Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Poster prepared by Mahtsente Tibebe, Birhanu Zemadim, Dereje Haile and Assefa Melesse at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Poster prepared by Mahtsente Tibebe, Birhanu Zemadim, Dereje Haile and Assefa Melesse at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
ESTIMATION OF NRCS CURVE NUMBER FROM WATERSHED MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS: A CAS...IAEME Publication
The NRCS-CN equation for flood predictions relies on the value of the Curve Number and the amount of rainfall event to determine the corresponding runoff. Usually, the curve number value (CN value) is extracted from the tables that follow United State land features classification which might not be applicable to the land features in Saudi Arabia. This research paper doesn’t use NRCS-CN table values form of the US for estimating the curve number value, rather, the CN values have been estimated from the data of rainfall and runoff events of some gauged watersheds in the western region of Saudi Arabia (Yiba watershed and its sub-basins).
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
Floods can be hugely destructive, but they also offer opportunities for farmers and fisherfolk. If their frequency and extent can be measured, then we will be better able to mitigate costs and maximise benefits. Digital geospatial flood inundation mapping is a powerful new approach for flood response that shows floodwater extent and depth on the land surface. IWMI research will evaluate this new technology and develop a prototype flood inundation map for South Asia. Also discussed is a project to flood map and model in a spate irrigation system in Sudan.
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 201.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Estimation of Annual Runoff in Indravati Sub Basin of Godavari River using St...AM Publications
Prediction of runoff from known rainfall is one of the major problems confronted by hydrologists. There is lack of availability of long period runoff records in large number of catchments in India. Investigators have proposed many empirical relationships for runoff estimation in different catchments based on limited data of parameters affecting runoff. These regional relationships are useful in planning of water resource projects. This study was carried out to obtain simple yet effective relationship for estimation of annual runoff in Indravati sub basin of Godavari river. Regression analysis was carried out using annual rainfall, annual runoff and average annual temperature data to develop empirical models for annual runoff estimation. GIS software was used for preparing maps for the study area and to extract the precipitation and temperature data available in grid format from IMD. The best suited empirical model is then selected as per statistical criteria with lower values of standard error, standard deviation, mean absolute deviation (MAD), root mean square error (RMSE) and higher values of R square and correlation coefficient. Statistical significance of selected empirical model was evaluated by paired t test, F test and P value at 95 % confidence level. The developed relationship is then compared with the existing Khosla and Inglis and DeSouza relationships. Outcome of this comparison produces encouraging inferences to suggest an effective regional relationship for annual runoff estimation in the Indravati sub basin of Godavari river in India.
CIRM in collaboration with the Institute of Water Modelling, Dhaka, Bangladesh published a report on Flood Hazard Model for an Index Based Flood Insurance Products for Sirajganj District, Bangladesh.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois...Alireza Safari
This paper describes the application of a spatially distributed hydrological model WetSpa (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere) using radar-based rainfall data provide by the United States Hydrology Laboratory of NOAA's National Weather Service for a distributed model intercomparison project. The model is applied to the
river basin above Tahlequah hydrometry station with 30-m spatial resolution and one hour time--step for a total simulation period of 6 years. Rainfall inputs are derived from radar. The distributed model parameters are based on an extensive database of watershed characteristics available for the region, including digital maps of DEM, soil type, and land use. The model is calibrated and validated on part of the river flow records. The simulated hydrograph shows a good correspondence with observation (Nash efficiency coeffiecient >80%, indicating that the model is able to simulate the relevant hydrologic processes in the basin accurately.
ESTIMATION OF NRCS CURVE NUMBER FROM WATERSHED MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS: A CAS...IAEME Publication
The NRCS-CN equation for flood predictions relies on the value of the Curve Number and the amount of rainfall event to determine the corresponding runoff. Usually, the curve number value (CN value) is extracted from the tables that follow United State land features classification which might not be applicable to the land features in Saudi Arabia. This research paper doesn’t use NRCS-CN table values form of the US for estimating the curve number value, rather, the CN values have been estimated from the data of rainfall and runoff events of some gauged watersheds in the western region of Saudi Arabia (Yiba watershed and its sub-basins).
