Abstract This project aims at designing and implementing a fuzzy controller for Multiple Input Single Output temperature process. Temperature control of water in the tank is achieved by varying current to the heating rod and inlet flow rate by a fuzzy controller. The system consists of a tank, reservoir, variable speed pump, temperature sensor placed inside a heating tank containing the heating rod, voltage controlled current source and computer. Water is pumped into the tank from reservoir and RTD measures the current temperature. The signal from the temperature sensor is sent to the DAQ interfaced to the computer. LabVIEW software is used to acquire the input signal and send the output signal that is determined by the control algorithm. Fuzzy logic controller is designed in LabVIEW. Based on the set point temperature, the controller sets the appropriate current to the heating rod. If the required temperature is less than that sensed by the temperature sensor, the flow rate of water into the tank is controlled by a variable speed pump. While conventional controllers are analytically described by a set of equations, the FLC is described by a knowledge-based algorithm. Thus this system is highly efficient in both heating and reducing the temperature of the tank. A fuzzy logic controller gives faster response, is more reliable and recovers quickly from system upsets. It also works well to uncertainties in the process variables and it does not require mathematical modelling.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Lab view based self tuning fuzzy logic controller for sterilizing equipments ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The application of Self-adaptive Fuzzy PID control the evaporator superheatIJRES Journal
In view of the characteristics of the cold storage refrigeration system, such as nonlinear, time-varying and coupling, the traditional PID control accuracy is low, this study adopted the method of adaptive Fuzzy PID to control the superheat of the evaporator outlet. Fuzzy PID controller can adjust the parameters according to the deviation and deviation rat. It can avoid the disadvantages of traditional PID controller that it cannot adjust control parameters according to operating conditions.
Micro processor based temperature controller on power transistorseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses optimizing the main parameters of a boiler using soft computing techniques. It summarizes that ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) with PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control was used to optimize the feed water level, steam temperature, and steam flow of a boiler. The results showed improved transient response and reduced settling time compared to using PID control alone. Specifically, the level was controlled between 0.5-1.5m, flow at 1m3/s with 1.4 overshoot, and temperature at 150°C considering outside temperature of 20°C.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Lab view based self tuning fuzzy logic controller for sterilizing equipments ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The application of Self-adaptive Fuzzy PID control the evaporator superheatIJRES Journal
In view of the characteristics of the cold storage refrigeration system, such as nonlinear, time-varying and coupling, the traditional PID control accuracy is low, this study adopted the method of adaptive Fuzzy PID to control the superheat of the evaporator outlet. Fuzzy PID controller can adjust the parameters according to the deviation and deviation rat. It can avoid the disadvantages of traditional PID controller that it cannot adjust control parameters according to operating conditions.
Micro processor based temperature controller on power transistorseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses optimizing the main parameters of a boiler using soft computing techniques. It summarizes that ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) with PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control was used to optimize the feed water level, steam temperature, and steam flow of a boiler. The results showed improved transient response and reduced settling time compared to using PID control alone. Specifically, the level was controlled between 0.5-1.5m, flow at 1m3/s with 1.4 overshoot, and temperature at 150°C considering outside temperature of 20°C.
This document provides an overview of different approaches for tuning PID controllers. It first introduces PID controllers and their proportional, integral and derivative terms. It then describes several common methods for tuning PID controllers, including manual tuning on-site, Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve method, Ziegler-Nichols oscillation method, and Cohen-Coon method. These tuning methods are compared based on their performance and applicability to different process control systems.
This document provides an overview of control systems engineering. It discusses:
- The basics of control theory including open and closed loop control systems.
- Examples of control systems in real life including manual vs automatic control of a car.
- Classification of control systems as open loop or closed loop and the processes of each.
- Applications of control systems including temperature regulation and motor speed control.
- The purpose of control systems is to cause a system variable to conform to a desired value through feedback.
Distributed Control System Applied in Temperatur Control by Coordinating Mult...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In Distributed Control System (DCS), multitasking management has been important issues
continuously researched and developed. In this paper, DCS was applied in global temperature control
system by coordinating three Local Control Units (LCUs). To design LCU’s controller parameters, both
analytical and experimental method were employed. In analytical method, the plants were firstly identified
to get their transfer functions which were then used to derive control parameters based on desired
response qualities. The experimental method (Ziegler-Nichols) was also applied due to practicable reason
in real industrial plant (less mathematical analysis). To manage set-points distributed to all LCUs, master
controller was subsequently designed based on zone of both error and set-point of global temperature
controller. Confirmation experiments showed that when using control parameters from analytical method,
the global temperature response could successfully follow the distributed set-points with 0% overshoot,
193.92 second rise time, and 266.88 second settling time. While using control parameters from
experimental method, it could also follow the distributed set-points with presence of overshoot (16.9%), but
has less rise time and settling time (111.36 and 138.72 second). In this research, the overshoot could be
successfully decreased from 16.9 to 9.39 % by changing master control rule. This proposed method can
be potentially applied in real industrial plant due to its simplicity in master control algorithm and presence
of PID controller which has been generally included in today industrial equipments.
Introduction, Feature of Control System, Requirement of Good Control System, Types of Control System, Open-loop control system, Closed-loop control system, Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System, Signal flow graph, Conversion of Block Diagrams into Signal Flow Graphs, and Questions.
The document discusses concepts related to automatic control systems including open loop and closed loop systems. It covers topics such as feedback, controllers like proportional, integral and proportional integral differential controllers. It also provides examples of automatic control systems used in various industries and applications. The document consists of lecture slides on control systems for a class.
Research, Development Intelligent HVAC Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Contr...theijes
The paper describes an automatic climate in offices, describes the principles of the automation equipment climate, considered air parameters described control algorithms were compared automation system PIDcontroller and using fuzzy logic controller is designed microclimate model in Mathlab program with a fuzzy logic controller.
This document summarizes an automatic liquid level and temperature monitoring/controlling system using LabVIEW and Arduino. The system uses a temperature sensor and ultrasonic sensor to monitor liquid temperature and level in a tank. It then implements proportional control to adjust a fan, heater and pump to maintain the temperature and liquid level between set points. The LabVIEW interface allows setting temperature and level set points. When levels/temperatures exceed the points, the Arduino activates components accordingly to regulate the variables and provide automated control of the liquid system.
This document summarizes an experiment that used a Ziegler-Nichols tuning method to control the pH of a buffered solution with a PID controller. A titration curve determined the buffer region of 6.25-8.35 pH. Different controller types (P, PI, PID) were tested by manually adjusting parameters. For the PI controller, sustained oscillations determined an ultimate period of 21 seconds. Using Ziegler-Nichols relations, PID parameters were calculated as proportional band of 1%, reset time of 12 seconds, and derivative time of 3 seconds. These optimized PID settings produced the fastest rise time and least steady state offset.
