The document discusses mass haul diagrams (MHD), which are used to compare earthwork distribution costs for construction projects. MHDs graphically represent cumulative earthwork volumes along a linear profile. Peaks indicate transitions between cuts and fills, and balanced sections are bounded by points intersecting the x-axis. MHDs can identify where cuts and fills balance, quantities of material movement, and if borrow or waste is required. Construction of MHDs involves plotting cumulative earthwork values along the y-axis by stationing along the x-axis. Analysis of MHDs determines balanced sections and their average haul distances to estimate transportation costs.

1. Topic 3
MASS HAUL
DIAGRAM

2. Objective:
• Explain the basic concepts of the Mass
Haul Diagram.
• Define the use of Mass Haul Diagram.
• Explain the methods used in the haulage of
large volumes of earthwork calculation .
• Explain the method used in calculating the
haulage of large volumes of earthwork for
construction

3. INTRODUCTION
Mass-haul diagrams (MHD) are used to compare the economics
of the various methods of earthwork distribution on road or railway
construction schemes. With the combined use of the MHD plotted
directly below the longitudinal section of the survey centre-line, one
can find :
The distances over which ‘cut and fill’ will balance.
Quantities of materials to be moved and the direction of movement.
Areas where earth may have to be borrowed or wasted and the
amounts involved.
The best policy to adopt to obtain the most economic use of plan.

4. Mass Haul Diagrams
• Diagrammatic representation of
earthwork volumes along a linear
profile
• Horizontal stationing is plotted along
the X-axis
• Net earthwork values are plotted
along the Y-axis

5. Mass Haul Diagrams
• An Earthwork Profile is a plot of the net
earthwork along a roadway or airstrip
• Net cut values are plotted above the X-
axis (positive Y value)
• Net fill values are plotted below the X-
axis (negative Y value)
• Presents a picture of the earthwork
requirements

6. Mass Haul Diagrams
• Upward sloping curves indicate
(rising left to right) indicate a cut
• Downward sloping (falling left to
right) curves occur in a fill section
• Peaks indicate a change from cut to
fill and valleys occur when the
earthwork changes from fill to cut

7. Mass Haul Diagrams
• The cumulated volume of earthwork at the
horizontal axis (Y=0) is 0
• When a horizontal line intersects two or more
points along the curve, the accumulated volumes at
those points are equal
• A negative value at the end of the curve indicates
that borrow is required to complete the fill
• A positive value at the end of the curve indicates
that a waste operation will be the net result

8. SAMPLE 1
CUMULATIVE VOLUME , m3
(+) CUT (+) WASTE
CHAINAGE, m
(-) FILL
SAMPLE 2
CUMULATIVE VOLUME , m3
(+) CUT CHAINAGE, m
(-) FILL (-) BORROW

9. CUMULATIVE VOLUME , m3
MAXIMUM – END POINT OF CUT VOLUME
(+) CUT CHAINAGE, m
(-) FILL
MINIMUM – END POINT OF FILL VOLUME

10. Mass Haul Diagrams
To construct the Mass Haul Diagram manually:
• Compute the net earthwork values for each
station, applying the appropriate shrink factor
• Net cuts have a positive value, net fills have a
negative value
• The value at the first station (origin) = 0
• Plot the value of each succeeding station which
equals the cumulative value to that point, i.e.,
the value at i = net cut/filla+b+c+…i

11. Distance Volume (Cubic Metres) Cumulative volume
(Metres) CUT + FILL - (Cubic Metres)
0 0
+ 490
100 + 490 Table 8.1
Example of
+ 927 Volumes
200 + 1 417 Table
+ 982
300 + 2 399
+ 279
380 + 2 678
- 31
400 + 2 647
- 226
500 + 2 421
- 654
600 + 1 767
- 1 160
700 + 607
- 933
800 - 326
- 92
831 - 418
+ 220
900 - 198
+ 428
1 000 + 230

12. Characteristics of Mass Curve:
1- Rising sections of the mass curve indicates areas where excavating
exceeds fill, whereas falling sections indicate where fill exceeds
excavation.
2- Steep slopes reflect heavy cuts & Fills, while flat slopes indicate areas
fro small amount of earthwork.
3- The difference in ordinates between any two points indicate net excess
of excavation over embankment or vise versa.
4- Any horizontal line dawn to intersect two points within the same curve
indicates a balance of excavation (cut) and embankment (fill) quantities
between the two points.
5- Points of zero slope represent points where roadway goes from cut to
fill or from fill to cut.
6- The highest or the lowest points of the mass haul diagram represents
the crossing points between the grade line (roadway level) and natural
ground level.

