This document defines evaporator concepts like steam economy, evaporator capacity, and steam consumption. It describes single effect evaporators, where vapor from boiling liquid is condensed and discarded, resulting in low steam economy. Multiple effect evaporators improve steam economy by using vapor from one effect to heat the next. Forward, backward, mixed, and parallel feeding arrangements are described for transferring liquid between multiple effects. Forward feed provides increasing concentration from first to last effect without pumps between effects.
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
Single and multiple effective evaporator (mee)Sumer Pankaj
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.[1] In a multiple-effect evaporator, water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the last. Because the boiling temperature of water decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next, and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an external source of heat. While in theory, evaporators may be built with an arbitrarily large number of stages, evaporators with more than four stages are rarely practical except in systems where the liquor is the desired product such as in chemical recovery systems where up to seven effects are used.
The multiple-effect evaporator was invented by an African-American inventor and engineer Norbert Rillieux. Although he may have designed the apparatus during the 1820s and constructed a prototype in 1834, he did not build the first industrially practical evaporator until 1845. Originally designed for concentrating sugar in sugar cane juice, it has since become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water must be evaporated, such as salt production and water desalination.
Multiple effect evaporation commonly uses sensible heat in the condensate to preheat liquor to be flashed. In practice the design liquid flow paths can be somewhat complicated in order to extract the most recoverable heat and to obtain the highest evaporation rates from the equipment.
Multiple-effect evaporation plants in sugar beet factories have up to eight effects. Six effect evaporators are common in the recovery of black liquor in the kraft process for making wood pulp.
This Presentation gives an overview about the multiple effect evaporators. The intention is also focused on designing principles of Single and Multiple Effect Evaporators
in this ppt i descussed about evaporator.evaporation,Evaporation is the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils.
types of Evaporators
Open kettle or pan
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator
Vertical tube natural circulation evaporator
Long tube vertical evaporator
Falling film evaporator
Forced circulation evaporator
Open-pan solar evaporator
Single and multiple effective evaporator (mee)Sumer Pankaj
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.[1] In a multiple-effect evaporator, water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the last. Because the boiling temperature of water decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next, and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an external source of heat. While in theory, evaporators may be built with an arbitrarily large number of stages, evaporators with more than four stages are rarely practical except in systems where the liquor is the desired product such as in chemical recovery systems where up to seven effects are used.
The multiple-effect evaporator was invented by an African-American inventor and engineer Norbert Rillieux. Although he may have designed the apparatus during the 1820s and constructed a prototype in 1834, he did not build the first industrially practical evaporator until 1845. Originally designed for concentrating sugar in sugar cane juice, it has since become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water must be evaporated, such as salt production and water desalination.
Multiple effect evaporation commonly uses sensible heat in the condensate to preheat liquor to be flashed. In practice the design liquid flow paths can be somewhat complicated in order to extract the most recoverable heat and to obtain the highest evaporation rates from the equipment.
Multiple-effect evaporation plants in sugar beet factories have up to eight effects. Six effect evaporators are common in the recovery of black liquor in the kraft process for making wood pulp.
This Presentation gives an overview about the multiple effect evaporators. The intention is also focused on designing principles of Single and Multiple Effect Evaporators
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
Development of improved pid controller for single effect evaporatoreSAT Journals
Abstract
Kraft pulping is the pulping process that is mostly used in paper mills. This is because the chemicals used in cooking are being
recovered, and environmental pollution is minimized, as the chemicals are not discarded into the environment, but rather recycled.
These chemicals are recovered by burning the black liquor that leaves the digester in a reactor called a recovery boiler.
Feeding the black liquor directly from the digester to the recovery boiler will cause a water/smelt explosion. This explosion
happens if the percentage of water in the liquor is high, the solid content of the black liquor leaving the digester is usually
between 13-18%. To avoid such disaster the concentration of the black liquor has to be increased, which should in the range of
60-70%, this is done in a single or multiple effect evaporator. In this paper, a single effect evaporator control has been designed
using a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller. During the first design a simple PID controller with a feedback control
was used. Then taking into consideration the load disturbance in the process, a feed forward control has then been introduced
into the controller design. Subsequently the concept of boiling point rise (BPR) to measure concentration has then been used in
the controller design of a single effect evaporator.
Keywords: Boiling Point Rise, Concentration, Evaporators, Feed Forward Control, Paper Mill, PID Controller,
Pulping Process, Single-Effect Evaporator
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
Development of improved pid controller for single effect evaporatoreSAT Journals
Abstract
Kraft pulping is the pulping process that is mostly used in paper mills. This is because the chemicals used in cooking are being
recovered, and environmental pollution is minimized, as the chemicals are not discarded into the environment, but rather recycled.
These chemicals are recovered by burning the black liquor that leaves the digester in a reactor called a recovery boiler.
