOR SINGLE-EFFECT
EVAPORATOR
3.1 Necessity of Feed Forward Control
In the previous control, the controller regulates the amount
of steam flow into the evaporator based on the concentration
measured at the output by the sensor. The rate at which the
process respond is slow, as the rate of steam flow is only
altered if changes has been measured at the output, this does
not take care of disturbance that may occur on the process.
In evaporators there are two major disturbance that can
affect the process, this are, the rate at which the weak liquor
is fed to the process, and the change in concentration of
black liquor entering the process. If the rate at which the
weak liquor is fed to the evaporator is increased, then the
rate of which steam is fed to the process has to be increased,
and vice versa. If the concentration of solid content in the
weak liquor is decreased then more steam will be required to
evaporate. If the concentration of the weak liquor is
increased then less amount of steam will be required inside
the process in order to concentrate it to its required
concentration.
To overcome the effect of this disturbance on the process a
feed forward control is used. This feed forward controller
sends a correcting signal before the disturbance affects the
process [3].
3.2 PID Controller with Feed Forward Control
In this PID controller configuration a feed forward control is
introduced. In the previous control configuration the control
signal sent to the motorized control valve is from an error
generated after measuring the output and comparing with
the preferred set point. This will take a certain time delay
before correcting if there is a disturbance on the process. To
overcome this delay a feed forward controller is used. The
feed forward controller is used to overcome and neutralize
the effect of disturbance on the system, before it even effects
the overall system. Fig 3 shows PID controller scheme.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 274
Fig-3 Block diagram PID controller with feed forward
control
4. FURTHER IMPROVEMENT IN PID
CONTROLLER
4.1 Boiling Point Rise (BPR) as Measure of
Concentration
Boiling point rise is the difference between the temperature
of a boiling solution and the temperature of boiling water
(pure) at the same pressure. A dhuring chart can be used to
determine the BPR. The BPR is usually expressed in degree
Fahrenheit (o
F) but can also be in degree Celsius (o
C) [8].
Dhuring chart states that, there exist a linear relationship
between the temperature of boiling water and that of a
solution at the same pressure [9]. Since the boiling
temperature of the solution can be measured and the
temperature of steam i.e. the temperature of boiling water.
At the same time measuring the pressure inside the vessel.
Values of these three parameters can be used to compute the
concentration using Eqn 1 or 2.
BPR= (a1+b1Pr)[x/(1-x)] for x<0.65 . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
BPR= [(a2+b2Pr) + (a3+b3Pr)][x/1-x] for x>=0.65. (2)
Where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2 and b3 are experimentally
determined constants and Pr is the pressure in the
evaporator. The concentration is first computed for the first
equation that is x<0.56, if x is found to be grater then 0.65
then the second equation will be used. Therefore if the
temperature of the boiling solution can be measured as well
as the temperature of boiling water and pressure at which
this takes place, then the concentration of that solution can
be calculated. This can be seen in fig 4
Fig -4 Schematic for measuring concentration through BPR
(T1: Temperature sensor that measure the temperature of
steam, T2: Temperature sensor that measures the
temperature of boiling solution, Pr: Pressure sensor that
measure the pressure inside the evaporator).
4.1 PID Controller of a Single Effect Evaporator
Using BPR
In section 3.2 a concentration sensor has been used to
measure the solid content concentration of the liquor. This
concentration sensors are not that efficient in reading the
exact concentration of the liquor, as there are not designed
initially for a particular salt. A Refractometer is used for
measuring concentration, measurement of concentration
using a refractometer is not accurate for higher solid
concentration, but rather works on prediction. Also the cost
of purchasing such sensors is very costly, such as the
specific gravity sensor. In order to overcome such problems
of concentration measurement sensors.
The sensors are replaced with something that will eliminate
those disadvantages. To achieve that, the concept of BPR
fully known as Boiling Point Rise is used. In evaporators, to
measure the boiling temperature of the solution, a
temperature sensor is placed just below the surface of the
boiling solution, another temperature sensor is to be placed
in the vapor region inside the evaporator so as to measure
the boiling point of the steam. A pressure sensor is then
placed in the head of the evaporator so as to measure
accurately the pressure at which the boiling takes place. The
measured parameters are sent to a multiplexer and then to an
ADC so as to convert the analog signal to digital form,
which will be suitable for the computer (controller) to
interpret and manipulate. The ADC output if fed to the
controller that calculates the concentration based on either
equation 1 or 2. Then sends the reading of measured
concentration to the feedback controller. The feedback
controller will generate an error signal based on the
difference between the set point and the measured
concentration. This signal will be sent to DAC, which
converts the digital signal back to an analog signal. The
analog signal is fed to a motorized control valve, this valve
controls the amount of steam to be fed to the evaporator. Fig
5 shows a PID controller block diagram using the concept of
BPR.