Plc based pid implementation in process control of temperature flow and levelIAEME Publication
This document describes a PID temperature, flow, and level control system implemented using a PLC. RTDs are used to measure temperature and send signals to the PLC. The PLC controls the process using ladder logic programming. It can implement PID control, feedback loops, cascade loops, and ratio control to efficiently control the temperature, flow and level of a solution to desired setpoints without compromising stability. The system provides control without needing external devices like HMIs or meters by performing all monitoring and control within the PLC program.
The document discusses control systems and provides examples. It begins by describing the general process for designing a control system and examines examples throughout history. Modern control engineering includes strategies to improve manufacturing, energy efficiency, automobiles, and other applications. The document also discusses the gap between physical systems and their models in control system design and how an iterative process can effectively address this gap.
Comparative Analysis of Pso-Pid and Hu-PidIJERA Editor
PID control is an important ingredient of a distributed control system. The controllers are also embedded in many special purpose control systems. PID control is often combined with logic, sequential functions, selectors, and simple function blocks to build the complicated automation systems used for energy production, transportation, and manufacturing. Many sophisticated control strategies, such as model predictive control, are also organized hierarchically. PID control is used at the lowest level; the multivariable controller gives the set points to the controllers at the lower level. The PID controller can thus be said to be the “bread and butter‟ of power system engineering. It is an important component in every control engineer‟s tool box. PID controllers have survived many changes in technology, from mechanics and pneumatics to microprocessors via electronic tubes, transistors, integrated circuits. The microprocessor has had a dramatic influence on the PID controller
Chapter 1 basic components of control systemHarish Odedra
This presentation is on basic of control engineering subject which is offered to 5th sem Mechanical Engineering Department in Gujarat Technological University.
This document compares control systems in process industries versus discrete manufacturing industries. It discusses that process industries deal with continuous materials and focus on continuous variables like temperature, while discrete manufacturing deals with discrete parts and focuses more on discrete variables like binary signals. It also summarizes different types of control strategies used in each industry, including regulatory control, feedforward control, steady-state optimization, adaptive control, and discrete control systems.
An educational fuzzy temperature control system IJECEIAES
Control engineering is one of the important engineering topics taught at many engineering based universities around the world in most undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The control engineering curriculum includes both the classical feedback based control theory and the state space theory. The modern control theory is based on the intelligent control algorithms utilizing the soft computing techniques, such as the fuzzy control theory and neural networks. Laboratory work is an important part of any control engineering course. The problem with the modern control theory laboratories is that it is essential to offer simple experiments to students so that they can easily put the complex theories they have learned in their courses into practice and see and understand the results. This paper describes the design of a low-cost fuzzy based microcontroller temperature control system using off the shelf products. The developed system should provide a low-cost fuzzy control experiment in the laboratories for students studying control engineering.
The document discusses automation in the pharmaceutical industry, noting that automation reduces human intervention and increases precision, quality, and production capacity. It describes different types of automatic control systems used in processes like heat exchange. Finally, it examines automation applications in tablet manufacturing, highlighting specific unit operations like mixing, compression, and coating that benefit from automation.
This document provides an introduction to feedback control systems for agricultural engineering. It discusses key concepts in control systems including open vs closed loop control, continuous vs sequential control, and control system components like sensors, controllers, and actuators. Different types of control systems are described for applications like machine control, process control, analog systems, and digital systems. Terminology used in control systems like controlled variables, manipulates variables, and disturbances are also defined. The document outlines topics that will be covered, including modeling, analysis, design, and mathematical methods like Laplace transforms, transfer functions, and linearization.
This document summarizes research assessing the performance of control loops using a minimum variance control algorithm (FCOR) and comparing it to an existing algorithm (PINDEX). The researchers implemented both algorithms in MATLAB to analyze simulated process data from MATLAB/Simulink models with and without valve stiction. They also analyzed process data from an Aspen HYSIS simulation of a distillation column. Across all the simulations and models, the FCOR and PINDEX algorithms produced generally similar results, indicating the control loops were performing poorly in cases where the performance index values were close to 0. The research thus validated that the developed FCOR algorithm worked effectively to evaluate control loop performance based on minimum variance.
This document compares the performance of PID, PI, and MPC controllers for controlling water level in a tank process. It describes modeling the first-order plus dead time process in MATLAB and tuning the PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols method. Simulation results show that the MPC controller achieved better performance than the PID and PI controllers in terms of rise time, settling time, and overshoot. Specifically, the MPC controller had the shortest rise time and settling time, as well as the lowest overshoot of the three controllers evaluated.
This document presents a method for automatically tuning PID controllers using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. It describes PID controllers and common tuning methods like Ziegler-Nichols. It then provides an overview of PSO algorithm and how it can be applied to optimize PID parameters to minimize a performance index for a DC motor model. Simulation results show the PSO-tuned PID controller provides improved rise time, settling time and overshoot compared to Ziegler-Nichols tuning.
In this research, the design and simulation of an automatic system for temperature control using embedded system in order to automatically control of multi appliances depend on the temperature value. The appliances will be controlled are ventilation, cooling, heating and alert. this is an order to avoid or reduce to human intervention and increase system reliability. An important feature of this automation process is to reduce or eliminate the possibility of relying on the human factor operator for industries, warehouses and laboratories, and to improve working and performance environments. The system in this paper used the microcontroller PIC16F887 as the central control unit, LM35 temperature sensor as a temperature source,16x2 liquid crystal display (LCD) as indicator to display the different system working status an addition to some of drivers, relay and light emitting diodes (LED) as indicators to display the corresponding working appliance driver. The implementation and simulation of the system work has been achieved by using proteus professional software v8.0 and mikroc pro for pic v .6.6.1 software to write the equivalent program and generate .hex file for system working. The result shows in figures 5, 6, 7, and 8 that explain the system working cases.
DEVELOPMENT OF FUZZY LOGIC LQR CONTROL INTEGRATION FOR AERIAL REFUELING AUTOP...Ahmed Momtaz Hosny, PhD
This document summarizes research on integrating fuzzy logic control with linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control for an aerial refueling autopilot. It describes modeling an aircraft, applying LQR control alone and with fuzzy logic control integrated. The integrated LQR fuzzy control is shown to more effectively suppress uncertainties and minimize mission time compared to LQR alone. Key aspects covered include aircraft modeling, optimal LQR flight control, applying fuzzy inference systems, deriving fuzzy rules, and the integrated LQR fuzzy control structure applied to pitch and lateral control for aerial refueling simulations.
92% of teens go online daily, with 24% reporting they go online "almost constantly". 56% go online multiple times per day. Teens heavily use mobile devices, with 75% having a smartphone and 94% going online daily using mobile devices. The presentation provided information and resources on using various social media and technologies to maintain a virtual library presence, including websites, blogs, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Tumblr, Vine, YouTube, Remind, Smore, podcasts, Symbaloo, Padlet, PosterMyWall, Tellagami, Chatterpix, Prezi, SpicyNodes, and ToonDoo. Examples and links were given for most tools.
This document provides an overview of different approaches for tuning PID controllers. It first introduces PID controllers and their proportional, integral and derivative terms. It then describes several common methods for tuning PID controllers, including manual tuning on-site, Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve method, Ziegler-Nichols oscillation method, and Cohen-Coon method. These tuning methods are compared based on their performance and applicability to different process control systems.
