The document discusses the design of rectangular patch antennas using metamaterial substrates. It aims to reduce the size of conventional rectangular patch antennas by implementing defected ground structures (DGS) to create a metamaterial substrate. The document outlines the objectives, work, design methodology used, and expected results. Simulation results are expected to show that the metamaterial antennas can reduce the size of the antennas by 30-60% while improving performance metrics like return loss and bandwidth. Fabrication and testing will verify the simulation results.

1. RUSTAMJI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BORDER SECURITY FORCE TEKANPUR GWALIOR (M.P)
PRESENTATION
ON
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTEENA
USING METAMATERIAL SUBSTRATE
SUBMITED TO SUBMITED BY
NEERAJ SHRIVASTAVA PRATEEK KUMAR
(HOD OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT) 0902EC13MT09
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
MTECH 2ND YEAR

2. ANTEENA ?
ANTENNA IS A TRANSDUCER DESIGNED TO
TRANSMIT OR RECEIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES .

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
• The main objectives of this project are:
i) To prove the concept of metamaterial.
ii) To reduce the size of rectangular patch
antenna by implementing metamaterial as
substrate.
iii) To compare the performance of DGS and
conventional antenna.

4. MY WORK
• the development of two rectangular patch
antenna using DGSs that functions at 4.7 GHz and
2.4GHz
• Then, produce the metamaterial substrate by
using DGS.
• substrates are then tested through simulation
using NRW method to find the metamaterial
functional frequency.
• both conventional and DGS antennas are
designed USING CST SOFTWARE

5. •All simulation for conventional and DGS
antennas had been done in CST ENVIRONMENT
• Thus, the size and performance of conventional
and DGS antenna are compared.
•Fabrication will made to verify the simulation
results.

6. ANTENNA TYPES
i. Active integrated antennas
ii. Antenna arrays (including smart antennas)
iii. Dielectric antennas (such as dielectric resonant
antennas)
iv. Microstrip antennas (such as patches)
v. Lens antennas (sphere)
vi. Wire antennas (such as dipoles and loops)
vii. Aperture antennas (such as pyramidal horns)
viii. Reflector antennas (such as parabolic dish antennas)
ix. Leaky wave antennas

7. MICROSTRIPANTENNA
Antenna Patch
Dielectric substrate
Ground plane
Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on
one side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane
on the other side.

8. SHAPES OF MICROSTRIP
PATCH .

9. Different Parameters of Micro-strip
Antenna
•L = Length of the Micro-
strip Patch Element
•W = Width of the Micro-
strip Patch Element
•t= Thickness of Patch
•h = Height of the
Dielectric Substrate.

10. Calculation of Parameters:-
The equation to realize the conventional
rectangular patch antennas are shown as below:

11. The effective dielectric constant of a
microstrip line is given by

12. Feed Techniques:-
Micro-strip antenna can be feed by variety of methods.
This methods can be classified into two categories-
contacting and non-contacting. The foremost popular feed
techniques used are :-
• Micro-strip line.
• Co-axial probe
• Aperture coupling
• Proximity coupling

13. Microstrip Line Feed
• Microstrip line feed is a feeding method
where a conducting strip is connected to the
patch directly from the edge

14. The simplified calculation for the length of the
inset cut shown by equation
where:
l = the inset cut length
εr = Permittivity of the dielectric
L = Length of the microstrip patch

15. Advantages of Micro-strip Patch Antenna
•Light weight and low volume.
• Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made
conformal to host surface.
• Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large
quantities.
• Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.
• Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs).
•Capable of dual and multi frequency operations.
• Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.
• useful in aircraft, satellites and missile applications,

16. Disadvantages:-
•Narrow bandwidth
•Low efficiency
•Low Gain
•Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions
•Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot
antennas
• Low power handling capacity.
• Surface wave excitation.

17. APPLICATIONS
• The use of micro-strip
antennas for integrated
phased array systems.
• Used in GPS (Sat.
Navigational System)
technology.
• Mobile satellite
communications, the
Direct Broadcast Satellite
(DBS) system & remote
sensing.
• Non-satellite based
applications- such as
medical hyperthermia.

18. Many methods are used to reduce the size of
MPA like ----
using planar inverted F antenna structure (PIFA)
 or using substrate with high dielectric constant
Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is one of the
methods to reduce the antenna size.
The substrate with DGS is considered as metamaterial
substrate when both relative permittivity, εr and
permeability, μr are negative.