Fig-5 Control scheme of single effect evaporator using BPR
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 275
4.3 Improved PID Controller of Single Effect
Evaporator using BPR with Feed Forward
Using the concept of BPR to determine the concentration of
liquor, as well as using a feed forward control to overcome
any effect due to disturbance will be the fore more best
control design for a single effect evaporator. This can be
seen in fig 6.
Fig-6 PID controller using BPR with feed forward control
5 CONCLUSION
In this paper, single effect evaporation process was
discussed with four different control configurations, in order
to achieve the end target of attaining the value of
concentration accurately.
A simple PID controller was first designed with a feedback
control, then taking into consideration of disturbances on the
process, a feed forward control was then employed to
overcome that effect. Later using a concept of BPR to
determine the concentration was used, which is more
accurate than using conventional concentration measuring
sensors and less cost of their purchase. Combining all this
together gives an improved PID controller for single effect
evaporator.
A single effect evaporator is not commonly used anymore
these days since it is not economical, as the output vapor is
not re-used in the process.
For that purpose a multi-effect evaporation process has
replaced it these days. Authors are working on the
development of a PID controller for multi-effect
evaporators.
For that purpose a multi-effect evaporation process has
replaced it these days. Authors are working on the
development of a PID controller for multi-effect
evaporators.
REFERENCES
[1]. Frank Joachim and Mayer ZU. Heringdort, “Flexible
Microprocessor Based Evaporation Controller”, Article,
Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 2012
[2]. Mr Prashant Balpande, G.S. Zamre and A.P Gawande,
“Thermal Integration in Multiple Effect Evaporators” Paper,
International Journal for Engineering Application and
technology, 2013
[3]. Dhara J.Shah and C.G. Bhagchandi, “Design, Modelling
and Simulation of Multiple Effect Evaporators”, Paper,
International Journal of scientific Engineering and
Technology, 2012
[4]. Kaj Henricson, "Chemical Recovery Cycle", Pulping
technology, 2005
[5]. BLRB Advisory Committee "Recommended Good
Practice Safe Firing of Black Liquor in Black Liquor
Recovery Boiler", 2012
[6]. Zhu, M., Xie, H., Zhang, B. and Guan, X, "The
Characteristics of the Evaporator/Evaporator for Direct
Expansion Solar Assisted Heat Pump System", Journal of
Power and Energy Engineering, 2013
[7]. Guillermo H. Crapiste and J.E Lozano, “Effect of
concentration and Pressure on Boiling Point Rise of Apple
Juice and Related Sugar Solutions”, Article, Journal of Food
Science, 2006
[8]. Marta Bialik , Peter Sedin , and Hans Theliander "
Boiling Point Rise Calculations in Sodium Salt Solutions",
Article, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research,
2008
[9]. Wikipedia, “Dühring's rule”, at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BChring%27s_rule,
accessed on 20/10/2015
BIOGRAPHIES
Aminu Tijjani graduated in Electrical
Engineering in 2012 from Kano University
of Science and Technology wudil, Kano
state Nigeria in 2012, Then offering his
Master of Technology in Sharda University
in Electrical and Electronics with
specialization in Instrumentation and
Control.
H. K. Verma graduated in Electrical
Engineering in 1967 from the University of
Jodhpur and obtained Master of Engineering
and Ph.D. degrees in 1969 and 1977,
respectively, from the erstwhile University
of Roorkee (now Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee). Prof. Verma has published over 200
research papers, and guided 15 Ph.D. theses and 130
M.E./M.Tech. dissertations. He was honoured twice, first in
2004 and again in 2009, by the Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee as a Distinguished Teacher.
Chhaya Sharma (chayafpt@iitr.ernet.in)
received Ph.D. (Pulp and Paper
Engineering) in 1994 from IIT Roorkee
(erstwhile University of Roorkee). She
started her career as Research Fellow (JRF,
SRF and RA) 1988 then joined as faculty in
July 2000 at IIT-Roorkee and continuing
till date. She has published more than 45 research papers