This document is a dental pharmacy assignment submitted by a student, Md. Waliullah Wali, to his lecturer at Southeast University. It discusses various topics related to dental pharmacy including the anatomy of teeth, common dental problems, and medications used in dentistry. The medications section covers 10 categories of drugs including anesthetics, analgesics, mouthwashes, antibiotics, antifungals, antiseptics, muscle relaxants, artificial saliva, and fluoride supplements. For each category, examples of drugs are provided along with their indications, dosages, and potential complications. The document concludes with sections on dental prophylactic preparations including mouthwashes and toothpastes, and recommendations for proper teeth brushing technique.
The Chandler dentists at Shumway Dental Care will make sure you have a healthy mouth and a beautiful smile. Whether you need cosmetic dentistry, bridges or crowns, or just a checkup, their staff will make sure your visit is comfortable. Visit http://www.mychandlerdentists.com/
3150 S Gilbert Rd Suite 1
Chandler, AZ 85286
(480) 659-7800
shumwaydentalcare@gmail.com
The Chandler dentists at Shumway Dental Care will make sure you have a healthy mouth and a beautiful smile. Whether you need cosmetic dentistry, bridges or crowns, or just a checkup, their staff will make sure your visit is comfortable. Visit http://www.mychandlerdentists.com/
3150 S Gilbert Rd Suite 1
Chandler, AZ 85286
(480) 659-7800
shumwaydentalcare@gmail.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dental Management of Patient with Diabetes Mellitus PresentationIraqi Dental Academy
This lecture discuss the topic of dental management of medically compromised patient who suffers from diabetes mellitus. it's simple lecture that directed to the level of mind of undergraduate students. thanks for viewing and reading, and please share the knowledge!
Dental Equipment Market is worth USD 6.90 billion in 2016 and is expected to reach USD 9.04 billion by 2022, at a CAGR of 4.60% from 2016 to 2022.
Download Free Sample: https://www.scalarmarketresearch.com/request-sample.php?id=195
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dental Management of Patient with Diabetes Mellitus PresentationIraqi Dental Academy
This lecture discuss the topic of dental management of medically compromised patient who suffers from diabetes mellitus. it's simple lecture that directed to the level of mind of undergraduate students. thanks for viewing and reading, and please share the knowledge!
Dental Equipment Market is worth USD 6.90 billion in 2016 and is expected to reach USD 9.04 billion by 2022, at a CAGR of 4.60% from 2016 to 2022.
Download Free Sample: https://www.scalarmarketresearch.com/request-sample.php?id=195
This presentation is on forensic odontology, also known as forensic dentistry. It encompasses the role and scope of dentistry in identification of individuals in mass disasters.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON SALT RESISTANT TRANSGENIC RICE VARIETY IN BANGLADESHWaliullah Wali
Introduction
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia including Bangladesh. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.
Transgenic Rice or Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified. Rice plants have been modified to increase micronutrients such as vitamin A, accelerate photosynthesis, tolerate herbicides, resist pests, increase grain size, generate nutrients, flavours or produce human proteins.
The natural movement of genes across species, often called horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer, can also occur with rice through gene transfer mediated by natural vectors. However, the cultivation and use of genetically modified varieties of rice remains controversial and is not approved in some countries.
Objective of Transgenic rice production:
Objective of Transgenic rice production is to given bellow-
High-yielding varieties
Flood-tolerant rice
Drought-tolerant rice
Salt-tolerant rice
Environment-friendly rice
Future potential
Golden rice
Expression of human proteins
PRODUCTION OF BIOENERGY FROM INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERWaliullah Wali
Abtract
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, very often by human activities. Water can be polluted by various ways; Industry and agriculture are the main source of water pollution. At present polluted water cause very harmful effect to the environment. However, treatment of water reduces some portion of this harmful effect, but this might involve high cost. As a results many industries in our country does not abide by the rules of Government environmental policy and through their waste water into the river. The discharge of wastewater into the environment poses a serious threat. This results environment pollution and causes harmful effect on animal lived in water (e.g. fish) as well as for human beings. But it is also a huge opportunity for ecological health, social wellbeing and green employment. If, high value product is obtained from this polluted industrial waste water, then it might be used by the Industries and environment will be less toxic. These studies show some useful application of industrial waste water to get high value products and services.
Abtract 3
Introduction 3
Types of water pollution 5
1. Nutrients Pollution 5
2. Surface water pollution 5
3. Oxygen Depleting 5
4. Ground water pollution 5
5. Microbiological 5
6. Suspended Matter 6
7. Chemical Water Pollution 6
8. Oil Spillage 6
Source of Water Pollution: 6
1. Industrial Waste and Effluent 7
2. Solid Waste and Sewage Disposal 8
3. Inadequate Sanitary Facilities 9
4. Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water. 9
5. Underground storage and tube leakages 10
Effects of Water Pollution 11
1. Death of aquatic (water) animals 11
2. Disruption of food-chains 11
3. Diseases 12
4. Destruction of ecosystems 12
5. Human Health 12
6. Economic cost 13
Present wastewater management 13
1. Preventive practices 13
2. Capture the wastewater immediately 13
3. Treatment 13
4. Recycle and re-use water: 14
5. Education, Awareness, Advocacy and Stewardship: 14
Production of Bioenergy from Industrial And Agricultural Waste water 15
1. Production of Biological methane 15
2. Biological hydrogen production 18
3. Biological electricity production 22
4. Biological chemical production 26
Conclusion 29
References 29
DNA- based biosensors
DNA- based biosensors
Limitations
Poor detection limit
Non-specificity
Inefficient electrode regeneration
Sophisticated electrode preparation
It lacked specificity towards As(III)
Aptamers - based biosensors
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can bind to a number of target analytes, including proteins and peptides with high affinity and specificity.
