The movement of molecules from one phase to another is called partitioning.
If two immiscible phases are placed adjacent to each other, the solute will distribute itself between two immiscible phases until equilibrium is attained; therefore no further transfer of solute occurs.
Polymorphism is the ability of solid materials to exist in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements or conformations of the constituents in the crystal lattice. ... More than 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are estimated to have more than one polymorphic form
The movement of molecules from one phase to another is called partitioning.
If two immiscible phases are placed adjacent to each other, the solute will distribute itself between two immiscible phases until equilibrium is attained; therefore no further transfer of solute occurs.
Polymorphism is the ability of solid materials to exist in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements or conformations of the constituents in the crystal lattice. ... More than 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are estimated to have more than one polymorphic form
Dissolution, factors affecting drug dissolution, methods to evaluate dissolution, advantages and disadvantages, recent approaches--these are the topics covered in this presentation.
Decomposition and stabilization of pharmaceutical productsArshad Khan
Drug stability:Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention.
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
Dissolution, factors affecting drug dissolution, methods to evaluate dissolution, advantages and disadvantages, recent approaches--these are the topics covered in this presentation.
Decomposition and stabilization of pharmaceutical productsArshad Khan
Drug stability:Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention.
This presentation will help the students of Pharmacy in subjects like Pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy. Hope you will find it better and helpful.
Regards
Amjad Anwar
email: amjadanwar77@gmail.com
Department of Pharmacy, University Of Malakand
This is an intermediate conversion course for C++, suitable for second year computing students who may have learned Java or another language in first year.
Here you can find a simple and short note on Pharmaceutical Preformulation studies.
Reference book:
The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachman and Lieberman.
Spherical crystallization (SC) is a promising technique, which encompass the crystallization, agglomeration, and spheronization phenomenon in a single step. Initially, two methods, spherical agglomeration, and emulsion solvent diffusion, were suggested to get a desired result
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
1. Mr. Sagar Kishor Savale
Department of Pharmaceutics
avengersagar16@gmail.com
2015-016
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 1 1
2. List of contents:-
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 2
1. Definition
2. Need to study polymorphism ( rational for selecting
polymorph)
3. Types of polymorphism
4. How to differentiate them
5. Pseudo polymorphism
6. Properties
7. Method for identify polymorphism
8. Significance of polymorphism
9. Conclusion
10. References
3. Definition
1,2
When a substance exists in more than one crystalline form, the different form
are designated as polymorphs and the phenomenon as polymorphism.
e.g.:-
carbon: diamond in a cubic ( tetrahedral lattice arrangement )
Graphite in sheet of a hexagonal lattice.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 3
4. True polymorphs can be classified into two
different types
2
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 4
1. Enantiotropic— one polymorph can be reversibly changed
into another one by varying the temperature or pressure.
eg. sulfur
2. Monotropic— the change between the two forms is
irreversible. eg. Glyceryl stearates
5. Difference between enantiotropy and monotropy.
3
Enantiotropic pair monotropic pair
Reversible phase transition Irreversible phase transition
Metastable stable Metastable stable
Transition is endothermic Transition is exothermic
Lower melting form is
thermodynamically stable below the
transition temp.. And higher m.p .
form is stable above the transition
temp..
Higher melting form is always
thermodynamically stable form.
lower m.p. has lower heat of fusion. Higher m.p. has high heat of fusion.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 5
6. Method to identify polymorphism.
3
Optical crystallography:
Use in the identification of polymorphs crystal exist in isotropic and
anisotropic form
Isotropic examine the velocity of light is same in all direction
Anisotropic crystal have 2 or3 different light velocities or refractive index.
Video recording system and polarizing microscope fitted during according
to heating and cooling stage for investigating polymorph.
cont…
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 6
7. Application
To study of degree of stability of metastable form.
Transition temperature
Melting point
Rate of transition under various thermal and physical condition.
Whether to peruse polymorphism as a route to an improved dosage form.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 7
8. Hot stage microscope
Fluid stage transformation as a function of temperature is observed
Silicon oil stage microscopy is used for detection of pseudopolymorph.
APPLICATION:
in the study of solid-state active pharmaceutical ingredients
(APIs), EXCIPIENTS and pharmaceutically relevant polymers and lipids.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 8
9. x ray diffraction method
It provide the most complete information about solid state (identification &
description)
This method is based on the scattering of x-ray by crystals
By this method one can identify the unit cell dimensions & conclusively
establish the crystalline lattice system & provide specific differences between
crystalline forms of given compound.
In an X-ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer and
gradually rotated while being bombarded with X-rays, producing a diffraction
pattern of regularly spaced spots known as reflections.
