Evaporators are used to reduce the volume of a liquid by boiling it. This concentrates the liquid and removes solvents. There are different types of evaporators that use heat exchange and decreasing pressure between effects to boil liquids. Key components include a heat exchanger, vacuum system, vapor separator and condenser. Process factors like material properties, temperatures, and pressures must be considered during evaporator operation.

1. Evaporator Equipment used in evaporation, the process of boiling a liquid in order to reduce its volume Need Reduces transportation cost Storage costs Prepare for the next Unit operation – drying, crystallisation etc. Reduces deteriorative chemical reactions Better microbiological stability Recovery of solvent http://avibert.blogspot.com

2. Evaporator Driving force: Temperature difference in between steam chest temperature and product temperature. Result : Volatile solvent is removed from the feed. Solution (volatile solvent + non volatile solute) Concentrate (Higher solute Conc.) http://avibert.blogspot.com

3. Examples Concentration of milk to produce condensed milk Concentration of juices Concentration of NaOH, NaCl from aqueous solutions to produce salt. Ether recovery from fat extraction http://avibert.blogspot.com

4. Basic Parts of an Evaporator Heat-exchanger Vacuum Vapour separator Condenser http://avibert.blogspot.com

5. Evaporator Vapor out Feed in Steam in (Saturated vapor) Product out Condensate out (Saturated Liquid) Vapor Separator Heat Exchanger Vaccum for non condensable Condensor unit Coolant In Coolant out http://avibert.blogspot.com

6. Evaporator Type Batch Pan Rising Film Falling Film Multiple Effect Evaporators http://avibert.blogspot.com

7. Processing Factors Conc of solute in feed Conc of solute in product/concentrate Pressure and Temp. of the system Depends on temperature sensitivity of material. Boiling point elevation http://avibert.blogspot.com

8. Processing Factors Steam pressure and temperature Material of construction Foaming Low heat transfer rate Entrainment loss http://avibert.blogspot.com

9. Heat Transfer Coefficient, h A coefficient which indicates the amount of heat flow that is exchanged across a unit area of a medium or system in a unit amount of time with a unit of temperature difference between the boundary of the system. S.I. unit W m -2 K -1. http://avibert.blogspot.com

10. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U In cases of combined heat transfer for a heat exchanger, there are two values for h. Convective heat transfer coefficient for the fluid film inside the tubes Convective heat transfer coefficient for the fluid film outside the tubes. The thermal conductivity (k) and thickness (Dx) of the tube wall must also be accounted for. So an additional term (Uo), called the overall heat transfer coefficient, must be used instead. http://avibert.blogspot.com

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16. Steam Trap Function Discharge condensate, air and other incondensable gases from a steam system while not permitting the escape of live steam http://avibert.blogspot.com

17. Ball Float Steam Trap http://avibert.blogspot.com

18. Reduces the ferocity of discharge and sound. Sound levels can be reduced by up to 80%. http://avibert.blogspot.com

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21. Vapor Out m v h v Steam in m s h s Condensate out m c h c Water in m w h w Q E Q L http://avibert.blogspot.com

22. Lab Calculation Calculate U, overall heat transfer coefficient for the evaporator Perform a mass balance and energy balance Calculate discrepancy http://avibert.blogspot.com

23. Mass Balance Feed Side: m (kg/s) m (feed in) = m (Vapor) Steam Side m (steam)= m (condensate collected) + m (flash) http://avibert.blogspot.com

24. Flash Steam Loss The amount of flash steam produced during the pressure reduction can be expressed as: w = (H il - H fl ) / H fe where w = ratio of flash steam generated (kg flash steam / kg condensate) H il = initial liquid enthalpy (kJ/kg) H fl = final liquid enthalpy (kJ/kg) H fe = enthalpy of evaporation (kJ/kg) http://avibert.blogspot.com

25. Energy Balance H (kJ/kg) Energy from the steam to the water Q E The Heat Loss from the vessel to the room, Q L Amount of heat in condensing steam Q S Q S = Q E + Q L http://avibert.blogspot.com

26. Measurements Q S and Q E Mass Flow rate- condensate, feed water T,P will give H Specific Enthalpy Q = mH Q L Surface area Surface temperature Q L =hA ∆ T Q E = UA ∆ T http://avibert.blogspot.com

27. Further Reference Transport Processes and Separation process principle by: Christie. J. Geankoplis Animations on evaporator visit: www.rpaulsingh.com and click animations then evaporator http://avibert.blogspot.com

28. Multiple-effect Evaporator Water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the last. Because the boiling point of water decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next Generally the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an external source of heat http://avibert.blogspot.com

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30. Thank You http://avibert.blogspot.com