Commercial potential for use as biosensors.
Aptamers - based biosensors
Aptamers - based biosensors
Possible mode of interaction of arsenic site with aptamer
Aptamers - based biosensors
Aptamers - based biosensors
Protein-based biosensors
Most protein-based biosensors developed for As(III) or As(V) are based on the inhibition phenomenon.
Interaction between protein and arsenic species
Characteristics of cell free arsenic biosensors with detection limits and induction period/response time
Conclusion
A number of arsenic biosensors have been developed based on whole-cell biosensor to biomolecules based biosensors.
However, whole-cell biosensor has successfully utilized in the analysis of arsenic in groundwater and soil, but has some limitations.
Biomolecules based biosensors has quick response capacity and better detection limits.
Further challenges
Development of biosensors that could detect arsenic in complex matrices including health related matrices such as blood, urine, etc. and water with high TDS and salinity including seawater.
Article info
Thank you All
Cancer genome databases & Ecological databases Waliullah Wali
Introduction
Biological databases are libraries of life sciences information, collected from scientific experiments, published literature, high-throughput experiment technology, and computational analysis.
Information contained in biological databases includes gene function, structure, localization, clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences and structures.
Cancer genome databases
COSMIC cancer database
COSMIC cancer database
COSMIC is an online database of somatically acquired mutations found in human cancer.
The database is freely available.
COSMIC cancer database
Types of data
Expert curation data
Genome-wide screen data
COSMIC cancer database
Expert curation data
Manually input by COSMIC expert curators.
Consists of comprehensive literature curation followed by subsequent updates.
Includes additional data points relevant to each disease and publication.
Provides accurate frequency data as mutation negative samples are specified.
COSMIC cancer database
Genome-wide screen data
Uploaded from publications reporting large scale genome screening data or imported from other databases such as TCGA and ICGC.
Provides unbiased molecular profiling of diseases while covering the whole genome.
Provides objective frequency data by interpreting non mutant genes across each genome.
Facilitates finding novel driver genes in cancer.
Enter into -
COSMIC cancer database
by typing http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic
in the address bar of Browser
Searching Process
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Ecological databases
Ecological databases
Ecological databases is a source for finding ecological datasets and quickly figuring out the best ways to use them.
BioOne
DataONE
GEOBASE
BioOne
BioOne is a nonprofit publisher that aims to make scientific research more accessible.
BioOne was established in 1999 in Washington, DC.
BioOne is Complete and open-access.
It serves a community of over 140 society and institutional publishers, 4,000 accessing institutions, and millions of researchers worldwide.
Enter into -
BioOne Ecological database
by typing http://www.bioone.org/
in the address bar of Browser
Hemophilia is a common hereditary coagulation disorder due to deficiency or reduce activity of clotting factor VIII or clotting factor IX.
This disorder is a X- linked recessive disorder.
Types:
Hemophilia A- deficiency of clotting factors VIII
Hemophilia B- deficiency of clotting factors IX
Hemophilia C- deficiency of clotting factors XI
Parahaemophilia- deficiency of clotting factor V
Causes of hemophilia
Hemophilia has a sex-linked recessive inheritance.
In most cases Hemophilia caused by a mutation in a gene that encodes for one of the clotting factors .
Since the hemophilia gene is located on the X chromosome, Hemophilia usually occurs in males, and Female is the carrier of hemophilia.
Diagnosis
Complete blood cell count
Coagulation studies
FVIII assay
Normal values for FVIII assays are 50-150%. Values in hemophilia are as follows:
Mild: >5%
Moderate: 1-5%
Severe: <1%
Treatment of Hemophilia
Other Types of Treatment
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Antifibrinolytic Medicines
Vaccinations- hepatitis A and B.
Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy
New Drugs for Hemophilia treatment
New Drugs for Hemophilia treatment
Bangladesh perspectives
Bangladesh would have 10800 hemophiliacs.
But, initially the patients does not concern about hemophilia.
Patients are usually diagnosed only after bleeding episode and sometimes the episode are causes serious consequences.
Conclusion
Primary diagnosis with the success of gene therapy and availability of the new bioengineered products the prospect of the hemophiliacs will be brighter in near future.
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Transgenic animal models for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptidesWaliullah Wali
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is developed in animal by transgenic technology and effects of vasoactive peptide are seen.
Vasoactive peptide is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues.
Vasoactive peptide is produced in many tissues including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain.
It stimulates contractility of heart, causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure.
Vasoactive peptide has a half-life (t½) in the blood of about two minutes.
Transgenic technology has established to be very useful for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptide systems.
In-plant Training Report at Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd. by~ WaliullahWaliullah Wali
ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
In Plant Training
Training Period: From August 06, 2014 to August 19, 2014Duration: 14 Days
Training Areas:
WarehouseProduction DepartmentQuality Assurance & Quality Control Department Product Development DepartmentMaintenance & Engineering Department
Introduction
In Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors within the country's economy.