This document provides an overview of control systems engineering. It discusses:
- The basics of control theory including open and closed loop control systems.
- Examples of control systems in real life including manual vs automatic control of a car.
- Classification of control systems as open loop or closed loop and the processes of each.
- Applications of control systems including temperature regulation and motor speed control.
- The purpose of control systems is to cause a system variable to conform to a desired value through feedback.
Distributed Control System Applied in Temperatur Control by Coordinating Mult...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In Distributed Control System (DCS), multitasking management has been important issues
continuously researched and developed. In this paper, DCS was applied in global temperature control
system by coordinating three Local Control Units (LCUs). To design LCU’s controller parameters, both
analytical and experimental method were employed. In analytical method, the plants were firstly identified
to get their transfer functions which were then used to derive control parameters based on desired
response qualities. The experimental method (Ziegler-Nichols) was also applied due to practicable reason
in real industrial plant (less mathematical analysis). To manage set-points distributed to all LCUs, master
controller was subsequently designed based on zone of both error and set-point of global temperature
controller. Confirmation experiments showed that when using control parameters from analytical method,
the global temperature response could successfully follow the distributed set-points with 0% overshoot,
193.92 second rise time, and 266.88 second settling time. While using control parameters from
experimental method, it could also follow the distributed set-points with presence of overshoot (16.9%), but
has less rise time and settling time (111.36 and 138.72 second). In this research, the overshoot could be
successfully decreased from 16.9 to 9.39 % by changing master control rule. This proposed method can
be potentially applied in real industrial plant due to its simplicity in master control algorithm and presence
of PID controller which has been generally included in today industrial equipments.
Introduction, Feature of Control System, Requirement of Good Control System, Types of Control System, Open-loop control system, Closed-loop control system, Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System, Signal flow graph, Conversion of Block Diagrams into Signal Flow Graphs, and Questions.
The document discusses concepts related to automatic control systems including open loop and closed loop systems. It covers topics such as feedback, controllers like proportional, integral and proportional integral differential controllers. It also provides examples of automatic control systems used in various industries and applications. The document consists of lecture slides on control systems for a class.
Research, Development Intelligent HVAC Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Contr...theijes
The paper describes an automatic climate in offices, describes the principles of the automation equipment climate, considered air parameters described control algorithms were compared automation system PIDcontroller and using fuzzy logic controller is designed microclimate model in Mathlab program with a fuzzy logic controller.
This document summarizes an automatic liquid level and temperature monitoring/controlling system using LabVIEW and Arduino. The system uses a temperature sensor and ultrasonic sensor to monitor liquid temperature and level in a tank. It then implements proportional control to adjust a fan, heater and pump to maintain the temperature and liquid level between set points. The LabVIEW interface allows setting temperature and level set points. When levels/temperatures exceed the points, the Arduino activates components accordingly to regulate the variables and provide automated control of the liquid system.
This document summarizes an experiment that used a Ziegler-Nichols tuning method to control the pH of a buffered solution with a PID controller. A titration curve determined the buffer region of 6.25-8.35 pH. Different controller types (P, PI, PID) were tested by manually adjusting parameters. For the PI controller, sustained oscillations determined an ultimate period of 21 seconds. Using Ziegler-Nichols relations, PID parameters were calculated as proportional band of 1%, reset time of 12 seconds, and derivative time of 3 seconds. These optimized PID settings produced the fastest rise time and least steady state offset.
Plc based pid implementation in process control of temperature flow and levelIAEME Publication
This document describes a PID temperature, flow, and level control system implemented using a PLC. RTDs are used to measure temperature and send signals to the PLC. The PLC controls the process using ladder logic programming. It can implement PID control, feedback loops, cascade loops, and ratio control to efficiently control the temperature, flow and level of a solution to desired setpoints without compromising stability. The system provides control without needing external devices like HMIs or meters by performing all monitoring and control within the PLC program.
The document discusses control systems and provides examples. It begins by describing the general process for designing a control system and examines examples throughout history. Modern control engineering includes strategies to improve manufacturing, energy efficiency, automobiles, and other applications. The document also discusses the gap between physical systems and their models in control system design and how an iterative process can effectively address this gap.
Comparative Analysis of Pso-Pid and Hu-PidIJERA Editor
PID control is an important ingredient of a distributed control system. The controllers are also embedded in many special purpose control systems. PID control is often combined with logic, sequential functions, selectors, and simple function blocks to build the complicated automation systems used for energy production, transportation, and manufacturing. Many sophisticated control strategies, such as model predictive control, are also organized hierarchically. PID control is used at the lowest level; the multivariable controller gives the set points to the controllers at the lower level. The PID controller can thus be said to be the “bread and butter‟ of power system engineering. It is an important component in every control engineer‟s tool box. PID controllers have survived many changes in technology, from mechanics and pneumatics to microprocessors via electronic tubes, transistors, integrated circuits. The microprocessor has had a dramatic influence on the PID controller
Chapter 1 basic components of control systemHarish Odedra
This presentation is on basic of control engineering subject which is offered to 5th sem Mechanical Engineering Department in Gujarat Technological University.
This document compares control systems in process industries versus discrete manufacturing industries. It discusses that process industries deal with continuous materials and focus on continuous variables like temperature, while discrete manufacturing deals with discrete parts and focuses more on discrete variables like binary signals. It also summarizes different types of control strategies used in each industry, including regulatory control, feedforward control, steady-state optimization, adaptive control, and discrete control systems.
An educational fuzzy temperature control system IJECEIAES
Control engineering is one of the important engineering topics taught at many engineering based universities around the world in most undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The control engineering curriculum includes both the classical feedback based control theory and the state space theory. The modern control theory is based on the intelligent control algorithms utilizing the soft computing techniques, such as the fuzzy control theory and neural networks. Laboratory work is an important part of any control engineering course. The problem with the modern control theory laboratories is that it is essential to offer simple experiments to students so that they can easily put the complex theories they have learned in their courses into practice and see and understand the results. This paper describes the design of a low-cost fuzzy based microcontroller temperature control system using off the shelf products. The developed system should provide a low-cost fuzzy control experiment in the laboratories for students studying control engineering.
The document discusses automation in the pharmaceutical industry, noting that automation reduces human intervention and increases precision, quality, and production capacity. It describes different types of automatic control systems used in processes like heat exchange. Finally, it examines automation applications in tablet manufacturing, highlighting specific unit operations like mixing, compression, and coating that benefit from automation.
This document provides an introduction to feedback control systems for agricultural engineering. It discusses key concepts in control systems including open vs closed loop control, continuous vs sequential control, and control system components like sensors, controllers, and actuators. Different types of control systems are described for applications like machine control, process control, analog systems, and digital systems. Terminology used in control systems like controlled variables, manipulates variables, and disturbances are also defined. The document outlines topics that will be covered, including modeling, analysis, design, and mathematical methods like Laplace transforms, transfer functions, and linearization.