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
Floods can be hugely destructive, but they also offer opportunities for farmers and fisherfolk. If their frequency and extent can be measured, then we will be better able to mitigate costs and maximise benefits. Digital geospatial flood inundation mapping is a powerful new approach for flood response that shows floodwater extent and depth on the land surface. IWMI research will evaluate this new technology and develop a prototype flood inundation map for South Asia. Also discussed is a project to flood map and model in a spate irrigation system in Sudan.
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 201.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Estimation of Annual Runoff in Indravati Sub Basin of Godavari River using St...AM Publications
Prediction of runoff from known rainfall is one of the major problems confronted by hydrologists. There is lack of availability of long period runoff records in large number of catchments in India. Investigators have proposed many empirical relationships for runoff estimation in different catchments based on limited data of parameters affecting runoff. These regional relationships are useful in planning of water resource projects. This study was carried out to obtain simple yet effective relationship for estimation of annual runoff in Indravati sub basin of Godavari river. Regression analysis was carried out using annual rainfall, annual runoff and average annual temperature data to develop empirical models for annual runoff estimation. GIS software was used for preparing maps for the study area and to extract the precipitation and temperature data available in grid format from IMD. The best suited empirical model is then selected as per statistical criteria with lower values of standard error, standard deviation, mean absolute deviation (MAD), root mean square error (RMSE) and higher values of R square and correlation coefficient. Statistical significance of selected empirical model was evaluated by paired t test, F test and P value at 95 % confidence level. The developed relationship is then compared with the existing Khosla and Inglis and DeSouza relationships. Outcome of this comparison produces encouraging inferences to suggest an effective regional relationship for annual runoff estimation in the Indravati sub basin of Godavari river in India.
CIRM in collaboration with the Institute of Water Modelling, Dhaka, Bangladesh published a report on Flood Hazard Model for an Index Based Flood Insurance Products for Sirajganj District, Bangladesh.
005 Mapping and modelling climate change impacts, vulnerable features and com...djhutch
Presentation given by Drs Malcolm Whitworth and Robert Inkpen (Centre for Applied Geosciences, University of Portsmouth) at UPEN workshop - Climate change and the Solent: Opportunities and Vulnerabilities.
Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
Presentation by Douglas J. Merrey and Tadele Gebreselassie, focuses on lessons learned over the past 35 years in water and land management in Ethiopia. A number of recommendations are also made
ICLR Friday Forum: National floodplain mapping framework (Oct 10, 2014)glennmcgillivray
On October 10, 2014 ICLR conducted a Friday Forum workshop on the state of floodplain mapping in Canada. Public Safety Canada is the lead federal agency responsible for disaster prevention and mitigation. In response to increases in flood intensity and flood damage over the past number of years, PSC has completed the National Floodplain Mapping Assessment. The Assessment includes three parts: a review of international practices, the state of flood hazard mapping across Canada including the cost of updating the and mapping to proposed standards, and a Framework that established state-of-the-art standards for both the update of flood hazard mapping and the development of national flood risk data base. This presentation focused on the National Floodplain Management Framework including the proposed mapping standards, anticipated implementation steps, and the scope and intent of the flood risk database.
The second half of the presentation focused on recent advancements in effectively defining urban overland flood risk. Urban overland flooding is caused by intense rainfall events in areas where there is insufficient storm sewer system capacity and poorly defined overland flow routes. Currently, across Canada urban areas prone to urban flooding are not generally defined. Moreover, in cases that are known to be flood prone the risk is rarely quantified. By better defining areas at risk, municipalities can focus efforts in effective urban overland flood mitigation.
Workshop leader Tim Mereu, Vice President of MMM Group, has responsibility for Water Resources and Environmental Services. He has thirty years of consulting experience with a focus on water resources, including flood risk management, policy and standards development, master planning, channel restoration, and storm water management. Tim was the Project Manager for the recently completed National Floodplain Mapping Assessment undertaken by Public Safety Canada.