This sector is also providing 97% of the total medicine requirement of the local market.
Recently few new industries have been established with high tech equipment’s and professionals which will enhance the strength of this sector.
Ziska Pharmaceutical Ltd. is one of them.
PROFILE ABOUT ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
Company Name: Ziska Pharmaceutical Ltd.
Factory Location: Karol Surichala, Safipur, Gazipur
Head Office: Nurul tower, 34- Purana Paltan line, Dhaka-1000
Corporate Setup: Private Limited Company.
Manufacturing areas: 146500 sft.
Established Year: 1986
Popular Products OF ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
Engineering department
Engineering department
The Engineering department deals with the complete maintenance of the production and companies total working environment .
The Engineering section of Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd. covers the following Utilities :
Production machineries.
Electricity supply
Air Handling
Water supply
Emergency supply
Repairing, restoring and reporting
Worker distribution and pest control.
Engineering department
Utility Service
Electricity:
Required electricity mainly obtained from DESA, incase of load shedding heavy duty generator provide electricity.
Generator:
Name: Cummins
Type: diesel operated.
Capacity: 1750 kilowatt.
Requirement: 1500 kilowatt.
Engineering department
Engineering department
HVAC:
It means Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC). It maintains optimum temperature and humidity throughout the factory.
All seeks to provide thermal comfort , acceptable indoor air quality and reasonable installation operation.
Engineering department
HVAC:
Controlling of temperature and Relative Humidity in deferent areas-
Dispensing: 22±2°C 45±5% RH
Solid &Liquid: 22±2°C 55±5% RH
Sterile: 22±2°C 50±5% RH
Low humidity requiring rooms: 22±2°C 25±5% RH
Minimum air change rate:
Class B 30/hr
Class C 30/hr
Class D not less than 15/hr
Engineering department
HVAC system:
Engineering department
HVAC system:
Engineering department
Chiller system:
This system is involved for the production of chilled water which is supplied through the pipe to produce air conditioning system.
Process:
Engineering department
Engineering department
HEPA Filter
High-efficiency particulate air Filter or HEPA filter is an air filter that must remove (from the air that passes through) 99.97% of 0.3 µm size particles.
Smaller and larger particles are filtered at even greater efficiency.
The effi
Contents
Definition
Purposes
Ingredients
Types of toothpaste
How to choose a toothpaste?
Toxic components of a toothpaste
Caution on toothpaste usage
Definition
A toothpaste or dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth.
Toothpaste Ingredients
Different types of Toothpastes
ANTI-CARIES AGENTS
Fluoride:
considered to be the most effective caries-inhibiting agent, and almost all toothpastes today contain fluoride in one form or the other
The most common form is sodium fluoride (NaF), but mono-fluoro-phosphate (MFP) and stannous fluoride (SnF) are also used
Fluoride is most beneficial when the mouth is not rinsed with water after tooth brushing. In this way a bigger amount of fluoride is retained in the oral cavity
How do teeth decay?
Tooth decay begins when the outer surface of the tooth is attacked by acid. The acid is produced by bacteria which live on the surfaces of the teeth as a layer called plaque. When foods or drinks containing sugars enter the mouth, the bacteria within the plaque rapidly converts the sugars into acid. The plaque can hold the acid in contact with the tooth surface for up to 2 hours before it is neutralized by saliva.
During the time that the plaque is acidic, some of the calcium and phosphate minerals, of which enamel is largely composed, are dissolved out of the enamel into the plaque. This process is called demineralisation.
Fluoride:
There are three main theories considering the positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
Positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
the most important anti-caries effect is claimed to be due to the formation of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in plaque and on the enamel surface during and after rinsing or brushing with fluoride.
CaF2 serves as a fluoride reservoir.
When the pH drops, fluoride and calcium are released into the plaque fluid.
Fluoride diffuses with the acid from plaque into the enamel pores and forms fluoroapatite (FAP).
FAP incorporated in the enamel surface is more resistant to a subsequent acid attack.
Mouthwashes
A mouthwash is defined as a non-sterile aqueous solution used mostly for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect.
Mouthwashes or rinses are designed to reduce oral bacteria, remove food particles, temporary reduce bad breathe and provide a pleasant taste.
Mouth rinses are generally classified as either cosmetic or therapeutic or a combination of the two.
Mouthwashes
Therapeutic rinses
often have the benefits of their cosmetic counterparts,
but also contain an added active ingredient, f. ex. fluoride or chlorhexidine, that help protect against some oral diseases.
What are antiperspirants and deodorants?
Antiperspirants and deodorants are personal hygiene products designed to control sweating and body odour. Antiperspirants and deodorants contain ingredients that control sweat and body odour safely and effectively. They are readily available on the market as sprays (aerosol), sticks, creams or roll-ons.
Shampoo
Human Hair Structure
Introduction
Shampoo is a hair care product that is used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.
Introduction
Ideal Properties
Functions of Shampoo
Classification
Classification
Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Classification
Classification
II. Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shampoos
Antidandruff and Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
Classification
III. Based on Origin:
Compositions
Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30 ingredients.
Several types of ingredients are particularly important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.
“Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.
“Additives" that stabilize the product.
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Manufacturing Process
Some pearlising agents are waxy solids at ambient temperature and require melting in a drum oven or similar before use.
