Design sag curve
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This document describes the design of a vertical curve or "sag curve" using a parabolic equation. It provides the process for determining the stationing and elevation of key points on the curve including the PVC, PVI, PVT, and lowest point. As an example, it analyzes a 500m equal tangent sag curve with an initial grade of -4% and final grade of +2%, finding the PVI at station 105+00 at an elevation of 980m, the PVT at 110+00 with an elevation of 990m, and the lowest point at 106+70m with an elevation of 986.6m.
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The GANTRY GIRDER spans between brackets attached to columns, which may either be of steel or reinforced concrete. Thus the span of gantry girder is equal to centre to centre spacing of columns. The rails are mounted on gantry girders.
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Gantry girder, having no lateral support in its length (laterally unsupported) has to withstand the following loads:
1. Vertical loads from crane :
Self weight of crane girder
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Weight of crab (trolley)
2. Impact load from crane :
As the load is lifted using the crane hook and moved from one place to another, and released at the required place, an impact is felt on the gantry girder.
3. Longitudinal horizontal force (Drag force) :
This is caused due to the starting and stopping of the crane girder moving over the crane rails, as the crane girder moves longitudinally, i.e. in the direction of gantry girder.
This force is also known as braking force, or drag force.
This force is taken equal to 5% of the static wheel loads for EOT or hand operated cranes.
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Lateral forces are also caused when the crane is dragging weights across the' floor of the shop.
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The document discusses measuring public procurement of innovation (PPI). It outlines user interests in PPI data and indicators, including understanding public R&D budgets and impacts. Previous PPI measurement efforts are described, including a data collection template. A proposed PPI scoreboard is outlined using input indicators like procurement expenditures and output indicators like new jobs. Next steps include finalizing a data collection template and defining key indicator validation procedures.Hukum%20 beramal%20dengan%20khurafat%20&%20azimat
1) Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang hukum beramal dengan khurafat dan azimat menurut perspektif Islam. Ia menjelaskan definisi khurafat sebagai cerita bohong, dongeng, atau hal-hal yang tidak masuk akal, serta mengutip hadis Nabi tentang khurafat.
2) Dokumen tersebut juga membahas tentang panduan dan hukum yang jelas dalam Islam terkait khurafat dan azimat agar umat manusia terbimbing
Evidence based policymaking for public procurement of innovation helsinki
The document proposes a methodology and scoreboard for measuring innovative public procurement in Spain based on previous experiences. It discusses two prior efforts - the 2010 e2i Action Plan and the EPSIS. For the scoreboard, it suggests input, output, and efficiency indicators measuring budgets, programs, personnel, resulting products/services, patents, publications, and e-government usage. The scoreboard would assess innovation impacts through public administration expenditure and procurement. It seeks to establish standardized measurement across regions and departments.
Traffic light design
This document proposes a study of a two-phase traffic light system for a four-way intersection. Saturated flow data was collected for each direction. The total lost time per cycle was calculated as 6 seconds. The optimum cycle length was determined to be 120 seconds. The effective green times were calculated as 47.6 seconds for the north-south phase and 66.4 seconds for the east-west phase. The actual green times were then determined to be 47 seconds for the north-south phase and 65 seconds for the east-west phase. A phase diagram was sketched to illustrate the light cycle.
Aw 101 occupational safety and health 2
The document discusses regulatory requirements for handling propane in Ontario, including training, certification, installation, and use. It covers testing requirements for propane tanks, including initial testing, tightness testing, and additional testing if tanks are relocated or damaged. The document also outlines activities that should be followed during propane transfer tasks, including major and minor modification activities. Maintenance requirements are provided such as inspecting and testing tanks on a regular basis.
Monitoring innovation public procurement
This document discusses monitoring innovation in public procurement in Spain. It outlines Spain's process for collecting data on innovative public procurement (IPP), including data gathering from sources like the EU's TED database and various Spanish administrative sources. These sources include the Ministry of Economy, the Spanish State Procurement Platform, innovation surveys, and regional innovation agencies. The document notes challenges around ensuring accurate, comparable data across fragmented sources and sectors. It describes ongoing activities to harmonize industry classifications and create templates for public bidders. The overall goals are to better understand the link between procurement, R&D and innovation through reliable, evaluable IPP statistics and information.
