Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3
First Phase : 5
Second Phase : 5
Third Phase : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
Did GATT succeed? : 6
Slide 20: 6
Slide 21: 6
Slide 22: 6
Slide 23: 6
Slide 24: 6
Difference between GATT & WTO 7
GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)Akshay Dhamija
GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)
Precursor organization to GATT, ITO, was first proposed in
February 1945 by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (UNESCO).
On 1 January 1948, the agreement was signed by 23 countries for the formation of GATT.
Total of 8 rounds was there, all are listed along with their respective year, venue and issues are mentioned in the sides.
In 1944, the United States and Britain held a conference (Bretton Woods) that established:
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) (IBRD)
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
OBJECTIVE
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. Trade Agreements are negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. In this webinar, we shall understand the role and functions of the WTO and the importance and impact of Trade Agreements in global trade.
This ppt is all about the world trade organization, Its Role, its existence and all its functions, It also includes the structure of WTO.So kindly go through it and comment below how u liked it.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)Akshay Dhamija
GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)
Precursor organization to GATT, ITO, was first proposed in
February 1945 by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (UNESCO).
On 1 January 1948, the agreement was signed by 23 countries for the formation of GATT.
Total of 8 rounds was there, all are listed along with their respective year, venue and issues are mentioned in the sides.
In 1944, the United States and Britain held a conference (Bretton Woods) that established:
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) (IBRD)
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
OBJECTIVE
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. Trade Agreements are negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. In this webinar, we shall understand the role and functions of the WTO and the importance and impact of Trade Agreements in global trade.
This ppt is all about the world trade organization, Its Role, its existence and all its functions, It also includes the structure of WTO.So kindly go through it and comment below how u liked it.
Protecting Traditional Knowledge In IndiaIntepat IP
Traditional knowledge is the knowledge system possessed by various communities across the globe. Such knowledge has been accumulated over the years and has been used and passed down through several generations. It is usually with respect to the natural surroundings of the community and includes agricultural knowledge such as manner of cultivation, environmental knowledge and knowledge of natural medicines.
This presentation was a part of my group project study at M S Ramaiah Institute Of Management, Bangalore. Co-Developed by : Shashank M.A, Prasad E. Prabhu, Binit chouraria, Koushik Basak & Uma Maheshwar Rao (MSRIM Bangalore)
By:-
Aniruddh Tiwari
Linkedin :- http://in.linkedin.com/in/aniruddhtiwari
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON SALT RESISTANT TRANSGENIC RICE VARIETY IN BANGLADESHWaliullah Wali
Introduction
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia including Bangladesh. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.
Transgenic Rice or Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified. Rice plants have been modified to increase micronutrients such as vitamin A, accelerate photosynthesis, tolerate herbicides, resist pests, increase grain size, generate nutrients, flavours or produce human proteins.
The natural movement of genes across species, often called horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer, can also occur with rice through gene transfer mediated by natural vectors. However, the cultivation and use of genetically modified varieties of rice remains controversial and is not approved in some countries.
Objective of Transgenic rice production:
Objective of Transgenic rice production is to given bellow-
High-yielding varieties
Flood-tolerant rice
Drought-tolerant rice
Salt-tolerant rice
Environment-friendly rice
Future potential
Golden rice
Expression of human proteins
PRODUCTION OF BIOENERGY FROM INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATERWaliullah Wali
Abtract
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, very often by human activities. Water can be polluted by various ways; Industry and agriculture are the main source of water pollution. At present polluted water cause very harmful effect to the environment. However, treatment of water reduces some portion of this harmful effect, but this might involve high cost. As a results many industries in our country does not abide by the rules of Government environmental policy and through their waste water into the river. The discharge of wastewater into the environment poses a serious threat. This results environment pollution and causes harmful effect on animal lived in water (e.g. fish) as well as for human beings. But it is also a huge opportunity for ecological health, social wellbeing and green employment. If, high value product is obtained from this polluted industrial waste water, then it might be used by the Industries and environment will be less toxic. These studies show some useful application of industrial waste water to get high value products and services.