This document summarizes research assessing the performance of control loops using a minimum variance control algorithm (FCOR) and comparing it to an existing algorithm (PINDEX). The researchers implemented both algorithms in MATLAB to analyze simulated process data from MATLAB/Simulink models with and without valve stiction. They also analyzed process data from an Aspen HYSIS simulation of a distillation column. Across all the simulations and models, the FCOR and PINDEX algorithms produced generally similar results, indicating the control loops were performing poorly in cases where the performance index values were close to 0. The research thus validated that the developed FCOR algorithm worked effectively to evaluate control loop performance based on minimum variance.
This document compares the performance of PID, PI, and MPC controllers for controlling water level in a tank process. It describes modeling the first-order plus dead time process in MATLAB and tuning the PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols method. Simulation results show that the MPC controller achieved better performance than the PID and PI controllers in terms of rise time, settling time, and overshoot. Specifically, the MPC controller had the shortest rise time and settling time, as well as the lowest overshoot of the three controllers evaluated.
This document presents a method for automatically tuning PID controllers using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. It describes PID controllers and common tuning methods like Ziegler-Nichols. It then provides an overview of PSO algorithm and how it can be applied to optimize PID parameters to minimize a performance index for a DC motor model. Simulation results show the PSO-tuned PID controller provides improved rise time, settling time and overshoot compared to Ziegler-Nichols tuning.
In this research, the design and simulation of an automatic system for temperature control using embedded system in order to automatically control of multi appliances depend on the temperature value. The appliances will be controlled are ventilation, cooling, heating and alert. this is an order to avoid or reduce to human intervention and increase system reliability. An important feature of this automation process is to reduce or eliminate the possibility of relying on the human factor operator for industries, warehouses and laboratories, and to improve working and performance environments. The system in this paper used the microcontroller PIC16F887 as the central control unit, LM35 temperature sensor as a temperature source,16x2 liquid crystal display (LCD) as indicator to display the different system working status an addition to some of drivers, relay and light emitting diodes (LED) as indicators to display the corresponding working appliance driver. The implementation and simulation of the system work has been achieved by using proteus professional software v8.0 and mikroc pro for pic v .6.6.1 software to write the equivalent program and generate .hex file for system working. The result shows in figures 5, 6, 7, and 8 that explain the system working cases.
DEVELOPMENT OF FUZZY LOGIC LQR CONTROL INTEGRATION FOR AERIAL REFUELING AUTOP...Ahmed Momtaz Hosny, PhD
This document summarizes research on integrating fuzzy logic control with linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control for an aerial refueling autopilot. It describes modeling an aircraft, applying LQR control alone and with fuzzy logic control integrated. The integrated LQR fuzzy control is shown to more effectively suppress uncertainties and minimize mission time compared to LQR alone. Key aspects covered include aircraft modeling, optimal LQR flight control, applying fuzzy inference systems, deriving fuzzy rules, and the integrated LQR fuzzy control structure applied to pitch and lateral control for aerial refueling simulations.
92% of teens go online daily, with 24% reporting they go online "almost constantly". 56% go online multiple times per day. Teens heavily use mobile devices, with 75% having a smartphone and 94% going online daily using mobile devices. The presentation provided information and resources on using various social media and technologies to maintain a virtual library presence, including websites, blogs, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Tumblr, Vine, YouTube, Remind, Smore, podcasts, Symbaloo, Padlet, PosterMyWall, Tellagami, Chatterpix, Prezi, SpicyNodes, and ToonDoo. Examples and links were given for most tools.
Development of a Customized Autopilot for Unmanned Helicopter Model Using Gen...Ahmed Momtaz Hosny, PhD
The objective of this paper is to develop a customized autopilot system that enables a helicopter model to carry out an autonomous flight using on-board microcontroller. The main goal of this project is to provide a comprehensive controller design methodology, Modeling, simulation, guidance and verification for an unmanned helicopter model. The autopilot system was designed to demonstrate autonomous maneuvers such as flying over the planned waypoints with constant forward speed.
The document provides an overview of the requirements for lead in plumbing products under the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act. Key points include that as of January 2014, the maximum allowable lead content was lowered to 0.25% for pipes, fittings, and other plumbing products that convey water for human consumption. States are responsible for enforcing these requirements, often through building and plumbing codes. The role of code officials is to ensure compliant products are installed and help identify approved products, which have varying certification standards between manufacturers.
The document summarizes research into developing a gold nanoparticle-based drug delivery system that can selectively release two different anticancer agents in response to near-infrared irradiation. The system conjugates polyethylene glycol and two differently tagged double-stranded DNA sequences to ~20nm gold nanoparticles. It is proposed that altering near-infrared exposure can modulate the delivery of the two agents by exploiting the unique melting temperatures of the DNA sequences. However, difficulties were encountered in quantifying the attachment and release of the fluorescent tags due to the reducing agent used also reducing one of the fluorescent tags. Future work will explore alternative methods to enhance characterization and control over the system.
Una pequeña recopilación y selección de información sobre el tema de el sistema aduanero en México, seccionando los puntos más importantes y básicos a mí criterio.
Comparison of different controller strategies for Temperature controlIRJET Journal
This document compares different controller strategies (feedback, feedback with feedforward, and internal model control) for controlling temperature in a heat exchanger system. It describes a heat exchanger system with cold water input and temperature sensor output. The strategies are assessed based on transient response criteria like overshoot and settling time, and error-based criteria like integral of absolute and square errors. The study finds that internal model control outperforms the other strategies for a second-order plus dead time system.
Process control examples and applications Amr Seif
Process control involves maintaining the output of a process within a desired range through mechanisms and algorithms. For example, controlling the temperature of a chemical reactor to maintain consistent product output. There are different types of process control including regulatory control to maintain performance at a certain level, feedforward control which anticipates disturbances to compensate before they affect the process, and adaptive control where the controller modifies its own parameters based on dynamic process conditions. Discrete control systems make event-driven or time-driven changes to processes.
IRJET- Design and Implementation in Laboratory using Siemens PLC S7-200IRJET Journal
This document describes a laboratory automation system that was designed and implemented using a Siemens PLC S7-200. The system uses various sensors like a temperature sensor and LDR sensor that are interfaced with the PLC. The temperature sensor monitors temperature and controls the speed of a fan depending on the temperature. The LDR sensor controls the illumination level of lights. Motors are also used to control curtain opening and closing. The real-time system developed is effective, efficient and allows remote control of laboratory appliances to save energy.
A software based gain scheduling of pid controllerijics
In this paper, a scheduled-gain SG-PID controller using LabVIEW-based scheduling technique, which
consists of a set of virtual instruments, has been designed and experimentally tested for heating process.
Gain scheduling is realized by automatic setting of the controller parameters using three sets of
programmed parameters, depending on the relative error between actual process temperature and setpoint
(desired temperature). Experimental results show that the proposed controller, compared with conventional
C-PID controller, responds faster to the changes in the setpoint temperature, reduces the overshoots in
temperature during transient period and makes the system more stable. It was noticed that the dynamic and
steady-state errors in the system have been reduced.
—Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) here is
considered as a nonlinear process. The CSTR is widely used in
many chemical plants. Due to changes in process parameters the
accuracy of final product can be reduced. In order to get accurate
final product the faults developed in CSTR during the chemical
reaction need to be diagnosed. If not, the faults may lead to
degrade the performance of the system. For this purpose there
are various fault diagnosis methods are to be considered. Among
the methods, the neural network predictive controller can be used
to detect faults in CSTR. Servo response is performed to
understand the behavior of CSTR. By detecting various faults
and with suitable control techniques, the accuracy of the
desirable products in CSTR can be improved
Fuzzy controlled mine drainage system based on embedded systemIRJET Journal
This document proposes a fuzzy logic controlled mine drainage system based on an embedded system. Mines require proper drainage to improve stability, safety, and prevent equipment corrosion, but the variables involved like water levels and flow rates are unpredictable and non-linear, making an accurate empirical model difficult to design. The proposed system combines fuzzy logic control with an embedded system. Fuzzy logic handles the uncertainties while the embedded system provides better control, flexibility, compactness and user-friendliness. Sensors monitor water levels, flow rates, temperature, humidity and pressure, sending data to an operator. A fuzzy logic controller uses the sensor data and fuzzy rules to determine the number of pumps to operate, providing improved drainage control over traditional methods.
Temperature Control System Using Pid ControllerMasum Parvej
This document describes a temperature control system using a PID controller. It includes a block diagram and overall circuit diagram of the system. The system works by using a temperature sensor to provide feedback on the current temperature, which is compared to the setpoint temperature and used by the PID controller to regulate a heating element or fan to maintain the desired temperature. The document also discusses the PID tuning methods, applications of microcontrollers in temperature control, and concludes the system is able to accurately sense and maintain temperature using an LM35 temperature sensor and PIC16F873A microcontroller.
DEVELOPING Air Conditioner Controller using MATLAB Fuzzy logic presentationSunil Rajput
This document describes a student project to develop an air conditioning system that uses fuzzy logic control. It includes sections on fuzzy logic concepts, developing fuzzy rules and membership functions in MATLAB, the structure of the fuzzy controller, and applications of fuzzy logic control including in air conditioning systems. The project aims to control components like the compressor motor speed, fan speed, fin direction and operation mode to maintain temperature while saving energy. It discusses limitations of fuzzy systems and future work developing the hardware system and exploring additional inputs.
Model Based Embedded Control System Design for Smart HomeIRJET Journal
This document presents a model-based embedded control system design for a smart home. It discusses using model-based design approaches like Model-in-Loop and Hardware-in-Loop testing to model and test the control systems for smart home devices like a water heater, air conditioner, and ceiling fan before implementation. The proposed system would implement sensor networks and wireless technologies to remotely control home appliances from a central processing unit. It aims to provide a reliable, flexible and economical way to automate a home using model-based control system design approaches.
This document describes the development of a microcontroller-based temperature control system for educational purposes. The system uses a temperature sensor to measure the temperature and a microcontroller to implement ON/OFF and PID control algorithms to control a fan and maintain the temperature at a set point. The PID controller provided better control with a smoother, non-oscillating response compared to the ON/OFF controller. The temperature control system can be used by students to learn practical applications of control engineering concepts.
Research on a Kind of PLC Based Fuzzy-PID Controller with Adjustable FactorNooria Sukmaningtyas
A kind of fuzzy-PID controller with adjustable factor is designed in this paper. Scale factor’s selfadjust
will come true. Fuzzy control algorithm is finished in STEP7 software, and then downloaded in S7-
300 PLC. WinCC software will be used to control the change-trend in real time. Data communication
between S7-300 PLC and WinCC is achieved by MPI. The research shows that this fuzzy-PID controller
has better robust capability and stability. It’s an effective method in controlling complex long time-varying
delay systems.
Types of Controllers
Process control_ mechatronics engineering.
Control system is a combination of various elements connected as a unit to direct or regulate itself or any other system in order to provide a specific output is known as a Control system.
Components of a Control System
1.Controlled process: The part of the system which requires controlling is known as a controlled process.
2. Controller: The internal or external element of the system that controls the process is known as the controller.
3. Input: For every system to provide a specific result, some excitation signal must be provided. This signal is usually given through an external source. So, the externally provided signal for the desired operation is known as input.
TYPES OF DISTURBANCE:
1.an internal disturbance is generated within the system. 2.an external disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input.
Types of Control System:
1.Open loop control systems in this control system the
output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison
with the input.
2.Closed loop control systems in this control system the
actuating error signal, which is the difference between
the input signal and the feedback signal, is fed to the
controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output
of the system to a desired value.
PID
The PID control scheme is named after its three correcting terms, whose constitutes the manipulated variable (MV). The proportional, integral, and derivative terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID controller.
contents:
Ziegler-Nichols Closed-loop method.
Instrument Symbols.
continuous-mode controllers.
Proportional controller.
Derivative controller and another.
created by :Anaseem Alhanni.
University :Al- Balqa' Applied University (BAU).
TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION METHOD FOR FACTORY USING LABVIEWIAEME Publication
The Aim of this paper is to present both automatic and manual temperature control system for modern data acquisition processes. In developing the work , consideration of steps’ sequence was done; stating at the beginning point which is reading of temperature input using LM35 temperature sensor . Th en convert that input analog into digital using Arduino microcontroller. After conversion, we do the appropriate task, for example, if the temperature reading is greater than factory temperature, the coo ling unit will ON automatically and give us a mean to regulate the cooling unit speed . The software (LabView ) that was used in this design has capability of manual regulation controls and responding in real ti me to takes the next step further to run, store and show the result schemes based on graphical temperature c hart using the PC. The PC also stored the reading s for the data acquisition result that is being exported into Microsoft Excel.
PLC BASED PID IMPLEMENTATION IN PROCESS CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE FLOW AND LEVELIAEME Publication
In the present Industrial scenario the Temperature, Flow, Level, Pressure and density of a process is controlled using the Proportional-Integr al-Derivative (PID) controller which is based on microcontroller. Out of the above mentioned variables controlling, Temperature control is very difficult by using ordinary control techniques; hence the motive of our research is to implement PID controller design along with programmable logic controller (PLC) in order to control the time to heat up a particular solution to a desired temperatre efficiently without sacrificing the stability o f the system. In this work the controlling is based o n PLC MISTUBISHI NEXGENIE 1000 NG14RL along with some Analog cards. In this work the cont rolling of PID controller is performed by using ladder diagram in PLC software Codesys ENE server V 2.3. The temperature control, flow and level unit NE40UX are used where the temperature control unit is a special I/O unit that receives inputs directly from RTDs and special I/O unit that receives inputs directly from flow sensors and level sensor of plant. Whatever the temperature, flow, level is desired by the user in accordance with that the set point (SP) is set by the user using the PC. In this work in addition to PLC controlling, Cascade, Ratio and Feedback loops are also used for controlling the above mentioned process parameters. For output control unit NE02AX is used for controlling the Input converters and control valves etc.