Presented in the ASEAN Cooperation on Utilization of Space Technology for Disaster Management Seminar, 11th Aug 2010 at Miracle Grand Convention Hotel, Thailand. Hosted by GISTDA
Presentation by Alaine Clarke MIPI Physical Planner
Objectives:
Appreciate existing linkages between catchment management and the planning system
Recognise that the planning system is a key tool to implementation of River Basin Management Plans
Understand what is needed to deliver a water-friendly planning system
Structure of presentation:
Policy Context
Legislative context as it relates to planning & RBMPs
What guidance is out there?
Existing RBMPs + interaction with planning system
Developing appropriate & measurable policies
Next cycle of RBMPs
Remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) are revolutionising irrigation management. They represent a relatively cheap and rapid method of acquiring up-to-date information over a large geographical area. and are the only practical way to obtain data from inaccessible regions. At small scales, regional phenomena which are invisible from the ground can be clearly visible. Presented at the 1st World Irrigation Forum, 2013, Mardin, Turkey.
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
Adequate knowledge about the hydrology is very much required for the proper planning and management of water resources in an area. Rainfall and runoff are the important constituents in determining the hydrology of an area to determine the water management strategies. SCS- CN method is a widely used method for the calculation of surface runoff considering the land use pattern, soil type and antecedent moisture condition. In the present study runoff of the Palar watershed, Karnataka state, South India has been calculated using the SCS-CN method. The watershed consists of a total area of 2872.357 km2. The maximum rainfall of 1231.67 mm in the year 2005 and a minimum of 418.7 mm in the year 2003. The average annual runoff is calculated as 218.26 mm and 626.91MCM. The rainfall- runoff correlation value is 0.8253. The study results can be effectively coordinated for the watershed management activities.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Morphometric analysis of a vrishabhavathi sub watershed upstream side of gali...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Accurate estimation of runoff and sediment yield amount is not only an important task in physiographic but also important for proper watershed management. Watershed is an ideal unit for planning and management of land and water resources. Direct runoff in a catchment depends on soil type, land cover and rainfall. Of the many methods available for estimating runoff from rainfall, the curve number method (SCS-CN) is the most popular. The curve number depends upon soil and land use characteristics. This study was conducted in the Upper Cauvery Karnataka using remote sensing and GIS. SCSCN method has been used for surface runoff estimation for Eight watersheds of Upper Cauvery. The soil map and land use were created in the GIS environment, because the curve number method is used here as a distributed model. The major advantage of employing GIS in rainfall -runoff modelling is that more accurate sizing and catchment characterization can be achieved. Furthermore, the analysis can be performed much faster, especially when there is a complex mix of land use classes and different soil types. The results showed that the surface runoff ranged from 170.12-599.84 mm in the study area, when rainfall rates were received from 1042.65-1912 mm. To find the relationship between rainfall and runoff rates, The straight line equation was used, That was found there a strong correlation between Runoff and precipitation rates, The value correlation coefficient between them was 86%. The Average depth of runoff is more in watershed A4, Average runoff coefficient is less in Watershed B2, the correlation coefficient is high in A4 to a value of almost 95%. Through of these results, the study recommends take advantage of runoff rates by reserving them at collection of Watershed and then using them for agricultural purposes in the vicinity. This would be better than reserving water from the total area which is 10874.65 square kilometers, and then will evaporate or infiltrate before reaching the dam lake
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis of rainfall intensity of kunigal taluk, tumkur district, karnataka u...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
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concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
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of providing edge beam is reflected in significant decrease in deflection, longitudinal bending moment and torsional moment.