Abtract 3
Introduction 3
Types of water pollution 5
1. Nutrients Pollution 5
2. Surface water pollution 5
3. Oxygen Depleting 5
4. Ground water pollution 5
5. Microbiological 5
6. Suspended Matter 6
7. Chemical Water Pollution 6
8. Oil Spillage 6
Source of Water Pollution: 6
1. Industrial Waste and Effluent 7
2. Solid Waste and Sewage Disposal 8
3. Inadequate Sanitary Facilities 9
4. Arsenic Contamination of Ground Water. 9
5. Underground storage and tube leakages 10
Effects of Water Pollution 11
1. Death of aquatic (water) animals 11
2. Disruption of food-chains 11
3. Diseases 12
4. Destruction of ecosystems 12
5. Human Health 12
6. Economic cost 13
Present wastewater management 13
1. Preventive practices 13
2. Capture the wastewater immediately 13
3. Treatment 13
4. Recycle and re-use water: 14
5. Education, Awareness, Advocacy and Stewardship: 14
Production of Bioenergy from Industrial And Agricultural Waste water 15
1. Production of Biological methane 15
2. Biological hydrogen production 18
3. Biological electricity production 22
4. Biological chemical production 26
Conclusion 29
References 29
DNA- based biosensors
DNA- based biosensors
Limitations
Poor detection limit
Non-specificity
Inefficient electrode regeneration
Sophisticated electrode preparation
It lacked specificity towards As(III)
Aptamers - based biosensors
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can bind to a number of target analytes, including proteins and peptides with high affinity and specificity.
Commercial potential for use as biosensors.
Aptamers - based biosensors
Aptamers - based biosensors
Possible mode of interaction of arsenic site with aptamer
Aptamers - based biosensors
Aptamers - based biosensors
Protein-based biosensors
Most protein-based biosensors developed for As(III) or As(V) are based on the inhibition phenomenon.
Interaction between protein and arsenic species
Characteristics of cell free arsenic biosensors with detection limits and induction period/response time
Conclusion
A number of arsenic biosensors have been developed based on whole-cell biosensor to biomolecules based biosensors.
However, whole-cell biosensor has successfully utilized in the analysis of arsenic in groundwater and soil, but has some limitations.
Biomolecules based biosensors has quick response capacity and better detection limits.
Further challenges
Development of biosensors that could detect arsenic in complex matrices including health related matrices such as blood, urine, etc. and water with high TDS and salinity including seawater.
Article info
Thank you All
Cancer genome databases & Ecological databases Waliullah Wali
Introduction
Biological databases are libraries of life sciences information, collected from scientific experiments, published literature, high-throughput experiment technology, and computational analysis.
Information contained in biological databases includes gene function, structure, localization, clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences and structures.
Cancer genome databases
COSMIC cancer database
COSMIC cancer database
COSMIC is an online database of somatically acquired mutations found in human cancer.
The database is freely available.
COSMIC cancer database
Types of data
Expert curation data
Genome-wide screen data
COSMIC cancer database
Expert curation data
Manually input by COSMIC expert curators.
Consists of comprehensive literature curation followed by subsequent updates.
Includes additional data points relevant to each disease and publication.
Provides accurate frequency data as mutation negative samples are specified.
COSMIC cancer database
Genome-wide screen data
Uploaded from publications reporting large scale genome screening data or imported from other databases such as TCGA and ICGC.
Provides unbiased molecular profiling of diseases while covering the whole genome.
Provides objective frequency data by interpreting non mutant genes across each genome.
Facilitates finding novel driver genes in cancer.
Enter into -
COSMIC cancer database
by typing http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic
in the address bar of Browser
Searching Process
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Ecological databases
Ecological databases
Ecological databases is a source for finding ecological datasets and quickly figuring out the best ways to use them.
BioOne
DataONE
GEOBASE
BioOne
BioOne is a nonprofit publisher that aims to make scientific research more accessible.
BioOne was established in 1999 in Washington, DC.
BioOne is Complete and open-access.
It serves a community of over 140 society and institutional publishers, 4,000 accessing institutions, and millions of researchers worldwide.
Enter into -
BioOne Ecological database
by typing http://www.bioone.org/
in the address bar of Browser
Hemophilia is a common hereditary coagulation disorder due to deficiency or reduce activity of clotting factor VIII or clotting factor IX.
This disorder is a X- linked recessive disorder.