This document provides an introduction to process control. It discusses control objectives like safety, production specifications, and economics. It defines control as maintaining desired conditions in a system by adjusting variables. Examples of control systems include maintaining temperature in a heated tank and steering a car. Feedback and feedforward control are described. The document outlines the major steps in control system development and provides an example of controlling temperature and level in a heated tank. Key points covered include measurements, control elements, structures, and calculations.
The document discusses process control and control systems. It defines control as maintaining desired conditions in a system by adjusting variables. Control is necessary to maintain variables when disturbances occur and to respond to changes in desired values. For control to be possible, the process must be designed so it responds well dynamically. Control systems use measurements from sensors to calculate adjustments to manipulated variables via controllers and final control elements. The document outlines various control strategies and characteristics of effective control systems.
Report of Auctioneering Control For Temperature Using LabVIEW.Amol Dudhate
Report contains overall description about the project Auctioneering Control For Temperature Using LabVIEW.
The required software is LabVIEW and it is interfaced with arduino.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Fuzzy based control using labview for miso temperature process
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 01 Issue: 02 | Oct-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 108
FUZZY BASED CONTROL USING LabVIEW FOR MISO
TEMPERATURE PROCESS
B.Chinthamani1
, P. T. Rajeena Mol2
, K.P.Kamini3
, K.R.Sughashini4
1, 2, 3, 4
Assistant Professor, Dept of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Easwari Engineering College
Chinthu_vishal@yahoo.co.in, rajeenamol2009@gmail.com, Kaminipalani@yahoo.com, sughashinikrme@gmail.com
Abstract
This project aims at designing and implementing a fuzzy controller for Multiple Input Single Output temperature process.
Temperature control of water in the tank is achieved by varying current to the heating rod and inlet flow rate by a fuzzy controller.
The system consists of a tank, reservoir, variable speed pump, temperature sensor placed inside a heating tank containing the heating
rod, voltage controlled current source and computer. Water is pumped into the tank from reservoir and RTD measures the current
temperature. The signal from the temperature sensor is sent to the DAQ interfaced to the computer. LabVIEW software is used to
acquire the input signal and send the output signal that is determined by the control algorithm. Fuzzy logic controller is designed in
LabVIEW. Based on the set point temperature, the controller sets the appropriate current to the heating rod. If the required
temperature is less than that sensed by the temperature sensor, the flow rate of water into the tank is controlled by a variable speed
pump. While conventional controllers are analytically described by a set of equations, the FLC is described by a knowledge-based
algorithm. Thus this system is highly efficient in both heating and reducing the temperature of the tank. A fuzzy logic controller gives
faster response, is more reliable and recovers quickly from system upsets. It also works well to uncertainties in the process variables
and it does not require mathematical modelling.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Temperature Control
Process control system is made up of a group of electronic
devices and equipments that provides stability, accuracy and
eliminates harmful transition statuses in production process.
Process control is extensively used in industry and enables
mass production of continuous processes.
Temperature control of water is a process in which change of
temperature is measured and the passage of heat energy into or
out of it is adjusted to achieve a desired temperature. It is the
basic requirement in domestic as well as industrial applications
as it provides a critical condition for combustion, chemical
reaction, fermentation, drying, calcinations, distillation etc.
Poor temperature control can cause major safety, quality and
productivity problems.
At the beginning of the industrial revolution, especially during
60‟s and 70‟s relays were used to operate automatic machines
and they were interconnected using wires inside control panel,
hence the control became complex. Programmable logic
controller is an industrial computer used for automation of
processes. To discover an error in the system much time was
required especially with more complex process control system.
These panels proved to be inflexible and needs for reliable and
rigid controller enhanced rapidly thereby resulting in the
invention of new technologies and softwares.
2. CONTROLLER
To accurately control process temperature without extensive
operator involvement, a temperature control system relies upon
a controller, which accepts input from temperature sensors such
as a thermocouple or RTD. It compares the actual temperature
to the desired control temperature, or set point, and provides an
output to a control element.
The following items should be considered when selecting a
controller:
Type of input sensor (thermocouple, RTD) and
temperature range
Type of output required (electromechanical relay,
SSR, analog output)
Control algorithm needed (on/off, proportional, PID)
Number and type of outputs (heat, cool, alarm, limit)
Once the model for a process has been developed,
then there is a need for control action to maintain the
process under steady state.
3. DRAWBACKS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM
The existing system needs the employment of instrumentation
engineers to monitor and control the various processes. The
existing system does not show the real time simulation; thereby
having the text based programming complexity and also having
difficulty in identifying the errors and rectifying it. The use of
the LabVIEW software helps in overcoming these problems
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and makes the processes done in a simpler and easier manner.
In a general temperature control process, cooling process takes
time i.e., the heater power is decreased or is turned off in order
to achieve decrease in water temperature.
4. NEED FOR THE PROJECT
The need for today‟s industry is a real time monitoring and
control of the various parameters in a simpler manner with easy
identification and rectification of errors. As the existing
system‟s cooling process is time consuming, a need to speed up
the cooling process arises.
5. PROPOSED SYSTEM
In this project, temperature monitoring and control of water in
the tank is established with the help of fuzzy controller
designed in LabVIEW software. This implementation attempts
to correct the error between the measured temperature and the
desired set point thus achieving efficient temperature control.
6. METHODOLOGY
Temperature control of water is a process in which change of
temperature of water is measured or otherwise detected, and the
passage of heat energy into or out of the water is adjusted to
achieve the desired temperature. The fuzzy controller uses
defined rules to control a fuzzy system based on the current
values of input variables, temperature error and error rate.
Triangular form of membership function is used here. It
involves the use of LabVIEW software which has enhanced
features employed in this method for continuously monitoring
the process even when the process variable reaches the set
point. The parameters adjust themselves to the conditions of the
process automatically as the process variable changes and
thereby the output is attained.
Fuzzy Logic
The MISO temperature control system is designed and
implemented using fuzzy controller that is programmed in
LabVIEW. Fuzzy logic is a method of rule-based decision
making used for process control.
Implementation Of Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy system consists of three main parts: linguistic variables,
membership functions and rules. The basic steps in designing
fuzzy logic control is as follows:
Identifying the input and output variables.
Partitioning the interval of each input and output into
number of fuzzy subsets, assigning each a linguistic
label.
Determining a membership function for each fuzzy
subset.
Assigning the fuzzy relationship between the “input
fuzzy subsets” on one hand and the “output fuzzy
subsets” on the other hand, thus forming the Rule-
Base.
Interpreting the rules using fuzzy “AND” and “OR”,
operators. In fuzzy systems, more than one rule may
fire at the same time, but with varied strengths.
Translating the processed fuzzy data into the crisp data
suitable for real time applications.