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analyses for all the zones (II-V) as per IS: 1893(Part-1):2002. The analysis results such as natural frequency, displacement, interstorey
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Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn method
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 404
ESTIMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF IN NALLUR AMANIKERE
WATERSHED USING SCS-CN METHOD
Sindhu D1
, B L Shivakumar2
, A. S Ravikumar3
1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bangalore-560059
3
Department of Civil Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi, Bangalore-560056
sindhud@rvce.edu.in, shivakumarbl@rvce.edu.in, as_ravik@yahoo.com
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110
38’ and 110
52’ N latitude and 760
30’ and 760
50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
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1. INTRODUCTION
A watershed is the area covering all the land contributes
runoff water to a common point. It is a natural physiographic
or ecological unit composed of interrelated parts and function.
Each watershed has definite characteristics such as size, shape,
slope, drainage, vegetation, geology, soil, geomorphology,
climate and land use. Watershed management implies the
proper use of all land and water resources of a watershed for
optimum production with minimum hazard to natural
resources. Runoff is one of the important hydrologic variables
used in the water resources applications and management
planning. Estimation of surface runoff is essential for the
assessment of water yield potential of the watershed, planning
of water conservation measures, recharging the ground water
zones and reducing the sedimentation and flooding hazards
downstream. Also, it is an important and essential prerequisite
of Integrated Watershed Management [7]. Remote Sensing
and GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning,
development and management of natural resources. GIS in
particular help in integrating various data sets and perform
spatial analysis for decision making. GIS and remote sensing
are presently being used for solving environmental problems
like degradation of land by water logging, soil erosion,
deforestation, changes in ecological parameters and many
more. Jasrotia et al., [4] used a mathematical model to
estimate rainfall, runoff in conjunction with remote sensing
data and GIS using SCS CN method and runoff potential map.
Ashish Pandey et al., [1] estimated the runoff from SCS curve
number model modified for Indian condition by conventional
data base and GIS for Dikrong river basin. Amutha et al., [2]
showed that estimation of runoff by SCS-CN method
integrated with GIS can be used in watershed management
effectively. Somashekar et al.,[6] estimated surface runoff of
Hesaraghatta watershed. The analysis was carried using IRS-
ID LISS III satellite images in the form of FCC using SCS
curve number method and found that the runoff estimated by
SCS method shown reasonable good result.
2. STUDY AREA
The study area, Nallur Amanikere watershed is located in
Chamarajnagar district and geographically lies between 110
38'
and 110
52'
N latitude and 760
30'
and 760
50'
E longitude
covering an area of 415.68 Sq.km as delineated from Survey
of India (SOI) toposheet numbers 58A/9, 58A/10, 58A/13 and
58A/14 on 1:50000 scale. Maximum length and width of
watershed are 34.97 km and 21.91km respectively. Fig.1
shows the location map of the study area. The study area is
characterized by an undulating landscape and mountain ranges
covered with vast forests. The highest relief in the watershed
is found to be 1451 m and the lowest relief is 762 m above the
mean sea level. The overall relief of the watershed is found to
be 0.689 km. The area comprises of the land derived from
granite gneisses and charnockite. The soils in the watershed
are loamy skeletal, clayey skeletal, fine and fine loamy and
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
IC-RICE Conference Issue | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 405
isohyperthermic. Rainfall in the study area is highly erratic.
The average annual rainfall for 11 years (2001-2011) found to
be 839.7mm. Since the study area chosen is an ungauged
watershed an attempt was made to estimate runoff by SCS-CN
model, obtaining model parameters by integrating the thematic
maps prepared using SOI topomaps and remotely sensed data
on 1: 50,000 scale and analysing the thematic maps through
GIS software.
Fig.1 Location map of study area
3. METHODOLOGY
SOI toposheet numbers 58A/9, 58A/10, 58A/13 and 58A/14
on 1:50000 scale were used for delineating the watershed
boundary and preparation of base map, drainage map. In order
to know the different natural resources, terrain conditions, etc.
in the study area, toposheets along with the satellite data was
used to prepare different thematic maps, updation of drainage,
land use/ land cover, soil map. Fig. 2 shows the methodology
followed to estimate runoff using SCS Curve Number model.