Demineralised water is most commonly used in order to minimise contamination of the product.
No further processing is required after blending, and the product may be packed off directly from the mixing vessel.
Manufacturing Process
For preparing liquid shampoo,
Triethanalamine lauvyl sulfate,
stearic acid are heated to about 650C.
Water & preservatives are also heated to 650C.
Both the solutions are mixed together and then cooled.
Perfumes are added after that. The shampoo thus prepared is bottled by automatic bottle filling machine.
Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability
Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability.
50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1
Quality Control Tests
b)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.
Quality Control Tests
c)Wetting Action:
Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.
Quality Control Tests
d)Viscosity:
Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.
Quality Control
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Inflammation is a normal, protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, noxious chemicals, or microbiologic agents. Inflammation is the body's effort to inactivate or destroy invading organisms, remove irritants, and set the stage for tissue repair. When healing is complete, the inflammatory process usually subsides.
However, inflammation is sometimes inappropriately triggered by an innocuous agent, such as pollen, or by an autoimmune response, as in asthma or rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation is triggered by the release of chemical mediators from injured tissues and migrating cells and include amines, such as histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine; lipids, such as the prostaglandins; small peptides, such as bradykinin; and larger peptides, such as interleukin-l.
Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3
First Phase : 5
Second Phase : 5
Third Phase : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
Did GATT succeed? : 6
Slide 20: 6
Slide 21: 6
Slide 22: 6
Slide 23: 6
Slide 24: 6
Difference between GATT & WTO 7
X ray
Md. Waliullah Wali
Dept. of pharmacy
Southeast University
Outline
XRD
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an analytical technique looking at X-ray scattering from crystalline materials. Each material produces a unique X-ray "fingerprint" of X-ray intensity versus scattering angle that is characteristic of it's crystalline atomic structure.
X-ray diffraction procedures
apply only to crystalline
Materials.
Principles of XRD
X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample.
The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg's Law (nλ=2d sin θ).
XRD Techniques
XRD Techniques
Applications of XRD
Limitations of XRD
XRF
X-Ray Fluorescence is defined as “The emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis.”
X-ray fluorescence procedures
applied to the material
in any physical state,
solid, liquid and gas.
Principles of XRF
The XRF method depends on fundamental principles that are common to several other instrumental methods involving interactions between electron beams and X-rays with samples, including, X-ray spectroscopy (e.g. SEM – EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (microprobe WDS).
XRF Techniques
Applications of XRF
Advantages of XRF
Limitation of XRF
0
References
1. Elements of physical chemistry by S Glasstone
2. Atkins physical chemistry
3. Pharmaceutical chemistry by LG Chattem
4. Brady, John B., and Boardman, Shelby J., 1995, Introducing Mineralogy Students to X-ray Diffraction Through Optical Diffraction Experiments Using Lasers. Jour. Geol. Education, v. 43 #5, 471-476.
5. Brady, John B., Newton, Robert M., and Boardman, Shelby J., 1995, New Uses for Powder X-ray Diffraction Experiments in the Undergraduate Curriculum. Jour. Geol. Education, v. 43 #5, 466-470.
6. Buhrke, V. E., Jenkins, R., Smith, D. K., A Practical Guide for the Preparation of Specimens for XRF and XRD Analysis, Wiley, 1998.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
Dental pharmacy ~wali
1. Southeast University
Department of Pharmacy
Assignment on: Dental Pharmacy (Drugs used in dental cares and complications, Dental
prophylactic preparations)
Submitted to:
Md. ShahidSarwar
Lecturer
Hospital & Community Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy
Southeast university
Submitted by:
Md. WaliullahWali
Id. 2010000300031
Batch- 15th(B)
Department of Pharmacy
Southeast University
Date: 30 October 2013
2. Table of Contents
Tooth ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Human Teeth Anatomy................................................................................................................................................. 4
Typesof Teeth .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Functions of teeth ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Common Dental Problems ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Medications Used in Dentistry ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Medication in dentistry................................................................................................................................................. 8
I. Anesthetics............................................................................................................................................................. 9
II. Analgesics/pain killers......................................................................................................................................... 10
A. Paracetamol/ Acetaminophen .................................................................................................................. 10
B. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs)[8] .................................................................................... 10
C. Corticosteroids ointment ........................................................................................................................... 11
III. Mouth washes ................................................................................................................................................... 11
IV. Antibiotics .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
V. Antifungal ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
VI. Antiseptics ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
VII. Dry Mouth Drugs .............................................................................................................................................. 13
VIII. Muscle Relaxants ............................................................................................................................................. 13
IX. Drugs to Control Plaque and Gingivitis .............................................................................................................. 14
X. Other dental medications .................................................................................................................................. 14
Fluorides ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
Benzodiazepines ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Saliva substitutes ................................................................................................................................................ 14
Dental Prophylactic Preparations ............................................................................................................................... 15
Mouthwash ................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Toothpaste .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Teeth Brushing Technique .......................................................................................................................................... 19
References .................................................................................................................................................................. 20
2
3. Tooth
A tooth (plural teeth) is a small, calcified, whitish structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many
vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for
hunting or for defensive purposes. The roots of teeth are covered by gums. Teeth are not made of
bone, but rather of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness.[1]
Figure 1: Teeth of humans
Teeth of humans are small, calcified, hard, whitish structures found in the mouth. They function in
mechanically breaking down items of food by cutting and crushing them in preparation for
swallowing and digestion. The roots of teeth are embedded in the maxilla (upper jaw) or the
mandible (lower jaw) and are covered by gums. Teeth are made of multiple tissues of varying
density and hardness. [1]
Figure 2:Longitudinal section of tooth
Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long-lasting) features of mammal species. In human the
first set (also called the "baby", "milk", "primary", and "deciduous" set) normally starts to appear at
about six months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as
neonatal teeth. Normal tooth eruption at about six months is known as teething and can
bepainful.[2]
3
4. Human Teeth Anatomy
Figure 3:Human Teeth Anatomy
The teeth are the hardest substances in the human body. Besides being essential for chewing, the
teeth play an important role in speech. Parts of the teeth include:
1. Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Enamel is mostly made of calcium
phosphate, a rock-hard mineral.
2. Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. Dentin is made of living cells, which secrete a hard
mineral substance.
3. Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the
pulp of the teeth.
4. Cementum: A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums
and jawbone.
5. Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw.
6. A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about
age 13:
7. Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws.
8. Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors.
9. Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars.
10. Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food.
11. Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often
surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth.
The crown of each tooth projects into the mouth. The root of each tooth descends below the gum
line, into the jaw.[3]
4
5. Typesof Teeth
There are 32 permanent teeth including four different tooth types in the mouth.
Figure 4: Types of tooth
1. Incisors
The incisors at the front of the mouth have a sharp biting surface and are used for cutting or
shearing food into small chewable pieces. There are eight incisors in both primary and permanent
dentitions.
2. Canines
The canines are situated at the 'corners' of the dental arches. They have a sharp, pointed biting
surface. Their function is to grip and tear food. There are four canine teeth in both primary and
permanent dentitions.
3. Premolars
The premolars, unlike the incisors and canines, have a flat biting surface. Their function is to tear
and crush food. They are unique to the permanent dentition which has eight premolars.
4. Molars
The molars are the largest of the teeth. They have a large flat biting surface. The function of the molars is to
chew, crush and grind food. There are eight molars in the primary dentition and twelve in the permanent
dentition.[4]
5
6. Functions of teeth
1. Food needs to be broken down and chewed before entering the digestive system so that our
body can easily absorb nutrients from them.
2. Teeth can help us pronounce accurately.
3. Teeth can help us look better by giving us a good profile. Deciduous teeth can reserve spaces
for permanent teeth. Once the permanent teeth start to erupt, the deciduous teeth will fall
out and give room for permanent teeth.[5]
Common Dental Problems
Dental problems are never any fun, but the good news is that most of them can be easily prevented.
Brushing twice a day, flossing daily, eating properly and regular dental checkups are essential in
preventing dental problems. Educating yourself about common dental problems and their causes
can also go a long way in prevention.[6]
1. Bad Breath
Bad breath, also called halitosis, can be downright embarrassing. According to dental studies, about
85% of people with persistent bad breath have a dental condition that is to blame. Gum disease,
cavities, oral cancer, dry mouth and bacteria on the tongue are some of the dental problems that can
cause bad breath. Using mouthwash to cover up bad breath when a dental problem is present will
only mask the odor and not cure it. If you suffer from chronic bad breath, visit your dentist to rule
out any of these problems.
2. Tooth Decay
Did you know tooth decay, also known as cavities, is the second most prevalent disease in the
United States (the common cold is first). Tooth decay occurs when plague, the sticky substance that
forms on teeth, combines with the sugars and / or starches of the food we eat. This combination
produces acids that attack tooth enamel. The best way to prevent tooth decay is by brushing twice a
day, flossing daily and going to your regular dental check ups. Eating healthy foods and avoiding
snacks and drinks that are high in sugar are also ways to prevent decay.
3. Gum (Periodontal) Disease
Studies have shown that periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is linked to heart attacks
and strokes. Gum disease is an infection in the gums surrounding the teeth. Gum disease is also one
of the main causes of tooth loss among adults. There are two major stages of gum disease: gingivitis
and periodontitis. Regular dental check ups along with brushing at least twice a day and flossing
daily play an important role in preventing gum disease.
6
7. 4. Oral Cancer
Oral cancer is a serious and deadly disease that affects millions of people. In fact, the Oral Cancer
Foundation estimates that someone in the United States dies every hour of every day from oral
cancer. Over 300,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed every year, worldwide. This serious
dental disease, which pertains to the mouth, lips or throat, is often highly curable if diagnosed and
treated in the early stages.
5. Mouth Sores
There are several different types of mouth sores and they can be pesky and bothersome. Unless a
mouth sore lasts more than two weeks, it is usually nothing to worry about and will disappear on its
own. Common mouth sores are canker sores, fever blisters, cold sores, ulcers and thrush.
6. Tooth Erosion
Tooth erosion is the loss of tooth structure and is caused by acid attacking the enamel. Tooth
erosion signs and symptoms can range from sensitivity to more severe problems such as cracking.
Tooth erosion is more common than people might think, but it can also be easily prevented.
7. Tooth Sensitivity
Tooth sensitivity is a common problem that affects millions of people. Basically, tooth sensitivity
means experiencing pain or discomfort to your teeth from sweets, cold air, hot drinks, cold drinks
or ice cream. Some people with sensitive teeth even experience discomfort from brushing and
flossing. The good news is that sensitive teeth can be treated.
