The document discusses various types of air pollution including their sources, effects, and definitions. It defines air pollution as gases, liquids, or particles in the air that negatively impact humans, plants, and animals. Primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide are directly emitted while secondary pollutants like ozone form when primary pollutants interact. Indoor pollutants like radon and outdoor pollutants including sulfur dioxide from burning coal are discussed. The effects of pollution on health, vegetation, and animals are also summarized. The greenhouse effect and gases that cause global warming are explained along with consequences such as rising sea levels and increased extreme weather events.

1. CC604
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
AND CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION

3. •Any visible or invisible particle or
gas found in the air that is not part of
the original, normal composition.

4. Natural:forest fires, pollen, dust
storm
Unnatural: man-made; coal, wood
and other fuels used in cars, homes,
and factories for energy

6. DEFINITION
 There is a gas, liquid or particles contained in the
air so that the change and affect the life or other
materials.
 The materials are suspended in the air and a
negative impact on humans, plants and animals.
 This is due to these materials will enter the body
through breathing and can block the flow of
oxygen into the blood vessels.
 This can cause various diseases such as cramps,
cancer, asthma, cramps, and anemia.
Dust, smoke, mist, vapor or other substances that
can block eyesight is different form of air pollution

11. Pollutants
Pollutants can be classified as either
primary or secondary
primary pollutants
are substances directly emitted from a
process, such as the carbon monoxide
gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or
sulfur dioxide released from factories.

12. Secondary pollutants
are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the
air when primary pollutants react or interact. An
important example of a secondary pollutant is
ground level ozone.
Pollutants

18. Indoor Air Pollution

19. TYPES OF
INDOOR
AIR
POLLUTION
RADON
ASBESTOS
FOMALDEHYDE
PLUMBUM

20. RADON
 Radon is a chemical element in the periodic table that
has the symbol Rn and atomic number 86.
 Noble gas that is formed by the disintegration of
radium, radon is the heaviest gases and is considered
a health hazard.
 The most stable isotope is Rn-222 which has a half
life of 3.8 days and used in radiotherapy.
Radon gas can accumulate in homes and cause lung
cancer [1], causing potentially 20,000 deaths in
Europe alone each year.

21. RADON
 Radioactive gas found in soil & earth bricks
that exist in the original form of radium that
is damaged - such as the decay products of
uranium.
 Progeny, decay products @ daughtera.
 Damage lung tissue & lung cancer.
 Smokers are likely to die from this cancer.

22. Radon
• Radioactive radon-
222
• Lung cancer threat
• Occurs in certain
areas based on
geology
• Associated with
uranium and organic
material in rock

23. Effects of Air Pollution on People
• Respiratory diseases
• Asthma
• Lung cancer
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Premature death

24. ASBESTOS
 Minerals in the formation of crystals /
crystal.
 Long & thin fibers.
 Divided 2: serpentine & amphibole -
depending on the crystal element.
 Individuals at risk, building
maintenance, repairs, cleaning, plumber
& carpenter.

26. FOMALDEHYDE
 Chemical industry
manufacturing of building
materials
& Household products.
 Products of combustion.
 In the home-building materials
/ buildings, smoke cigarettes, a
product home.
 Fuels such as gas stoves.
 Production of examples
glue & adhesive components.

27. PLUMBUM
 Abundant in the earth's crust.
 In water, soil & plants.
 Easily obtained from the spread in the soil &
water.
 May occur during the combustion of the
battery container @ container of old paint
contains lead.
 Increased burning of leaded gasoline.

28. TYPES OF
AIR
POLLUTION
Ozone
Sulfur
Dioxide
Nitrogen
Dioxide
Carbon
Monoxide
Lead Dust
Dust
(particular
Matter)

29. Sulfur Dioxide
•produced when coal and fuel oil
are burned
•present in power plant exhaust
•narrows the airway, causing
wheezing and shortness of
breath, especially in those with
asthma

30. Sulfur Dioxide
 Gas no color
 Strong odor poked
 Easy to late rain water &
mould acid rain
(human skin, damage of iron
& steel, low land Ph,
Building simple & fragile
eroded.
 Eyes painful, damage the
lungs
 Many Industrial meta-orel
removing, cleaning of oil,
Pulp & Paper Manufacturing
Industries
Charcoal is a substance that
contains sulfur.
 When burning sulfur will
combine with oxygen to
produce sulfur dioxide
around the equation:
S + 2O2 ----------- SO4
 Sulfur dioxide is then
combined with hydrogen
ions in the vapor in the air
and form acids sulfurous.
 In addition, carbon dioxide
combines with hydrogen ions
and form carbonic acid.