19. • metamaterial antenna will have good performance and
smaller size to conventional one.
• . The metamaterial antenna behaves as if it were much
larger than it really is.
• extending the bandwidth, DGS approaches can also be
utilized.
 Due to the increment of the side and back radiation. the
front lobe or main lobe will decrease which lead to
reduction in gain.
Conventional antenna follows the right-hand rule metamaterial
antenna follows the left-hand rule
•conventional antenna radiates at frequency of half wavelength of the
patch length while metamaterial antenna able to radiates having
smaller size of antenna
•project emphasize on obtaining the metamaterial using DGS

20. METAMATERIAL
• Metamaterial is a material having negative
relative permittivity and permeability. These
• two properties determine how a material will
interact with electromagnetic radiation.
• Metamaterial substrates are synthesized by
combining electric and magnetic dipole elements.

21. Figure 2.20: Structure used for metamaterial synthesis (a) SRRs , (b) metal wire
lines, (c) CSRRs,
(d) slot lines

22. DGS
• The concept of DGS arises from the studies of
Photonic Band Gap (PBG) structure which
dealing with manipulating light wave. PBG is
known as Electron Band Gap (EBG) in
electromagnetic application. They are actually
artificial periodic structures that can give
metamaterial behavior.

23. Different DGS geometries : (a) dumbbell-shape (b) Spiral-shaped (c) H-shaped (d)
U-shaped (e) arrow head dumbbell (f) concentric ring shaped (g) split-ring resonators (h)
interdigital (i) cross-shaped (j) circular head dumbbell (k) square heads connected with U
slots (l)
open loop dumbbell (m) fractal (n)half-circle (o) V-shaped (q) meander lines (r) U-head
dumbbell
(s) double equilateral U (t) square slots connected with narrow slot at edge.

24. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
• The software simulation includes the designing of
conventional antennas and DGS metamaterial
antennas
• CST Studio software is used for antenna simulation.
Characteristics of substrate values
Permittivity εr 3.00 ± 0.04
Permeability, μr 1.00
Loss tangen, tan 𝛿 0.0013
Thickness, h 0.5mm
Copper cladding, t 0.035mm

25. Two DGS structures have been designed. The first design (a) is the
circular rings and the second design (b) is the split rings.
Bottom view of DGS structures: (a) circular rings behave
as metamaterial at 4.75
GHz, (b) split rings behave as metamaterial at 2.45 GHz.
(a) (b)

26. Relative permittivity, εr and permeability, μr value versus frequencies for
substrate with circular rings DGS
NRW calculation

27. Permittivity, εr and permeability, μr value versus frequencies for substrate with slip rings
DGS.
NRW calculation

28. Designing rectangular patch antenna
The simulation of conventional antenna is designed for the purpose
of comparison to DGS one
Two conventional MPA antennas were designed at 4.75 GHz and 2.4
GHz respectively.
Characteristics goals of conventional rectangular patch antenna
Frequency of operation 4.7 GHz and 2.4
GHz
Return loss (dB) <-10dB
Feeding method Microstrip line
Polarization Linear

29. FABRICATION PROCESS
• The fabrication process involves 5 steps which
are:
• Generate mask on transparency film
• Photo exposure process
• Etching in developer solution
• Etching in Ferric Chloride
• Soldering the probe.

30. EXPECTED RESULT
of 4.75 GHz antenna
• Comparison between conventional and DGS
antenna performance in term of return loss,
bandwidth and radiation pattern.
• that metamaterial antenna can reduce the of
rectangular patch antenna SIZE
• The rectangular patch antenna with DGS gives
better return loss
• that DGS antenna MAY increase the bandwidth
by 60 -80 % directivity will decrease
• total efficiency will increase more than 60%

31. the simulation and measurement of 4.75 GHz
antenna and2.45 GHz antenna is under process
With the help of
 comparison Simulation Graph between return
loss and frequency
3D radiation pattern comparison
Polar plot comparison
For both antenna accurate results can be
achieved .

32. CONCLUSION
• the dimension of a microstrip patch antenna
operating at 4.7 GHz had been can be reduced
up to approx. 30% of the original dimension
while having larger bandwidth.
• Moreover, 2.45GHz metamaterial antenna will
able to reduce the size upto 60% but having
poor performance.
• the reflection coefficient reduced and
• The antennas fabricated will have better
performance to the conventional one

33. REFERENCE
[1] Pozar, D.M. Microstrip antennas.
[2] M.I.A. Khaliah, “ Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) for
Microstrip AntennaDesign”, Master of Engineering (Electrical –
Electronic Telecommunication)
[3] Ahmed A. Kishk, “Fundamentals of Antennas”, Center of
Electromagnetic
[4 ] Microstrip and printed antennas, new trends technique and
application