Feeding the black liquor directly from the digester to the recovery boiler will cause a water/smelt explosion. This explosion
happens if the percentage of water in the liquor is high, the solid content of the black liquor leaving the digester is usually
between 13-18%. To avoid such disaster the concentration of the black liquor has to be increased, which should in the range of
60-70%, this is done in a single or multiple effect evaporator. In this paper, a single effect evaporator control has been designed
using a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller. During the first design a simple PID controller with a feedback control
was used. Then taking into consideration the load disturbance in the process, a feed forward control has then been introduced
into the controller design. Subsequently the concept of boiling point rise (BPR) to measure concentration has then been used in
the controller design of a single effect evaporator.
Keywords: Boiling Point Rise, Concentration, Evaporators, Feed Forward Control, Paper Mill, PID Controller,
Pulping Process, Single-Effect Evaporator
EVAPORATION: Properties of Liquids, Heat and Mass Balance in Single Effect An...ManeeshSonkar
This presentation discussed about evaporation process and the properties of the liquid that can affect the evaporation process. Evaporation is a process of movement of heat and mass fraction in different form in liquid. Balance of the heat and mass occured in evaporation are presented in single and multiple effect evaporator. Aroma recovery also a major phenomena in food industry. A number of different equipment and technologies are used in evaporation of liquid food products. The scope of appointment of this phenomena and applications are vast.
Thermal Analysis of Steam Turbine Power PlantsIOSR Journals
: Steam are a major energy consumer. Optimising process operating conditions can considerably
improve turbine water rate, which in turn will significantly reduce energy requirement. Various operating
parameters affect condensing and back pressure turbine steam consumption and efficiency. The industrial
sector is the largest energy consumer, accounting for about 30 % of total energy used. Fuel and energy prices
are continuously rising. With the present trend of energy prices and scarcity of hydrocarbon resources lowering
energy requirement is a top priority. Energy conservation benefits depend on the adopting minor or major
modifications and using the latest technology. Turbines are designed for a particular operating conditions like
steam inlet pressure, steam inlet temperature and turbine exhaust pressure/ exhaust vacuum, which affects the
performance of the turbines in a significant way. Variations in these parameters affects the steam consumption
in the turbines and also the turbine efficiency. The present study was done to improve the power output of the
turbine, thermal efficiency and specific steam consumption in conventional steam power plants. Three cycles i.e
regenerative cycle, superheater cycle and cogeneration cycle are considered to formulate the data and obtain a
better result in steam turbine power plants
Module 1
Steam Engineering: Properties of steam - wet, dry and superheated steam -
dryness fraction - enthalpy and internal energy - entropy of steam - temperature
entropy diagram - process - Mollier chart - Rankine cycle for wet, dry and
superheated steam. Steam Generators - classification - modern steam generators -
boiler mountings and accessories.
Module 2
Steam nozzles - Mass flow rate - throat pressure for maximum discharge - throat
area - effect of friction - super saturated flow.
Steam turbines: velocity triangles, work done, governing, and efficiencies.
Module 3
Gas turbine Plants - Open and closed cycles - thermodynamics cycles -
regeneration, re heating - inter cooling - efficiency and performance of gas
turbines. Rotary Compressors - Analysis of rotary compressors - centrifugal and
axial compressors. Combustion - combustion chambers of gas turbines -
cylindrical, annular and industrial type combustion chamber - combustion
intensity - combustion chambers efficiency - pressure loss combustion process
and stability loop.
Module 4
Introduction to solar energy - solar collectors - Liquid flat plate collectors -
principle - thermal losses and efficiency - characteristics - overall loss coefficient
- thermal analysis - useful heat gained by fluid - mean plate temperature -
performance - focussing type solar collectors - solar concentrators and receivers
- sun tracking system - characteristics - optical losses - thermal performance -
solar pond - solar water heating - solar thermal power generation
Module 5
Thermal power plants: layout and operation of steam and diesel power plants - coal
burners - stockers - cooling ponds & towers - chimneys - draught - dust collectors -
precipitators - feed water heaters - evaporators - steam condensers - coal handling - ash
handling
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Evaporators
1. Definitions
Steam economy
Kilograms of solvent evaporated per
kilogram of steam used
Evaporator capacity
Number of kilograms of water vaporized
per hour.