8. Toothaches and Dental Emergencies
I can't think of much worse than suffering from a toothache. While many toothaches and dental
emergencies can be easily avoided just by regular visits to the dentist, we all know that accidents
can and do happen. Having a dental emergency can be very painful and scary. Fortunately, you can
do several things until you are able to see your dentist.
9. Unattractive Smile
While an unattractive smile is not technically a "dental problem," it is considered a dental problem
by people who are unhappy with their smile and it's also a major reason that many patients seek
dental treatment. An unattractive smile can really lower a person's self-esteem. Luckily, with
today's technologies and developments, anyone can have a beautiful smile. Whether it's teeth
whitening, dental implants, orthodontics or other cosmetic dental work, chances are that your
dentist can give you the smile of your dreams.[6]
7
8. Medications Used in Dentistry
There are a number of different drugs, your dentist may prescribe, depending on teeth condition.
A description of the most commonly used drugs in dental care is described below. The dose of the
drugs and instructions on how to take them will differ from patient to patient, depending on what
the drug is being used for, patient's age, weight, and other considerations.[7]
It is important to always communicate all dental signs and symptoms to your dentist, so that
appropriate management and choice of medications can be made.
Medications UsedTo control pain (Anethetics, Analgesics, NSAID)
To control plaque and gingivitis(Mouth washe)
To prevent or treat infections (Antibiotics)
Antifungals (Candida)
To prevent tooth decay (Flouride)
To relieve anxiety (Muscle relaxant)
To treat xerostomia (Artificial saliva)
Medication in dentistry
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Anesthetics
Pain killers
Mouth washe
Antibiotics
Antifungals
Antiseptics
Muscle relaxant
Artificial Saliva
Fluoride supplements
8
9. I. Anesthetics
Anesthetics areLocal anesthesia
General anesthesia
Nitrous oxide
Consiouse sedation: intravenous sedation by Diazepam[7]
Anesthetics Found in the form of
Spray
Gel (intraoral)
Ointments (extraoral)
Solutions
Brand name products
Chloraseptic
Orajel
Xylocaine
Used by the patient
To relieve pain or irritation caused by-
Complications
1. Complications associated with absorption of the anesthetic solution
1.1. Systemic drug reactions due to the local anesthetic agent:
Toxicity
Allergy
Anaphylactic reactions
Idiosyncrasy
1.2. Local reactions:
Infections due to contaminated solutions
9
10. Local tissue irritation
2. Complications associated with needle insertionPain
Edema
Infection
Muscle trismus
Broken needles
Hematoma formation
Sloughing and ulceration
Bizarre Neurological symptoms[8]
II. Analgesics/pain killers
A. Paracetamol/ Acetaminophen
Brand name products
Tylenol
Fevadol
Panadol
Napa
Indications:
Mild toothache
After tooth extraction
Teething
mild to moderate pain
Figure 5: Teething
Dose
Adults:.5–1 g every 4–6 hours.
6–12 yars: 250–500 mg every 4–6 hours.
1–5 year: 120–250 mg every 4–6 hours.[8]
Contraindication
Renal failure, papillary and tubular necrosis.
Asthma,
Liver failure
Complications
feeling dizzy
nausea
sleepiness
B. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs)[8]
10
11. Indications
Tooth ache
Abscess
Acute pain
Examples
– COX1 and COX-2 : Ibuprofen, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, aspirin and
– COX-2 : celecoxib ,rofecoxib, and Nimesulide
Dose – 100 mg twice a day.
Complications of NSAIDs
Dizziness
Feeling lightheaded
Problems with balance
Difficulty concentrating
Mild headaches[9]
C. Corticosteroids ointment
To relieve the discomfort and redness in [8]
1. The palat as in canker sore
2. The lip as in fever blister, angular chelitis
3. The cheak as in canker sore
Orabase
Oralone
III. Mouth washes
Chlorhexidine mouth wash
Wash to control plaque and gingivitis in the mouth
Antiseptic
Kill the bacteria that cause bad breath
Staining of the teeth
Fluoride mouth wash
Sensitive teeth
Used for patients with high caries activity
Figure 6: Mouth washes
Rinse for 2 minutes / 10 days
Complications
Staining of teeth and/or dental restorations
11
12. Taste disorder (dysgeusia)
Build-up of tartar on the teeth
Mouth and tongue irritation or numbness
Mucosal erosions
Retention of sodium
Swollen glands on the side of the face or neck
Sensitivity of tooth roots
Mouth ulcers
IV. Antibiotics
Tetracycline’s (the
class
of
drugs
including demeclocycline,
doxycycline,
minocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline) and the drug triclosan (marketed as Irgasan DP300)
are also used in dentistry. These medications may be used either in combination with surgery and
other therapies, or alone, to reduce or temporarily eliminate bacteria associated with periodontal
disease, to suppress the destruction of the tooth's attachment to the bone or to reduce the pain and
irritation of canker sores. Dental antibiotics come in a variety of forms including gels, thread-like
fibers, microspheres (tiny round particles), and mouth rinses.[7]
Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
MOA: inhibit protein synthesis by preventing aminoacyl transfer RNA from entering the
acceptor sites on the ribosome
Dose: 100mg qd-bid x 7-14 days
Contraindications:
o Food
o pregnancy
Adverse events: GI
Drug interactions: anti-epileptics
Pregnancy category D
Bacteriostatic
Spectrum:
o Broad, Gram +, -, anaerobes, aerobes, and spirochetes
Resistance:
o Widespread, cross resistance
Photo Sensitivity
Complications of Antibiotics
Severe watery diarrhoea and abdominal cramps (signs of a serious bacterial infection of the
gut - Clostridium difficile infection).