Roundabout design (bm)
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise led to improvements in memory, planning abilities, and the ability to multitask. Exercising for just 30 minutes three times a week was enough to see benefits, suggesting that moderate physical activity can help slow cognitive decline in older age.
Hydrology
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth's surface through various physical processes. Water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and vegetation into the atmosphere. It condenses to form clouds and precipitates as rain or snow. Precipitation may fall directly into water bodies, be intercepted by plants, infiltrate soils, or become surface runoff into streams, contributing to the total streamflow or base flow. Water is stored temporarily in the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, soils, aquifers and glaciers before repeating the cycle.
Cn 301 lecture 2
Soil is formed by the weathering and disintegration of rock. Key factors that influence soil formation are climate, organisms, topography, parent material and time. Soils are composed mainly of silicates, with quartz being the most abundant mineral. Other common minerals include feldspars, micas and clay minerals like kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Laboratory testing of soils helps characterize properties like particle size distribution, moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit and organic content which inform geotechnical analysis and design.
Expert workshop on the measurement of public procurement of innovation 4th fe...
Expert workshop on the measurement of public procurement of innovation 4th fe...Laura Hernandez Garvayo
This document discusses measuring innovative public procurement (IPP). It outlines user interests in IPP data and indicators, previous efforts to measure IPP in Spain, and a proposed methodology for an IPP scoreboard. The methodology would collect input data on IPP funding and personnel from ministries and output data on resulting firms, products, jobs and publications. Next steps are to create a template to collect this data and validate the indicators.Apple against Flash
The document discusses Steve Jobs' opposition to Flash and the technical and business reasons behind it. Technically, Jobs argued Flash was proprietary, crashed browsers and drained battery life. Business-wise, allowing Flash would compromise Apple's control over its platform and the app distribution channel. The document also provides exhibits on Apple's business model and the smartphone OS market share to further analyze the issues around Flash and Apple's perspective.
Introdusing of computer
The document provides an overview of computer applications, including:
- A brief history of computers from the abacus to modern PCs.
- The four main components of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. Hardware includes the central processing unit and other internal/external components.
- Examples of different types of computers like desktops, laptops, and tablets. The document also discusses stand-alone vs. networked computers.
- Common computer applications like word processing, spreadsheets, graphics/presentations, and web browsers. It also introduces the Windows XP operating system and desktop interface.
Air pollution
The document discusses various types of air pollution including their sources, effects, and definitions. It defines air pollution as gases, liquids, or particles in the air that negatively impact humans, plants, and animals. Primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide are directly emitted while secondary pollutants like ozone form when primary pollutants interact. Indoor pollutants like radon and outdoor pollutants including sulfur dioxide from burning coal are discussed. The effects of pollution on health, vegetation, and animals are also summarized. The greenhouse effect and gases that cause global warming are explained along with consequences such as rising sea levels and increased extreme weather events.
C5601 (bab 2)-pencemaran air
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Projent management
This document contains information for a presentation on project management at Polytechnic UNGKU OMAR. It includes definitions and concepts for turnkey projects, motivating factors in project management, and considerations for choosing construction materials. Specifically, it defines turnkey projects as those constructed to be sold as completed products. It discusses leadership styles that can impact motivation and important motivation techniques like communication, autonomy, feedback, and rewards. Lastly, it lists common construction materials and desirable properties like strength, availability, and durability.
Types of rainfall
The document discusses five main types of rainfall: 1) Convective rainfall which occurs when surface air is heated and rises, cooling to form clouds 2) Cyclonic or frontal rainfall caused by clashes between air masses along fronts like warm and cold fronts 3) Orographic rainfall which happens when moist air is forced upwards by mountains, cooling and condensing into rain on the windward slopes. 4) Artificial rainfall can be created through cloud seeding using substances like dry ice or silver iodide to induce raindrop formation. Each type of rainfall has distinct meteorological causes and characteristics.
Team spirit
This document discusses team spirit and how to foster it. It provides tips for building team spirit such as getting to know teammates personally, finding reasons to celebrate together, keeping everyone informed of progress, and recognizing achievements. It emphasizes the importance of cooperation, clear communication, commitment to shared goals, and defining roles and responsibilities. The results of poor teamwork are disagreements and fatigue, while positive team behaviors can help teams work effectively together.
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Expert workshop on the measurement of public procurement of innovation 4th fe...
Expert workshop on the measurement of public procurement of innovation 4th fe...