Types:
Hemophilia A- deficiency of clotting factors VIII
Hemophilia B- deficiency of clotting factors IX
Hemophilia C- deficiency of clotting factors XI
Parahaemophilia- deficiency of clotting factor V
Causes of hemophilia
Hemophilia has a sex-linked recessive inheritance.
In most cases Hemophilia caused by a mutation in a gene that encodes for one of the clotting factors .
Since the hemophilia gene is located on the X chromosome, Hemophilia usually occurs in males, and Female is the carrier of hemophilia.
Diagnosis
Complete blood cell count
Coagulation studies
FVIII assay
Normal values for FVIII assays are 50-150%. Values in hemophilia are as follows:
Mild: >5%
Moderate: 1-5%
Severe: <1%
Treatment of Hemophilia
Other Types of Treatment
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Antifibrinolytic Medicines
Vaccinations- hepatitis A and B.
Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy
New Drugs for Hemophilia treatment
New Drugs for Hemophilia treatment
Bangladesh perspectives
Bangladesh would have 10800 hemophiliacs.
But, initially the patients does not concern about hemophilia.
Patients are usually diagnosed only after bleeding episode and sometimes the episode are causes serious consequences.
Conclusion
Primary diagnosis with the success of gene therapy and availability of the new bioengineered products the prospect of the hemophiliacs will be brighter in near future.
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Transgenic animal models for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptidesWaliullah Wali
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is developed in animal by transgenic technology and effects of vasoactive peptide are seen.
Vasoactive peptide is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues.
Vasoactive peptide is produced in many tissues including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain.
It stimulates contractility of heart, causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure.
Vasoactive peptide has a half-life (t½) in the blood of about two minutes.
Transgenic technology has established to be very useful for the functional analysis of vasoactive peptide systems.
In-plant Training Report at Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd. by~ WaliullahWaliullah Wali
ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
In Plant Training
Training Period: From August 06, 2014 to August 19, 2014Duration: 14 Days
Training Areas:
WarehouseProduction DepartmentQuality Assurance & Quality Control Department Product Development DepartmentMaintenance & Engineering Department
Introduction
In Bangladesh the pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed hi-tech sectors within the country's economy.
This sector is also providing 97% of the total medicine requirement of the local market.
Recently few new industries have been established with high tech equipment’s and professionals which will enhance the strength of this sector.
Ziska Pharmaceutical Ltd. is one of them.
PROFILE ABOUT ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
Company Name: Ziska Pharmaceutical Ltd.
Factory Location: Karol Surichala, Safipur, Gazipur
Head Office: Nurul tower, 34- Purana Paltan line, Dhaka-1000
Corporate Setup: Private Limited Company.
Manufacturing areas: 146500 sft.
Established Year: 1986
Popular Products OF ZISKA PHARMACEUTICAL LTD.
Engineering department
Engineering department
The Engineering department deals with the complete maintenance of the production and companies total working environment .
The Engineering section of Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd. covers the following Utilities :
Production machineries.
Electricity supply
Air Handling
Water supply
Emergency supply
Repairing, restoring and reporting
Worker distribution and pest control.
Engineering department
Utility Service
Electricity:
Required electricity mainly obtained from DESA, incase of load shedding heavy duty generator provide electricity.
Generator:
Name: Cummins
Type: diesel operated.
Capacity: 1750 kilowatt.
Requirement: 1500 kilowatt.
Engineering department
Engineering department
HVAC:
It means Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC). It maintains optimum temperature and humidity throughout the factory.
All seeks to provide thermal comfort , acceptable indoor air quality and reasonable installation operation.
Engineering department
HVAC:
Controlling of temperature and Relative Humidity in deferent areas-
Dispensing: 22±2°C 45±5% RH
Solid &Liquid: 22±2°C 55±5% RH
Sterile: 22±2°C 50±5% RH
Low humidity requiring rooms: 22±2°C 25±5% RH
Minimum air change rate:
Class B 30/hr
Class C 30/hr
Class D not less than 15/hr
Engineering department
HVAC system:
Engineering department
HVAC system:
Engineering department
Chiller system:
This system is involved for the production of chilled water which is supplied through the pipe to produce air conditioning system.
Process:
Engineering department
Engineering department
HEPA Filter
High-efficiency particulate air Filter or HEPA filter is an air filter that must remove (from the air that passes through) 99.97% of 0.3 µm size particles.