Figs. 3(a), 3(b), 3(c) shows the drainage map, land use/ land
cover map, soil map of Nallur Amanikere watershed. Daily
rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around the
watershed for a period of 2001 to 2011 was used for
estimation of runoff. Runoff was estimated with the aid of
hydrological model using USDA (United States Department
for Agriculture) methodology for estimation of surface runoff
using SCS (Soil Conservation Service) Curve Number model.
3.1 SCS Curve Number Model
The curve number method (Soil Conservation Services, SCS,
1972) also known as the hydrologic soil cover complex
method, is a versatile and widely used procedure for runoff
estimation. This method includes several important properties
of the watershed namely soil permeability, land use and
antecedent soil water conditions which are taken into
consideration. To estimate the curve number, depth of runoff
the land use/land cover and hydrological soil group map
showing hydrologic soil groups prepared from IRS satellite
data were integrated.
Fig. 2 Methodology to estimate surface runoff by SCS CN
model
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Fig. 3 (a) Drainage map; (b) Land use/ land cover map;
(c) Soil map; (d) Hydrological Soil Group map of Nallur Amanikere watershed
3.2 Runoff Volume
Surface runoff is mainly controlled by the amount of rainfall,
initial abstraction and moisture retention of the soil. The SCS
curve number method is based on the water balance equation
and two fundamental hypotheses which are stated as, ratio of
the actual direct runoff to the potential runoff is equal to the
ratio of the actual infiltration to the potential infiltration, and
the amount of initial abstraction is some fraction of the
potential infiltration.
1
2
Substituting eq. (2) in eq. (1) and by solving;
3
a b
c d
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where, Q = actual runoff (mm), P = rainfall (mm), Ia = initial
abstraction, which represents all the losses before the runoff
begins and is given by the empirical equation
= 0.2 (4)
Substituting eq. (4) in eq. (3); the eq. (3) becomes
=
( − 0.2 )
( + 0.8 )
(5)
S = the potential infiltration after the runoff begins given by
following equation
=
25400
− 254 (6)
Where CN is Curve Number and estimated using antecedent
moisture condition and hydrological soil group.
3.3 Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC)
Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC) refers to the water
content present in the soil at a given time. It is determined by
total rainfall in 5 day period preceding a storm. The AMC
value is intended to reflect the effect of infiltration on both the
volume and rate of runoff according to the infiltration curve.
An increase in index means an increase in the runoff potential.
SCS developed three antecedent soil-moisture conditions and
labeled them as I, II, III, according to soil conditions and
rainfall limits for dormant and growing seasons. Classification
of Antecedent Moisture Condition is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Classification of Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMC)
3.4 Hydrological Soil Group (HSG) Classification
SCS developed soil classification system that consists of four
groups, which are identified as A, B, C, and D according to
their minimum infiltration rate. Table 2 shows the
hydrological soil group classification. CN values were
determined from hydrological soil group and antecedent
moisture conditions of the watershed. The Curve Number
values for AMC-I and AMC-II were obtained from AMC-II
(Chow et al. 1988) [3] by the method of conservation. Runoff
curve numbers (AMC II) for hydrologic soil cover complex
are shown in Table 3. Fig. 3(d) shows the Hydrological Soil
Group map of Nallur Amanikere watershed.
Table 2 Hydrological Soil Group Classification (Mc. Cuen, 1982) [5]
Soil
Group
Description
Minimum Infiltration
rate (mm/hr)
A
Soils in this group have a low runoff potential (high-infiltration rates) even
when thoroughly wetted. They consist of deep, well to excessively well-
drained sands or gravels. These soils have a high rate of water transmission.
7.62 - 11.43
B
Soils in this group have moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted
and consists chiefly of moderately deep to deep, well-drained to moderately
well-drained soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures. These
soils have a moderate rate of water transmission.
3.81 - 7.62
C
Soils have slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consist chiefly
of soils with a layer that impedes the downward movement of water, or soils
with moderately fine-to fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water
transmission.