Shortness of breath, hives, rash swelling of lips, face, or tongue, fainting
Vaginal itching or discharge (signs of vaginal thrush).
White patches on the tongue (signs of oral thrush) and bad taste in mouth.
Vomiting[10]
12
13. V. Antifungal
Antifungal are prescribed to treat oral thrush. The goal of treatment is to stop the spread of
the Candida fungus. Antifungal medicines are available in tablets, lozenges, or liquids that are
usually "swished" around in your mouth before being swallowed.[8]
Nystatin:
o MOA: inhibit cell wall synthesis
o Dose: 5 ml swish and swallow q 4 h x 10-14 d
o GI upset
o Drug interactions: minor
o Pregnancy category C
Clotrimazole (Mycelex), ketoconazole (Nizoral), fluconazole (Diflucan)
o MOA: inhibit cell wall synthesis
o Dose: 200-800 mg qd x up to 12 months
o GI upset
o Drug interactions: major p-450 enzyme inhibitor, interactions with many drugs
o Pregnancy category C
Complications of Antifungal
loss of appetite
vomiting
feeling sick for a long time
jaundice – yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes
unusually dark urine or pale faeces (stools)
unusual tiredness or weakness[11]
VI. Antiseptics
Dentist may recommend the use of an over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse product to reduce
plaque and gingivitis as well as kill germs, which may be the cause of bad breath.
Knowing the role of supragingival plaque in the initiation of periodontal disease and insufficient
control of the plate, the use of antiseptics is warranted. This anti-plaque derived from different
chemical classes and has different mechanisms of action.[8]
VII. Dry Mouth Drugs
Pilocarpine, marketed as Salagan, may be prescribed by your dentist if you have been diagnosed
with dry mouth. The drug stimulates saliva production. [8]
VIII. Muscle Relaxants
Muscle Relaxants may be prescribed to reduce your stress to help you stopgrinding your teeth and
to treat temporomandibular joint disorders.E.g. Valium in low dose. [8]
13
14. IX. Drugs to Control Plaque and Gingivitis
Chlorhexidine is an antibiotic drug used to control plaque and gingivitis in the mouth or in
periodontal pockets (the space between your gum and tooth). The medication is available as a
mouth rinse and as a gelatin-filled chip that is placed in the deep gum pockets next to your teeth
after root planing. The drug in the gelatin-filled chip is released slowly over about seven days.
Dental products containing this antibacterial are marketed under various prescription-only brand
names, such asPeridex, PerioChip, and PerioGard, as well as other over-the-counter trade names.
Complications: Chlorhexidine may cause an increase in tartar on your teeth. It may also cause
staining of the tooth, tooth filling, and dentures or other mouth appliances. Brushing with a tartarcontrol toothpaste and flossing your teeth daily may help reduce this tartar build-up and staining.
In addition, you should visit your dentist at least every six months to have your teeth cleaned and
your gums examined. Be sure to tell your dentist if you have ever had any unusual or allergic
reaction to this medicine or to skin disinfectants containing chlorhexidine. [8]
X. Other dental medications
Fluorides
Fluoride which is available in most over-the-counter toothpastes, is used to prevent tooth decay.
Prescription strength fluoride is also available if prescribed by a physician. [8]
Types of Fluorides
F tooth paste
F varnish
F mouth rinse
F tablets
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) is used for the management of anxiety disorders or for
the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. It works by relaxing the patient during dental
procedures such as temporomandibular joint disorders.
Saliva substitutes
Saliva substitutes such as Moi-Stir, Mouth Kote, Optimoist, Saliva Substitute, Salivar and Xero-Lube
are used for treating dry mouth, an occasional complication of autoimmune diseases or occasionally
unassociated with other diseases. They usually come as sprays and are used as needed. [3]
14
15. Dental Prophylactic Preparations
Prophylactic means a medicine which preserves or defends against disease or any device or
mechanism intended to prevent harmful consequences.[12]
Mouthwash
Mouthwash or mouth rinse is a chemotherapeutic agent used as an effective home care system by
the patient to enhance oral hygiene. Some manufacturers of mouthwash claim that antiseptic and
anti-plaque mouth rinse kill the bacterial plaque causing cavities, gingivitis, and bad breath. Anticavity mouth rinse uses fluoride to protect against tooth decay. It is, however, generally agreed that
the use of mouthwash does not eliminate the need for both brushing and flossing. As per the
American Dental Association, regular brushing and proper flossing are enough in most cases
although the ADA has placed its Seal of Approval on many mouthwashes that do not contain alcohol.