Smaller and larger particles are filtered at even greater efficiency.
The effi
Contents
Definition
Purposes
Ingredients
Types of toothpaste
How to choose a toothpaste?
Toxic components of a toothpaste
Caution on toothpaste usage
Definition
A toothpaste or dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth.
Toothpaste Ingredients
Different types of Toothpastes
ANTI-CARIES AGENTS
Fluoride:
considered to be the most effective caries-inhibiting agent, and almost all toothpastes today contain fluoride in one form or the other
The most common form is sodium fluoride (NaF), but mono-fluoro-phosphate (MFP) and stannous fluoride (SnF) are also used
Fluoride is most beneficial when the mouth is not rinsed with water after tooth brushing. In this way a bigger amount of fluoride is retained in the oral cavity
How do teeth decay?
Tooth decay begins when the outer surface of the tooth is attacked by acid. The acid is produced by bacteria which live on the surfaces of the teeth as a layer called plaque. When foods or drinks containing sugars enter the mouth, the bacteria within the plaque rapidly converts the sugars into acid. The plaque can hold the acid in contact with the tooth surface for up to 2 hours before it is neutralized by saliva.
During the time that the plaque is acidic, some of the calcium and phosphate minerals, of which enamel is largely composed, are dissolved out of the enamel into the plaque. This process is called demineralisation.
Fluoride:
There are three main theories considering the positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
Positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
the most important anti-caries effect is claimed to be due to the formation of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in plaque and on the enamel surface during and after rinsing or brushing with fluoride.
CaF2 serves as a fluoride reservoir.
When the pH drops, fluoride and calcium are released into the plaque fluid.
Fluoride diffuses with the acid from plaque into the enamel pores and forms fluoroapatite (FAP).
FAP incorporated in the enamel surface is more resistant to a subsequent acid attack.
Mouthwashes
A mouthwash is defined as a non-sterile aqueous solution used mostly for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect.
Mouthwashes or rinses are designed to reduce oral bacteria, remove food particles, temporary reduce bad breathe and provide a pleasant taste.
Mouth rinses are generally classified as either cosmetic or therapeutic or a combination of the two.
Mouthwashes
Therapeutic rinses
often have the benefits of their cosmetic counterparts,
but also contain an added active ingredient, f. ex. fluoride or chlorhexidine, that help protect against some oral diseases.
What are antiperspirants and deodorants?
Antiperspirants and deodorants are personal hygiene products designed to control sweating and body odour. Antiperspirants and deodorants contain ingredients that control sweat and body odour safely and effectively. They are readily available on the market as sprays (aerosol), sticks, creams or roll-ons.
Shampoo
Human Hair Structure
Introduction
Shampoo is a hair care product that is used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair.
Introduction
Ideal Properties
Functions of Shampoo
Classification
Classification
Based on Appearance:
Powder Shampoos
Liquid Shampoos or Lotion
Gel Shampoos or Solid Cream
Classification
Classification
II. Based on Use or Function:
Conditioning Shampoos
Antidandruff and Therapeutic
Baby
Balancing
Clarifying
Classification
III. Based on Origin:
Compositions
Shampoos are typically composed of 10 to 30 ingredients.
Several types of ingredients are particularly important, including “Surfactants" that aid in cleansing and lathering.
“Conditioners" and “Active ingredients" that affect the hair and scalp.
“Additives" that stabilize the product.
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Compositions
Manufacturing Process
Some pearlising agents are waxy solids at ambient temperature and require melting in a drum oven or similar before use.
Demineralised water is most commonly used in order to minimise contamination of the product.
No further processing is required after blending, and the product may be packed off directly from the mixing vessel.
Manufacturing Process
For preparing liquid shampoo,
Triethanalamine lauvyl sulfate,
stearic acid are heated to about 650C.
Water & preservatives are also heated to 650C.
Both the solutions are mixed together and then cooled.
Perfumes are added after that. The shampoo thus prepared is bottled by automatic bottle filling machine.
Quality Control Tests
a)Foam Stability
Cylinder shake method was used for determining foaming ability.
50ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250ml graduated cylinder and cover the cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1 minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated. Foam should retain for atleast 5mins.