Steam Consumption
Capacity divided by economy (steam
used/hr)
2. Single Effect Evaporators
When a single evaporator is used , the
vapor from boiling liquid is condensed
and discarded. This method is single effect
evaporation
It is simple, but use steam ineffectively i.e.
steam economy is low, so to evaporate
one kg of water from solution 11.3 kg
steam is required
4. Where single effect are used
Single-effect evaporators are used when the
throughput is low
when a cheap supply of steam is available
when expensive materials of construction
must be used as is the case with corrosive
feed stocks
when the vapor is so contaminated so that it
cannot be reused
For liquids that boil at high temperatures
(high boiling-point elevation liquors)
5. Operation of single effect evaporator
Single effect units may be operated in batch, semi-
batch or continuous batch modes or continuously
Batch Operation
Batch units require that filling, evaporating and
emptying are consecutive steps
Such a method of operation is rarely used since it
requires that the vessel is large enough to hold
the entire charge of feed and that the heating
element is low enough to ensure that it is not
uncovered when the volume is reduced to that of
the product
6. Cont…
Semi-Batch Operation
Semi-batch is the more usual mode of
operation in which feed is added
continuously in order to maintain a
constant level until the entire charge
reaches the required product density
Continuous-Batch Operation
Have a continuous feed and, over at least
part of the cycle, a continuous discharge
7. Cont…
often a feed drawn from a storage tank is
returned until the entire contents of the
tank reach the desired concentration
The final evaporation is then achieved by
batch operation
Continuous Evaporator
continuous evaporators have a
continuous feed and discharge and
concentrations of both feed and discharge
remain constant
8. Multiple Effect Evaporators
Three methods are available which enable
the performance to be improved, either
by direct reduction in the steam
consumption or by improved energy
efficiency of the whole unit
Multiple effect operation
Recompression of the vapor rising from
the evaporator
Evaporation at low temperatures using a
heat pump cycle
9. Multiple Effect Operation
If vapor generated from the first effect is
used for heating in the 2nd effect, and then
vapor from the 2nd effect is sent to a
condenser, the operation becomes double
effect. Addition effects can be added
similarly
Method of increasing the evaporation/kg
of steam by using a series of evaporators
b/w steam supply and condenser is called
multiple-effect evaporation.
11. Cont…
First Effect, in which steam is fed and in
which the pressure in the vapor space is
the highest (for liquid transfer b/c no
pump used) and in last effect it is
minimum. Thick liquid out from last effect
but it depends on feeding arrangement
The boiling point in 2nd effect must be
reduced, b/c by concentrating, solution
B.P increases, also vapor heat content
reduces going from first effect to 2nd. B.P.
can be reduced by reducing pressure or
applying vacuum.
13. Cont…
For three evaporators arranged as shown
in Figure, in which the temperatures and
pressures are T1,T2,T3, and P1, P2, P3,
respectively, in each unit, then the heat
transmitted per unit time across each
effect is
Effect 1 Q1 =U1A1∆T1, ∆T1= (T0 − T1)
Effect 2 Q2 = U2A2 ∆ T2, ∆ T2=(T1 − T2)
Effect 3 Q3 = U3A3∆ T3, ∆ T3 = (T2 − T3)
T0 is steam température
14. Cont…
Neglecting the heat required to heat the
feed from Tf to T1, the heat Q1 transferred
across where A1 appears as latent heat in the
vapor D1 and is used as steam in the second
effect, so
Q1 = Q2 = Q3
U1A1∆T1 = U2A2∆T2 = U3A3∆T3
If, as is commonly the case, the individual
effects are identical,
A1 = A2 = A3, Then
U1∆T1 = U2∆T2 = U3∆T3
15. Cont…
The latent heat required to evaporate 1
kg of water in 1, is approximately equal to
the heat obtained in condensing 1 kg of
steam at T0.
Thus 1 kg of steam fed to 1 evaporates 1
kg of water in 1. Again the 1 kg of steam
from 1 evaporates about 1 kg of steam in
2. Thus, in a system of N effects,1 kg of
steam fed to the first effect will evaporate
in all about N kg of liquid, so economy
increase with number of effects
16. Cont…
The water evaporated in each effect is
proportional to Q, since the latent heat is
approximately constant. Thus the total
capacity is:
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
= U1A1∆T1 + U1A2∆T2 + U3A3∆T3
If an average value of the coefficients Uav
is taken, then:
Q = Uav(∆T1 + ∆T2 + ∆T3)A
Q = UavA∆T
18. Feeding Arrangement
Forward Feed
Conc. of liquid increase from 1st effect to
last effect
Pump is required to feed dilute solution
to 1st effect & for thick liquid in last effect
Transfer b/w effects can be done with out
pumps b/c its in decreasing order
19.
20. Cont…
Backward Feed
Dilute feed is fed to last effect and
pumped back to 1st effect
Additional pumps b/w effects are required
b/c flow is from low pressure to high
pressure
Gives higher capacity for viscous feed
Gives low economy for cold feed
22. Cont…
Mixed Feed
Dilute liquid enters in intermediate effect
Flow back to first effect, where final conc.
Is done at highest temp
It eliminate some of the pumps required
b/w effects
24. Cont…
Parallel Feed
For crystallization operation, where slurry
crystals and mother liquor is drawn,
parallel feed arrangement is used.
No transfer of liquid b/w effects and no
pumps required