It is tedious time consuming so it is not used or unsuitable for routine use.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 9
11. Application
many materials can form crystals—such as salts, metals, minerals,
semiconductors, as well as various inorganic, organic and biological
molecules—X-ray crystallography has been fundamental in the
development of many scientific fields
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 11
12. Melting point
M.P. determination are often useful technique, but only when substance
undergoing investigation heated through phase transition without
decomposition.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 12
13. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC)
DSC is also like to DTA except that the instrument measures the amount of energy
required to keep the sample at the same temperature as the reference i.e. it measures
the enthalpy of transition.
When no physical or chemical changes is occurring within the sample then there is
neither a temperature change nor the need to input energy to maintain an isotherm.
Samples that may be studied by DSC or DTA are:
Powders, fibers , single crystals, polymer films, semi-solids.
DSC measures endothermic and exothermic transitions as a function of temperature.
–Endothermic heat flows into a sample.
–Exothermic heat flows out of the sample.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 13
15. Applications of DTA / DSC in preformulation studies
1. To determine the purity of a sample
2. To determine the number of polymorphs and to determine
the ratio of each polymorph
3. To determine the heat of solvation .
4. To determine the thermal degradation of a drug or
excipients .
5. To determine the glass-transition temperature(tg) of a
polymer.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 15
16. Effect of polymorphism on bioavailability
If the absorption of active ingredient in drug through G.I.T polymorphism is
an important preformulation tool.
Here successful utilization of polymorph having significant greater
thermodynamic activity (solubility)may provide good therapeutic blood
level from otherwise inactive drugs. Eg novobiocin .
two different forms : crystalline and amorphous. In tablet or capsule
formulation
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 16
17. PSEUDO POLYMORPHISM
4
Term - pseudo means = false
The phenomenon in which solvent molecules get incorporated into crystal
lattice of solid are known as solvates.
This solvates exist in different crystal form called pseuodopolymorph and
the phenomenon is called as Pseudopolymorphism .
also known as a hydrate when water is solvent.
E.g.- synthetic estrogen ‘ethynylestradiol ’ is crystallized from the solvent
acetonitrile , methanol , chloroform and saturated with water four different
crystalline solvates are form.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 17
18. Differentiate pseudopolymorph form true polymorph.
By observing melting behavior in silicon oil using hot stage microscopy.
Here in this technique pseudopolymorph evolve the gas causing bubbling of
the oil.
While true polymorphs merely melts, forming second globular phase.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 18
19. Application
1. For improvement of therapeutic activity of drug.
2. To prevent loss of raw material.
3. For better bioavailabity of drug.
.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 19
20. Need to study polymorphism.
5
One of the several polymorphic form will be physically more stable than
others.
Stable polymorph represent s the lowest energy state, has highest melting
point and least aqueous solubility.
Metastable form represent the higher energy state, have lower melting point
and high aqueous solubility .
Metastable form converted to the stable form due to their higher energy state.
Metastable form shows better bioavailability and therefore preferred in
formulations.
Cont..
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 20
21. Polymorphism is remarkably common particularly within certain structural
group.
E.g. –
Cont..
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CLASS %OF POLYMORPHISM
Barbiturates 63
Steroids 57
Sulphonamides 40
22. Significance of studying polymorphism
Different polymers exhibits different solubility, therapeutic & stability.
The desire forms consistently manufactured.
The effect of pharmaceutical manipulations are understood.
E.g. granulation, milling & compression.
Effect of storage condition on the dosage form can be evaluated &
predicated. E.g. crystal growth in suspension, cream.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 22
23. Properties of polymorphs.
5
Polymorphs show the same properties in the liquid or gaseous state but they
behave differently in solid state.
Melting and sublimation temperature.
Solubility and dissolution rate
Stability
Crystal habit
Hygroscopicity
Compression characteristics
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 23
24. Conclusion
Differences in the solubility and melting point must also be assessed and
then a decision can be made to determine which form to progress through to
the next stage.
Metastable form may lead to a preferential choice of a polymorph other than
stable form .
As polymorphism can have such serious consequences for the
bioavailability of drugs with low aqueous solubility.
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 24
25. References
1. M.E. Aultan, The science of dosage form design, 2nd
edition 2002, p.no
8,26,124-126,142-144.
2. Brahmankar D. M., Sunil B. Jaiswal, Biopharmaceutics &
Pharmacokinetics- A Treatise,1st edition, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi
2007, p.no-27-29.
3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman, The Theory Practice Of Industrial
Pharmacy, 3rd edition, Varghese Publication, Bombay 1987, p.no. 178-
181, 230-231.
4. Alfred Martin, James Swarbrick, Physical Pharmacy,3rd , Varghese
Publication, Bombay 1991, p.no. 72-73, 575-76.
5. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology
4/21/2016 Sagar Kishor Savale 25