Evidence based policymaking for public procurement of innovation helsinki
Evidence based policymaking for public procurement of innovation helsinki
Expert workshop on the measurement of public procurement of innovation 4th fe...
Expert workshop on the measurement of public procurement of innovation 4th fe...
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Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surface
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
This manual contains programs on object oriented programming concepts using C++ language.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...
AI + Data Community Tour - Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstei...Paris Salesforce Developer Group
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
* Registration is currently open *
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
Webpage URL: https://aiad2024.org/index
Submission Deadline: June 22, 2024
Submission System URL:
https://aiad2024.org/submission/index.php
Contact Us:
Here's where you can reach us : aiad@aiad2024.org (or) aiadconference@yahoo.com
WikiCFP URL: http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=180509©ownerid=171656
#artificialintelligence #softcomputing #machinelearning #technology #datascience #python #deeplearning #tech #robotics #innovation #bigdata #coding #iot #computerscience #data #dataanalytics #engineering #robot #datascientist #software #automation #analytics #ml #pythonprogramming #programmer #digitaltransformation #developer #promptengineering #generativeai #genai #chatgpt #artificial #intelligence #datamining #networkscommunications #robotics #callforsubmission #submissionsopen #deadline #opencall #virtual #conference
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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Design sag curve
- 1. Design “Sag Curve”. Where ; Y = the lowest point of the curve C = height of PVC from Datum where x = 0. From the equation of parabolics, differentiation of .... 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑥! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 !" !" = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 curve gradient therefore, at PVC, x = 0 !" !" = 𝑏 and G1 = b ( in percentage) = initial gradient Rate of slope changes From the curve gradient, we do the 2nd differentiation to get the rate of slope changes. !" !" = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 PVC PVT PVI C ‐G1 +G2 Y = ax2 + bx+ c cdifferentiation Parabolics Equation Y Datum T T
- 2. !" !" = 2𝑎, where the rate of slope changes from geometric design is !!!!! ! Therefore, 2𝑎 = !!!!! ! , a = !!!!! !! Example A 500-meter equal-tangent sag vertical curve has the PVC at station 100+00 with an elevation of 1000 m. The initial grade is -4% and the final grade is +2%. Determine the stationing and elevation of the PVI, the PVT, and the lowest point on the curve Solution Where T(tangent) = 500 m PVC PVT PVI 1000 m ‐4% +2% Y = ax2 + bx+ c cdifferentiation Parabolics Equation 100+00 Y x
- 3. a. Determine the stationing at PVI and PVT We know that, the curve length, L for vertical curve design is ... L = 2T, So that, PVI = PVC + tangent = (100+00) + 500 m = (100+00) + (5+00) = 105+00 stn. PVT = PVC + L = (100+00) + 1000 m = (100+00) + (10+00) = 110+00 stn b. Determinethe elevation of PVI and PVT from datum Heigth of PVI = 1000 − !! !"# 𝑥 5𝑠𝑡𝑛 = 980 m PVC PVI T = 500m ‐4% 1000 m ??? Datum
- 4. Heigth of PVT = 980 + !! !"# 𝑥 5𝑠𝑡𝑛 = 990 m c. The lowest point on the curve From the parabolics equation, 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑥! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 Find, a = ? b = ? c = Elevation of PVC = 1000 m b = G1 = ‐4% = −4 𝑠𝑡𝑛 a = !!!!! !! = !!(!!) !(!")!"# where, L = 2T = 2(500) 1000m = 10 stn = 6 20𝑠𝑡𝑛 = 0.3/stn From the equation of gradient, !" !" = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 When !" !" = 0, 2ax + b = 0 2(0.3/stn)x + (‐4) = 0 PVT PVI T = 500m +2% 980m ??? Datum
- 5. 2(0.3/stn)x + (‐4) = 0 !.!! !"# − 4 = 0 0.6x = 4 stn x = 6.67 stn = 6.7 stn = 670 m = 6+70 stn So, the distance of the lowest point of curve is... Dist point from PVC = PVC + x = (100+00) + (6+70) = 106+70 stn The lowest point of curve, Y = ax2 + bx + c = 0.3 𝑠𝑡𝑛 6.7! 𝑠𝑡𝑛 + −4/𝑠𝑡𝑛 6.7𝑠𝑡𝑛 + 1000m = 986.6 m