Mouthwash is a liquid solution that is swished around inside the mouth to cover the teeth, gums
and tongue, and then is spit out. Some types of mouthwashes help to temporarily mask bad breath
(halitosis) as well as rinse the area of debris and bacteria. Others are intended to coat the teeth with
fluoride to strengthen them and help prevent decay. Mouthwash may be available in over-thecounter or prescription forms. [13]
Figure 7: Mouthwash
Contents
Sorbite, silicon dioxide, polyethyleneglycol, demineralised water, sodium lauryl sarcosinate,
flavoring material, sodium monofluorophosphate (fluoride weight fraction 0,1%), papain, sodium
carboxy-methylcellulose, stevioside, calcium glycerophosphate, tea tree oil, methyl paraben, propyl
paraben, disodium salt EDTA, CI 19140, CI 42090. [13]
15
16. The Manufacturing Process
Weighing and mixing
Figure 8: Manufacturing Process
1. After transporting the raw materials into the factory, the ingredients are both manually and
mechanically weighed. This ensures accuracy in the ingredients' proportions. Then the ingredients
are mixed together. Usually, the glycerin-water mixture is done first.
2 .All the ingredients are mixed together in the mixing vat. The temperature and humidity of vat are
watched closely. This is important to ensuring that the mix comes together correctly. A commonly
used vat in the toothpaste industry mixes a batch that is the equivalent of 10,000 four-ounce (118
ml) tubes.
Filling the tubes
3. Before tubes are filled with toothpaste, the tube itself passes under a blower and a vacuum to
ensure cleanliness. Dust and particles are blown out in this step. The tube is capped, and the
opposite end is opened so the filling machine can load the paste.
16
17. 4. After the ingredients are mixed together, the tubes are filled by the filling machine. To make sure
the tube is aligned correctly, an optical device rotates the tube. Then the tube is filled by a
descending pump. After it is filled, the end is sealed (or crimped) closed. The tube also gets a code
stamped on it indicating where and when it was manufactured.
Packaging and shipment
5. After tubes are filled, they are inserted into open paperboard boxes. Some companies do this by
hand.
6. The boxes are cased and shipped to warehouses and stores.
Quality Control
Each batch of ingredients is tested for quality as it is brought into the factory. The testing lab also
checks samples of final product. [13]
Toothpaste
In our daily activities can not be separated from tooth brushing with a toothbrush and toothpaste.
Activities toothbrush should be done 2-3 times a day, mainly carried out after every meal. If ones
never once in a day does not brush his teeth, consequently the mouth feel uncomfortable and
awkward to talk to someone at close range because worry about bad breath. [14]
Figure 9: Toothpaste
When used for toothbrushes, toothpaste that both must satisfy the properties:
Can remove foreign particles, the remaining food on the teeth, plaque or tartar, and can clean
teeth.
It should not toxic, has a sense of fun and feel fresh after using the mouth. [14]
17
18. The raw material is composed of toothpaste
1. Polishing material (abrasive), is one of the most important ingredient to remove food particles
remaining on the teeth. Materials used include aluminum phosphate.
2. Foaming material, serves to assist the action polishing materials by wetting the teeth and food
particles left on the teeth and also serve as mucus emulsifier in the mouth. Materials used as
foaming agent is SLS (sodium lauryl sulfonate) by trade name texapon, FAME, etc.
3. Materials moistener (moisturizer), serves to prevent drying and hardening of the toothpaste.
Materials often used include glycerin, propylene glycol, etc..
4. Binder, serves to prevent separation of ingredients in toothpaste. Materials used include sodium
alginate.
5. Sweetening matter, serves to also write a sweet taste in toothpaste. Materials used include
saccharin.
6. Flavoring agent, serves to provide aroma and flavor in pasta and avoid feeling of nausea. In
addition, to increase the freshness of toothpaste. Materials used peppermint oil.
7. Preservative, serves to maintain the physical structure, chemical and biological toothpaste. This
material should not toxic. Preservative sodium benzoate used.
8. Fluoride materials, is one substance that serves for the growth and health of teeth, coating the
tooth structure and resistance to decomposition process and trigger mineralization. The flour give
the effect of detergents and chemical elements harden tooth enamel coating. Fluoride is widely used
is one of sodium fluoride (NaF). Provision of fluoride toothpaste is recommended for 0.05% 0.08%, due to excess of fluoride will cause damage to health. The authors recommend that in
making toothpaste without fluoride does not matter. [14]
Composition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Aluminum phosphate maximum
Texapon 3%
Glycerin (15-20)%
Sodium alginate 25%
Saccharin taste
Peppermint oil to taste
Sodium benzoate 0.1%
Sodium fluoride
Sufficient water
Equipment needed: container and wood stirrer
18
19. Preparations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sodium alginate + glycerin mix evenly
(1) + Texapon mix evenly
Water + Sodium benzoate stir
(3) is mixed into (2) stir + NaF
(4) + Sweeteners stir
(5) + Aluminum phosphate mix
(6) + Peppermint oil mix
Ready packaged
Recommendations
To keep your teeth healthy it is recommended to clean them not less than 2 times a day. Additional use of
elixir for the mouth cavity provides even better result. [7]
Reduce sugar intake.
Brushing twice a day.
Flossing once daily.
Use of mouthwash.
Healthy snack habit.
Proper brushing method
Teeth Brushing Technique
Proper brushing takes at least 2 min.
Use short gentle strokes.
Make a 45 degree angle between brush and tooth surface .
Clean the outer surface of upper teeth , then lower teeth .
Clean the chewing surface.
Make sure to brush your tongue .[7]
Figure 10:Proper Teeth Brushing Technique
19