7. CLOSED LOOP TEMPERATURE CONTROL
The system parameter which is the process variable that needs
to be controlled is temperature (ºC) . Continuous outflow of
water from the tank acts as a disturbance to the process. A
sensor is used to measure the process variable and provide
feedback to the control system. The set point is the desired or
reference value for the process variable. At any given moment,
the difference between the process variable and set point is
used by the control system algorithm ( compensator ), to
determine the desired actuator output to drive the system
(plant). For instance, if the measured temperature process
variable is 40 ºC and desired temperature set point is 50 ºC,
then the actuator output specified by the control algorithm is to
drive a heater.
Actuator signal to drive a heater causes the system to become
warmer which results in an increase in the temperature process
variable whereas the actuator signal to drive the pump causes
the system to reduce temperature more efficiently. This is
called a closed loop control system, because the process of
reading sensors to provide constant feedback and calculating
the desired actuator output is repeated continuously and at a
fixed loop rate.
Fig1: closed loop control
Control Configuration
A control configuration is the information structure that is used
to connect the available measurements to the available
manipulated variables. Depending on the number of controlled
output and manipulated input we have in a chemical process,we
can distinguish the control configurations as :
(i)Single input single output(SISO)
(ii)Multiple input multiple output(MIMO)
(iii)Multiple input single output(MISO)
(iv)Single input multiple output(SIMO) control systems.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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8. MULTIPLE INPUT SINGLE OUTPUT PROCESS
If there is only one control variable and more than one
manipulated variable the control configuration is called
multiple input single output (MISO) system. For example, the
temperature of the reactor feed (a disturbance) can be
measured, and the coolant flow rate can be manipulated. Both
of these affect the reactor temperature.
Process Setup
The process setup consists of a single tank filled with water and
a heater is being incorporated in order to supply heat. Initially
inflow and outflow of water is set at a constant flow rate. A
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is used to measure the
temperature of the setup. This signal is conditioned and then
fed to the analog input module of the DAQ, which in turn sends
the signal to LabVIEW. The RTD gives the output in ohms and
by signal conditioning it, output is received in volts (0-5V).
The LabVIEW compares this signal with the set point and
generates a digital signal which is fed to the analog output
module of the DAQ. The output from this module is given to
the heater control unit and the pump through SCR and SSR
.The purpose of the proportional SSR and SCR is to vary the
current through the heater and the pump respectively.
The schematic diagram of the process setup is shown in Fig.2
Fig2:schematic diagram of process setup
9. TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Resistance temperature detectors are used to measure
temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element
with temperature. The RTD element is made from a pure
material whose resistance at various temperatures has been
documented. The material has a predictable change in
resistance as the temperature changes and it is this predictable
change that is used to determine temperature. The material used
here is Platinum.
A platinum resistance temperature detector (RTD) Pt100 is a
device with a typical resistance of 100 Ω at 0°C (it is
called Pt100). It changes resistance value as its temperature
changes following a positive slope (resistance increases when
temperature is increasing).
While thermocouples use the Seebeck effect to generate a
voltage, resistance thermometers use electrical resistance and
require a power source to operate. The resistance ideally
varies linearly with temperature.
For a PT100 sensor, a 1 °C temperature change will cause a
0.384 ohm change in resistance. RTD output for the
corresponding temperature has been tabulated in Table 4.2
Table1: RTD output for corresponding temperature
TEMPERATURE RTD OUTPUT (Ω)
0 100
20 107.79
40 115.54
50 119.40
60 123.24
So even a small error in measurement of the resistance (for
example, the resistance of the wires leading to the sensor) can
cause a large error in the measurement of the temperature. For
precision work, sensors have four wires- two to carry the sense
current, and two to measure the voltage across the sensor
element. The linear characteristics of RTD is shown in the
Figure3
Fig3: characteristics of RTD
10. RTD SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
Signal conditioning means manipulating an analog signal such
that it measures the requirements of next stage for further
processing. For example, the output of an electronic
temperature sensor ,which is probably too low for an Analog-
to-Digital converter (ADC) to process directly. In this case the
signal conditioning amplification is necessary to bring the
voltage level up to that required by a ADC. More generally, the
signal conditioning can include amplification, ,converting and
any other process required to make sensor output suitable for
conversion to digital format.
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The circuit diagram of RTD conditioning is shown in figure4
Fig4: signal conditioning of RTD
CIRCUIT DESIGN
V1=(R1/R1+R2)*Vcc
V2=(R3/R3+R4)*Vcc
V1-V2=Bridge Output Voltage
Gain=R6/R5
Calculation:
V1=(1kΩ/1kΩ+1kΩ)*5V=2.5V
V2=(120Ω/120Ω+121Ω)* 5V=2.48V
V1-V2=0.02V
Gain for differential amplifier
R6/R5=40kΩ/2kΩ=20
Output Voltage =Gain*Bridge Output =20*0.02=0.4V
Bridge output varies from 0.02 to 0.2V
At 38C,the output is 0.4V
At 100C,the output is 4V
11. FUZZY SYSTEM
A fuzzy system is a system of variables that are associated
using fuzzy logic. A fuzzy controller uses defined rules to
control a fuzzy system based on the current values of input
variables. Fuzzy system consists of three main parts: linguistic
variables, membership functions and rules.
Linguistic Variables And Terms
Linguistic variables represent, in words, the input variables
and output variables of the system to be controlled. Linguistic
variables usually have an odd number of linguistic terms, with a
middle linguistic term and symmetric linguistic terms at each
extreme. Each linguistic variable has a range of expected
values. The linguistic variables current temperature and desired
temperature each might include the linguistic terms cold,
moderate, and hot. The linguistic variable heater setting might
include the linguistic terms off, low, and high.
Membership Functions
Membership functions are numerical functions corresponding
to linguisticterms. A membership function represents the degree
of membership of linguistic variables within their linguistic
terms. The degree of membership is continuous between 0 and
1, where 0 is equal to 0% membership and 1 is equal to 100%
membership. There are several types of membership functions
available, namely, Λ-type (triangular shape), Π-type
(trapezoidal shape), singleton-type (vertical line shape),
Sigmoid-type (wave shape), and Gaussian-type (bell shape)
membership functions. The various membership functions are
shown in Fig5.
Fig5: various membership functions
Fuzzy Inputs and Output
In our project there are two inputs and based on the
combination of these inputs, the output is obtained. Each of
these inputs has seven subsets.
Input 1: Temperature Error
Input 2: Temperature Error Rate
Output : Fuzzy output to Heating rod or Pump
Subsets For Inputs And Output
Input 1(Temperature Error) : Positive Big, Positive Medium,
Positive Small, Zero, Negative Small, Negative Medium,
Negative Big
Figure 6 displays the Edit Variable dialog box
Fig6: membership function for error
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Input 2(Temperature Error Rate) : Positive Big, Positive
Medium, Positive Small, Zero, Negative Small, Negative
Medium, Negative Big
Figure 7 displays the Edit Variable dialog box with all
members hifunctions for the Error rate input variable.