31. Nitrogen Dioxide
 Grey gas to orange
 Brochitis & cancer respiratory organ.
 Damage lung tissue
 Eyes irritant
 Decreasing resistance Children of Flu
 Late rain water & acid rain Forming
 Key components in forming vague
Photochemical

32. Nitrogen Dioxide
•reddish, brown gas
•produced when nitric
oxide combines with
oxygen in the atmosphere
•present in car exhaust
and power plants
•affects lungs and causes
wheezing; increases
chance of respiratory
infection

33. Carbon Monoxide
•colorless, odorless
•produced when carbon does
not burn in fossil fuels
•present in car exhaust
•deprives body of O2 causing
headaches, fatigue, and
impaired vision

34. Carbon Monoxide
 Combines with hemoglobin
to form karboksihemoglobin
Causes lack of oxygen, can
cause death.
 Moisturize the brain,
dizziness & headaches.
Product gas is not
completely carbon
compounds.
 Resulting from car exhaust
areas of traffic congestion
Car & Garage under the
building closed.
 Occurs when the internal
combustion engine
can not burn the fuel
completely.
 Carbon monoxide is a
dangerous gas and can be
fatal if inhaled in a long-
term.
 Burning of fossil fuels like
coal and oil is the main
cause of air pollution.
 Fuel is also organic and has
the element carbon.
 Thus, incomplete combustion
produces carbon monoxide.

35. Dust (particular matter)
 Solid particles are trapped with
gas directly from the material
being diproses.Contohnya coal
& cement.
 Dust is separated from the
fragments of the parent in the
mechanical processes, such as
sawdust.
 Consisting of large particles
such substances; Used trapped
in coal-cleaning operations.
 Can deface
buildings
 Asthma attacks
for asthma
patients.
 Clogging leaf of
stoma & cover-
reduced rate of
photosynthesis.

36. Particulate Matter
•particles of different sizes and
structures that are released into the
atmosphere
•present in many sources including
fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.
•can build up in respiratory system
•aggravates heart and lung disease;
increases risk of respiratory infection

37. Lead (Plumbum)
 Retardation caused brain
defects in children.
 Reduce the ability of the
hand & foot coordination,
coma and death @ disrupt
the body's ability to build
new blood cells.
 Suspended matter.
 Sole source of car-exhaust
 Except with the nearest non-
ferrous smelting

38. OZON &
PHOTOCHEMICHAL SMOG

39. Ground Level Ozone
•at upper level, ozone shields Earth
from sun’s harmful UV rays
•at ground level, ozone is harmful
pollutants
•formed from car, power and
chemical plant exhaust
•irritate respiratory system and
asthma; reduces lung function by
inflaming and damaging lining of
lungs

40.  The main contributor to
car-exhaust
 Oxides of nitrogen are
formed in the
combustion of gasoline
& fuel released into the
atmosphere react with
sunlight, ozone.
 Ozone reacts with
hydrocarbons to form a
series & compound
include aldehydes &
organic acids.
OZON &
PHOTOCHEMICHAL SMOG

41. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
ON THE ENVIRONMENT
 Sources - the
construction,
demolition, soil
erosion, dust &
asbestos disposal
 Classification -
human health,
vegetation, animal

42. EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON
HUMAN HEALTH
 The main effect of air
pollution on humans is
the respiratory system.
 Gases such as carbon
monoxide will poison
the transport of oxygen
in the blood system will
slow human reaction
and the effects can lead
to drowsiness, asthma
and reduced lung
function.

43. EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON
HUMAN HEALTH
 Pollutants such as nitrogen oxide can cause
pulmonary edema and bleeding.
 Pollutants such as ozone gas can cause
irritation to cause inflammation of the lungs
and the ability to move.
 Dust, smoke, mist, vapor or other materials
are also prevents eye sight and also affect
the human eye.
 Study World Health Organization (WHO) state
of three million people die every year due to
air pollution.
 It is three times higher than the number of
deaths from vehicle accidents.

44. POLLUTION EFFECTS ON
VEGETATION
 The effects of the plant are damaged, such as
necrosis (loss of leaves), chlorotic (change colors),
and stunted growth.
 This effect will cause the earth lack of food resources
and economic section of the population is affected.
 Sulfur Dioxide - damage to the sheets - of cotton,
wheat.
 OZONE - leaf spots - tomatoes, beans, spinach &
potato.
 Flouride - End of burning leaves - the broadleaf trees.

45. EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON
ANIMALS
 Animals become endangered or dying as a result of
air pollution.
 This is because of the air entering the lungs of the
animal and plant sources of food contaminated with
the effects of air pollution.
 Most rapidly through the food
 Animals eat the plants vulnerable to food poisoning.
 Arsenic (metal lead)
 Animals exposed to contaminated sulfur dioxide gas.
Effect of fluoride harm cattle & sheep

47. The Greenhouse Effect

48. GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON

49.  1824 - a French scientists - Jean
Baptisle Fourier.
 Greenhouse
Without the greenhouse effect, earth
surface temperatures fell to -180C
GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON

50. GREENHOUSE

51. GREENHOUSE
 Greenhouse is a building made of glass or
plastic that allows planting of a protected and
controlled.
 The heat from the heat penetrates the
transparent structure of vegetation and soil in
it.
 In addition, the air inside is heated and has
remained without can escape out of this
building.

52. GREENHOUSE
 The building was constructed in various forms and roles.
In an industry desperate farmers, for example, it was
built with big size and equipped with modern equipment
for multi-monitor and promote the growth of plants in it.
 Glass or plastic are also used to work as an intermediary
that allows the transfer (or "liberation") of radiation at
certain frequencies.
 The result is that, in the energy "trapped" in it for
heating plants, and can not freely exit from the
greenhouse.
Greenhouse is also used in industry and also for research
purposes.

53. GREENHOUSE
PHENOMENON PROCESS
 Greenhouse effect occurs when the
composition of greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide rises above normal levels.
 When the composition is increased, the
molecules of gas, which is heat storage, will
trap heat and slow down the process of heat
release.

54. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
GLOBAL
 Global greenhouse effect occurs when, in the
infrared solar radiation entering the earth's
atmosphere are not adequately reflected by
normal due to the greenhouse effect.
 This will lead to gradual global warming, and
areas experiencing severe pollution will be
affected by more severe.
 The implications of global warming will cause
ice at both poles of the earth will experience
dilution and cause an increase in sea level.

56. SOURCES OF GREEN HOUSE
EFFECT
 Source of the greenhouse effect is an increase in
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
 Increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere caused by human activities such as:
a) Burning fuel
b) Forest fires
c) Felling of forests and livelihoods
d) Widespread burning of rubbish
e) Fuel combustion in industry
f) Motor vehicles
g) The use of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

57. GREEN
HOUSE
EFFECT
disrupted
agricultural
productivity
sea level rise
climate
change
affected
human
health
Daily activities
and
human
settlement
uninterrupted

58. SEA LEVEL RISE
 Sea level rise in the Arctic and Antarctica is
caused by melting chunks of ice that caused
flooding coastal areas, as occurs in coastal
Bangladesh.
 spill in sea water to agricultural areas and
increase the salinity (saltiness) of land.
 Makes it less suitable for agriculture.
 Will submerge low-lying areas and cause
flooding.

60. TSUNAMI (2004)

61. CLIMATE CHANGE
 Higher atmospheric temperature causes evaporation
of water occurs very quickly. Consequently, the
occurrence of droughts and floods is uncertain.
 Changes in the wind and currents causing natural
disasters such as storms (RITA, Katrina, Wilma) and
hurricanes.
 Extreme climatic events where droughts and floods
occur unexpectedly, such as in Africa. This reduces
the production of forest and agriculture.
 Changes in rainfall and water resources, transforming
the availability of water.
 It bring problems to the agriculture and reforestation.

62. Evidence for Climate Change
1. 20th C was hottest in the past 1000 years
2. Global temp has risen 0.6°C (1.1°F) since
1861
3. 16 warmest years on record since 1980, 10
warmest since 1990
4. Glaciers and sea ice are melting
5. Sea level has risen 100-200 cm over 20th C

63. Past Climate Changes

64. CO2 and temperature from ice cores

65. Solutions: Dealing with the Threat
of Climate Change
Options
• Do more research before acting
– “wait and see” (current US
strategy)
• Act now to reduce risks
because global warming would
have severe impacts
• Act now in same way to reduce
risks of global warming
because it has other benefits to
environment and society (even
if warming doesn’t happen)

66. JOHOR FLOODS (2006 & 2011)

67. AFFECTED HUMAN HEALTH
 Changes in temperature can cause the
heat wave in some places and people,
especially the older population may
have heatstroke.
 Lack of fresh water and flooding can
cause contaminated water used and
lead to diarrhea.