14. Mass Haul Diagram

15. Mass Haul Diagrams
To construct & analyze the Mass Haul Diagram
manually:
• Identify the the resulting balanced sections,
which are bounded by points that intersect the
X-axis
• Draw a horizontal line midway between the peak
or valley and the X-axis. The scale length of that
line is the average length of haul within that
balanced section
• Determine earthwork volumes within each
balanced section
• Determine whether there is an overall balance,
waste or if borrow is required

16. DEFINITION AND IMPORTANT PHRASES
Bulking An increase in volume of earthwork after excavation
Shrinkage A decrease in volume earthwork after deposition and compaction.
Haul distance The distance from the working face of the excavation to the tipping
(d) point.
Average haul The distance from the centre of gravity of the cutting to that of the
distance (D) filling.
Freehaul The distance, given in the Bill of Quantities, included in the price of
Distance excavation per cubic metre.
Overhaul The extra distance of transport of earthwork volumes beyond the
Distance freehaul distance.
The sum of the product of each load by its haul distance. This must
Haul equal the total volume of excavation multiplied by the average haul
distance, i.e. ∑ vd = VD
The product of volumes by their respective overhaul distance. Excess
Overhaul
payment will depend upon overhaul.
Station Metre A unit of overhaul, viz. 1 m3 x 100 m.
Borrow The volume of material brought into a section due to a deficiency.
Waste The volume of material taken from a section due to excess

17. CASE with1
Calculate the cumulative volume Shrinkage Factor 10%
Chainage Volume of cutting Volume of fill (m3)
(m) (m3)
0
100 22275
200 13902
300 2268
400 17744
500 14256
600 900
Solution
Chainage Volume of Volume of fill Shrinkage Skrinkage Corrected Cumulative
(m) cutting (m3) (m3) volume (10%) volume volume volume (m3)
corrected
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)= (3)+(4) + for cut
- for fill
0 0 + 0
100 22275 +22275 + 22275
200 13902 +13902 36177
+
300 2268 226.8 2494.8 -2494.8 33682.2
400 17744 1774.4 19518.4 -19518.4 14163.8
500 14256 1425.6 15684.6 -15684.6 -1517.8
600 900 90 990 -990 -2057.8

18. CASE 1 - MASS HAUL DIAGRAMME
(CUMULATIVE VOLUME VS CHAINAGE)
40000
35000
30000
CUMULATIVE VOLUME ,m3
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-5000
CHAINAGE, m

19. CASE 2volume
Calculate the cumulative
Chainage Volume of cutting Volume of fill (m3)
(m) (m3)
0
100 22275
200 13902
300 2268
400 17744
500 14256
600 900
Solution
Chainage Volume of Volume of fill Corrected Cumulative
(m) cutting (m3) (m3) volume volume (m3)
(1) (2) (3) + for cut
- for fill
+ 0
0 0
100 22275 +22275 + 22275
200 13902 +13902+ 36177
300 2268 -2268 33909
400 17744 -17744 16165
500 14256 -14256 1909
600 900 -900 1009

20. CASE 2 - MASS HAUL DIAGRAMME
(CUMULATIVE VOLUME VS CHAINAGE)
40000
35000
30000
CUMULATIVE VOLUME ,m3
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
CHAINAGE, m

21. SIMPLE QUESTION
Plot mass haul diagram with data below
Chainage (m) CumulativeVolume
(m3)
0 0
100 22275
200 36177
300 33909
400 16165
500 1909
600 1009
The mass haul diagram same with before this

22. Analyze Cumulative volume m3
Isipadu Kumulatif (m 3)
the MHD C1
C
E G F
E1
H I
J K
A1
A D B
Chainage
Rantaian (m) ,m
From the graph,
Line Description 7.2 : Lengkung Gambarajah Urungan Padu
Gambarajah
EF Freehaul distance
CG Freehaul volume
CD Haul volume
HI Average haul distance – centre line of CD
GD Overhaul volume
JK Average overhaul distance - centre line of GD

23. Calculation MHD
Haul = Haul volume x average haul distance stn.m
100
Freehaul = Freehaul volume x freehaul distance stn.m
100
Overhaul = Overhaul volume (average overhaul distance – freehaul distance) stn.m
100

24. Cost of earthwork
TOTAL COST OF EARTHWORK
Freehaul prices in = freehaul volume x freehaul distance x freehaul
freehaul distance prices
Overhaul prices = overhaul volume x freehaul distance x freehaul
in freehaul prices
distance
Overhaul prices = overhaul volume x (average overhaul distance –
in overhaul freehaul distance) x overhaul prices
distance
Borrow prices = borrow volume x borrow prices
Waste prices = waste volume x waste prices

25. End of topic
• Exercise