1.27 - 3.81
AMC
Class
Description of soil condition
Total five day antecedent rainfall (mm)
Dormant season Growing season
I
Soils are dry but not to the wilting point; satisfactory
cultivation has taken place.
< 12.7 mm < 35.56 mm
II Average conditions. 12.7 - 27.94 mm 35.56 - 53.34 mm
III
Heavy rainfall or light rainfall and low temperatures
have occurred within last 5 days; Saturated soils.
> 27.94 mm 53.34 mm
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D
Soils have a high runoff potential (very slow infiltration rates) when
thoroughly wetted. These soils consist chiefly of clay soils with high swelling
potential, soils with a permanent high-water table, soils with a clay layer near
the surface, and shallow soils over nearly impervious material. These soils
have a very slow rate of water transmission.
0 - 1.27
Table 3 Runoff curve numbers (AMC II) for hydrologic soil cover complex
(Source: Chow et al, 1988)[3]
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study area constitutes different land use/ land cover, about
4.56% of the area is occupied by agricultural plantation , 17.26
% of area is covered by forest , 67.94 % of area by crop land,
0.77% of area by fallow land and remaining 9.47% of the area
is occupied by others such as, water body, settlement, land
with scrub and tanks. In general, among the different land
cover types the crop land plays the major role for the direct
surface runoff. According to Drought monitoring cell (DMC)
Bangalore, the mean annual rainfall of the study area for the
period between 2001 and 2011 is 5018.50 mm with a
maximum rainfall of 7419.40 mm in 2005 and a minimum of
2455.20 mm in 2003. From SCS Curve number, the maximum
runoff for the watershed was estimated to be 1869.57 mm in
the year 2005 and minimum runoff of 263.68 mm in the year
2003. Table 4 shows the annual rainfall and runoff for Nallur
Amanikere watershed for the period 2001 to 2011. Fig. 4
shows the rainfall runoff relationship for Nallur Amanikere
watershed. The rainfall and runoff are strongly correlated with
correlation coefficient (r) value being 0.85.
Sl No. Land use
Hydrologic Soil Group
A B C D
1 Agricultural land without conservation (Kharif) 72 81 88 91
2 Double crop 62 71 88 91
3 Agriculture Plantation 45 53 67 72
4 Land with scrub 36 60 73 79
5 Land without scrub (Stony waste/ rock out crops) 45 66 77 83
6 Forest (degraded) 45 66 77 83
7 Forest Plantation 25 55 70 77
8 Grass land/pasture 39 61 74 80
9 Settlement 57 72 81 86
10 Road / railway line 98 98 98 98
11 River / stream 97 97 97 97
12 Tanks without water 96 96 96 96
13 Tank with water 100 100 100 100
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CONCLUSIONS
The estimation of runoff using GIS based SCS curve number
method can be used in watershed management effectively. All
the factors in SCS model are geographic in character. Due to
the geographic nature of these factors, SCS runoff model can
be easily molded into GIS. The study demonstrates the
importance of remotely sensed data in conjunction with GIS to
derive the model parameter to estimate surface runoff from the
ungauged watershed. Results obtained clearly shows the
variation in runoff potential with different land use/land cover
and with different soil conditions. Based on the digital
database creation, conservation techniques such as percolation
pond, check dam etc., can be recommended for better
management of land and water resources for sustainable
development of the watershed.
REFERENCES
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[2] Amutha R, Porchelvan P (2009), “Estimation of
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[3] Chow, V. T., Maidment, D. R., and Mayse, W. (1988).
“Applied Hydrology”, New York:Mc Graw Hill.
[4] Jasrotia A. S., Dhiman S. D., and Aggarwal S. P.
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on tons watershed”, Journal of Indian Society of
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[5] Mc. Cuen, R. H. (1982). “A guide to hydrologic
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[6] Somashekar R. K., Ravikumar P., Sowmya S. V.,
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[7] Subramanya K. (2008), “Engineering Hydrology”,
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[8] USDA-SCS-CN Method (1972), “A Method for
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watersheds”; SCS-TP-149, U.S. Department of
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DC.