68. DAILY ACTIVITIES AND HUMAN
SETTLEMENT UNINTERRUPTED
 Transfer of climate zones and the movement
of sea water and flooding can affect fishing
and other aquatic life.
 Natural disasters such as storms and
droughts also cause electrical interference.
 People living in coastal areas have sometimes
placed within the other because of flooding.

69. DISRUPTED AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY
 Production of crops and livestock
declined due to lack of water and heat.

70. measures to overcome
 Re-afforestation
 Recycling (GREEN DOT)
 Awareness campaign
 The use of environmentally friendly
energy sources.

73. Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere

74. Large Antarctic Ozone hole three times the size of the United States. September, 2000.
Credit: © Science VU/NASA/Visuals Unlimited
Seasonal Ozone Layer Thinning at the Poles

75. Loss of the Ozone Layer:
Reasons for Concern
• Increased incidence and severity of
sunburn
• Increase in eye cataracts
• Increased incidence of skin cancer
• Immune system suppression
• Increase in acid deposition
• Lower crop yields and decline in
productivity

76. Skin Cancers

77. Solutions: Protecting the Ozone Layer
• CFC substitutes
• Montreal Protocol 1987
• Copenhagen Protocol 1992
• both signed by 177 countries
• CFCs take 10-20 years to get to the
stratosphere
• CFCs take 65-385 years to break down

78. Future CFC concentrations

79. AIR
POLLUTION
CONTROL
EQUIPMENTS
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS
(ESP)
GRAVITATIONAL
SETTLING
CHAMBER
CYCLONE
COLLECTOR
WET
COLLECTOR
FABRIC
COLLECTOR

80. API: Air Pollution Index
•Indicates whether pollutant levels in air
may cause health concerns.
•Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500
(greatest concern)

81. Air Quality Air Pollution Index Protect Your Health
Good 0-50 No health impacts are expected when
air quality is in this range.
Moderate 51-100 Unusually sensitive people should
consider limiting prolonged outdoor
exertion.
Unhealthy for
Sensitive Groups
101-150 Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion.
Unhealthy 151-200
Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion, everyone else, especially
children should limit prolonged outdoor
excertion.
Very Unhealthy (Alert) 201-300 Active children and adults, and people
with respiratory disease, such as
asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor
exertion everyone else, especially
children, should limit outdoor exertion.

82. MEASUREMENT OF AIR
QUALITY
*Pure Air - Air semulajd but does not exist in
the natural environment
*the beginning of the first generation
Equipment needed to get quantitative
information about the air built by engineers &
scientists controlling air pollution.
Advantages - Quick, inexpensive & does not
require external power to operate.
Disadvantages - difficult to use, slow &
inaccurate

83. Second Generation
•Expanded when the data are more accurate & fast
required
•Using a power source, usually electric pumps to
move air & unttk may mensampel with more air in
a shorter time.
•Gas measurement technique typically involves wet
chemistry in which the gas is dissolved in the fluid
collector @ response with it.

84. Third Generation
•To produce a continuous reading.
•Continuous graph showing the levels
of various pollutants is obtained by
measuring spontaneous

85. measurement of particulate
•The first generation of devices for measuring particulates involves
measuring the amount of dust deposited on the earth.
The measurement of dust fall is the easiest method to measure air
quality.
•Whether the dust is collected in open containers @ the sticky tape is
placed around the jar.
•Sampling period to maturity is usually 30 days, usually sticky tape
can be read within 7 days & provide a qualitative indicator of the
particulate pollution.
•Dust fall jar dried to remove moisture & weighed to determine the
amount of dust in the blender, usually reported in tons (2,000 lb) of
dust per square mile settle within 30 days.

86. clean filter weight is 10:00g. After 24 hours in the hi-vol
sampler, dust filter and weighs 10.10 g. Air flow on the
surface & final test period was 60 & 40 ka3/min,
respectively. What is the concentration of particulates?
The weight of particulates (dust):
= (10:10 to 10:00) g x 106μg / g
= 0.1 x 106μg
The average air flow:
= (60 + 40) / 2 = 50 ka3/min
Amount of air through the filter:
= 50 ka3/min x 60 min / hour x 24 hours / day x 1 day
= 72.000 ft3
= 72.000 ft3 x 3.28 x 10-3 m3/kaki3
= 2038 m3
Total suspended particles:
= (0.1 x 106μg) / 2038 m3
= 49 6μg) / m3

87. Thank you