Fig7: membership function for error rate
Output : Positive Big, Positive Medium, Positive Small, Zero,
Negative Small, Negative Medium, Negative Big
Fig8: membership function for fuzzy output
The Rule Base Table
Rules describe, in words, the relationships between input and
output linguistic variables based on their linguistic terms The
total number N of possible rules for a fuzzy system is defined
by the following equation:
N = p1 × p2 × … × pn
where pn is the number of linguistic terms for the input
linguistic variable n. If each input linguistic variable has the
same number of linguistic terms, the total number N of possible
rules is defined by the following equation:
N = p^m
where p is the number of linguistic terms for each input
linguistic variable and m is the number of input linguistic
variables.Plotting a rule base in matrix form,is helpful for
detecting inconsistencies, such as contradictory rules.
However, plotting a rule base in matrix form is efficient only
for small rule bases. Detecting inconsistencies in large rule
bases is difficult. For fuzzy systems with numerous controller
inputs, you can use cascading fuzzy systems to avoid large rule
bases. The rule base table is shown below:
Table 2: rule base table
ERROR
RATE
PB PM PS ZO NS NM NB
ERROR
PB PB PB PB PB PM PM PS
PM PB PB PB PB PB PM PS
PS PB PB PB PB PM PS NM
ZO PB PM PM PM PS ZO NS
NS PM PS ZO NS NM NB NB
NM PM ZO NS NM NB NB NB
NB ZO NS NM NB NB NB NB
12. DEVELOPING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
Fuzzy controllers are used to control fuzzy systems. Most
traditional control algorithms require a mathematical model of
the system you want to control. However, many physical
systems are difficult or impossible to model mathematically. In
addition, many processes are either nonlinear or too complex
for you to control with traditional strategies. However, if you
can describe a control strategy qualitatively, you can use fuzzy
logic to create a fuzzy controller that emulates a heuristic rule-
of-thumb strategy. After a fuzzy controller fuzzifies the input
values of a fuzzy system,the fuzzy controller uses the
corresponding input linguistic terms and rule base to determine
the resulting linguistic terms of the output linguistic variables.
The block diagram of a fuzzy controller has been shown in Fig
5.2.
Fig9: fuzzy logic block diagram
The objective of the fuzzy controller in our project is to
estimate the amount of current supplied to the heating rod and
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 01 Issue: 02 | Oct-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 113
the inlet flow rate to achieve the desired water temperature. The
basic steps in designing a fuzzy logic controller are as follows:
1. Identifying the input and
output variables.
2.Partitioning the interval of
each input and output into
number of fuzzy subsets,
assigning each a linguistic label.
3.Determining a membership
function for each fuzzy subset.
4.Assigning the fuzzy relationship between the “input fuzzy
subsets” on one hand and the “output fuzzy sets on the other
hand,thus forming the Rule-Base.
5.Interpreting the rules using fuzzy “AND” and “OR”
operators. In fuzzy systems, more than one rule may fire at the
same time ,but with varied strengths.
6.Translating the processed fuzzy data into the crisp data
suitable for real world applications.
13. FUZZIFICATION
Fuzzification is the process of associating crisp, or numerical,
input values with the linguistic terms of the corresponding input
linguistic variables. For example, a fuzzy controller might
associate the temperature reading from a thermometer with the
linguistic terms cold, moderate, and hot for the current
temperature linguistic variable. Depending on the membership
functions for the linguistic terms, the temperature value might
correspond to one or more of the linguistic terms.
14. DEFUZZIFICATION
Defuzzification is the process of converting the degrees of
membership of output linguistic variables within their linguistic
terms into crisp numerical values. A fuzzy controller can use
one of several mathematical methods to perform
defuzzification. . The most accurate defuzzification method for
a fuzzy controller varies based on the control application.
. Some of the popular methods are:
1) Max membership principle
2) Centroid method
3) Weighted average method
4) Mean-max membership
The Centroid Method
The „Centroid method‟ is the most prevelant of all
defuzzification methods and hence it has been used. In the
Centroid or Center of Area (CoA) defuzzification method, also
called the Center of Gravity (CoG) method, the fuzzy controller
first calculates the area under the scaled membership functions
and within the range of the output variable. The fuzzy logic
controller then uses the following equation to calculate the
geometric center of this area.,
where CoA is the center of area, x is the value of the linguistic
variable, and xmin and xmax represent the range of the
linguistic variable.The Center of Area defuzzification method
effectively calculates the best compromise between multiple
output linguistic terms.
An important aspect of a defuzzification method is the
continuity of the output signal. Consider a fuzzy system with a
complete rule base and overlapping membership functions. A
defuzzification method is continuous if an arbitrary small
change of an input value never causes an abrupt change in the
output signal. In this respect, the centroid defuzzification
method is most suitable, because, assuming overlapping output
membership functions, the best compromise does not jump to a
different value with a small change to the inputs.
15. TEST SYSTEM
Fig 10: test system window
The final step in designing fuzzy controller is using the test
system to check the accuracy of the defuzzified value. The test
system of the LabVIEW is used to test the relationship between
the input and output values of a fuzzy system in order to
validate the rule base of the fuzzy system. In the test system the
values of the input variables are entered manually. The
controller then calculates the corresponding weights of the
inputs. Based on the antecedent connective and consequent
implication the weight of the output is found out. The test
system also displays the rules invoked. The test system gives an
option to select the plot variables. Based on these selections the
input/output relationship is mapped. If needed the input and
output variables can be altered to achieve accuracy. Finally
once the output has been obtained the controller is saved. This
file is loaded into the program for processing of the input and
obtaining the output
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Volume: 01 Issue: 02 | Oct-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 114
Fig 11: result window1
Fig 12: result window2
Fig 13: result window3
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed project helps in efficient monitoring and control
of water temperature in the tank with the help of fuzzy
controller designed in LabVIEW software. This system
attempts to correct the error between the measured temperature
and the desired set point thus achieving efficient temperature
control. The need for today‟s industry is a real time monitoring
and control of the various parameters in a simpler manner with
easy identification and rectification of errors.As the existing
system‟s cooling process is time consuming, speeding up the
cooling process is the need of the hour which the proposed
system fulfills.
REFERENCES
[1] “Chemical process control” by George Stephanopoulos,
Pearson Education Publications 2009.
[2] “ Design and construction of a LabVIEW based
Temperature controller with using Fuzzy Logic” by
A.Sertaç Sunay, Onur Koçak, Ersin Kamberli, Cengiz
Koçum.
[3] “Electrical &Electronic Measurements and
Instrumentation”, A.K.Sawhney, Dhanpat Rai
Publication,7th
edition 2005.
[4] “Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic theory and applications”,
George J Klir
[5] “Fuzzy Logic Toolkit User Manual”, www.ni.com
[6] www.pacontrol.com/fuzzy.html
[7] www.techteach.com
[8] “Simulation and Design of Fuzzy Temperature Control
for Heating and Cooling Water System”, Zaid Amin
Abduljabar, International Journal of Advancements in
Computing Technology, Volume III, May 2011