Foam Stability = V2-V1
Quality Control Tests
b)Skin – irritation Test:
Draize test in Rabbits where a patch test technique is used on the intact skin of Albino Rabbits.
A set of 6Rabbits used for testing each material.
Shampoos should be tested only for a short duration thatis,not more than(NMT)4hours as these products come in contact with skin only for a short duration.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8 to 10%.
Quality Control Tests
c)Wetting Action:
Canvas disk is used, is one inch in diameter is floated on the surface of a solution and the time required for it to sink is measured accurately.
Quality Control Tests
d)Viscosity:
Is determined using Brookefield Viscometer.
100ml of shampoo is taken in a beaker and spindle is dipped in it for about 5min and then reading is taken.
Quality Control
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Inflammation is a normal, protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, noxious chemicals, or microbiologic agents. Inflammation is the body's effort to inactivate or destroy invading organisms, remove irritants, and set the stage for tissue repair. When healing is complete, the inflammatory process usually subsides.
However, inflammation is sometimes inappropriately triggered by an innocuous agent, such as pollen, or by an autoimmune response, as in asthma or rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation is triggered by the release of chemical mediators from injured tissues and migrating cells and include amines, such as histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine; lipids, such as the prostaglandins; small peptides, such as bradykinin; and larger peptides, such as interleukin-l.
Tooth 3
Human Teeth Anatomy 4
Typesof Teeth 5
Functions of teeth 6
Common Dental Problems 6
Medications Used in Dentistry 8
Medication in dentistry 8
I. Anesthetics 9
II. Analgesics/pain killers 10
A. Paracetamol/ Acetaminophen 10
B. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs)[8] 11
C. Corticosteroids ointment 11
III. Mouth washes 11
IV. Antibiotics 12
V. Antifungal 13
VI. Antiseptics 14
VII. Dry Mouth Drugs 14
VIII. Muscle Relaxants 14
IX. Drugs to Control Plaque and Gingivitis 14
X. Other dental medications 14
Fluorides 14
Benzodiazepines 15
Saliva substitutes 15
Dental Prophylactic Preparations 15
Mouthwash 15
Toothpaste 17
Recommendations 19
Teeth Brushing Technique 20
References 20
X ray
Md. Waliullah Wali
Dept. of pharmacy
Southeast University
Outline
XRD
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an analytical technique looking at X-ray scattering from crystalline materials. Each material produces a unique X-ray "fingerprint" of X-ray intensity versus scattering angle that is characteristic of it's crystalline atomic structure.
X-ray diffraction procedures
apply only to crystalline
Materials.
Principles of XRD
X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample.
The interaction of the incident rays with the sample produces constructive interference (and a diffracted ray) when conditions satisfy Bragg's Law (nλ=2d sin θ).
XRD Techniques
XRD Techniques
Applications of XRD
Limitations of XRD
XRF
X-Ray Fluorescence is defined as “The emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis.”
X-ray fluorescence procedures
applied to the material
in any physical state,
solid, liquid and gas.
Principles of XRF
The XRF method depends on fundamental principles that are common to several other instrumental methods involving interactions between electron beams and X-rays with samples, including, X-ray spectroscopy (e.g. SEM – EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (microprobe WDS).
XRF Techniques
Applications of XRF
Advantages of XRF
Limitation of XRF
0
References
1. Elements of physical chemistry by S Glasstone
2. Atkins physical chemistry
3. Pharmaceutical chemistry by LG Chattem
4. Brady, John B., and Boardman, Shelby J., 1995, Introducing Mineralogy Students to X-ray Diffraction Through Optical Diffraction Experiments Using Lasers. Jour. Geol. Education, v. 43 #5, 471-476.
5. Brady, John B., Newton, Robert M., and Boardman, Shelby J., 1995, New Uses for Powder X-ray Diffraction Experiments in the Undergraduate Curriculum. Jour. Geol. Education, v. 43 #5, 466-470.
6. Buhrke, V. E., Jenkins, R., Smith, D. K., A Practical Guide for the Preparation of Specimens for XRF and XRD Analysis, Wiley, 1998.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Southeast University
Department of Pharmacy
ASSIGNMENT ON: GENERAL AGREEMENTON TARIFFS AND TRADE
(GATT)
Submitted to:
Md. ShahidSarwar
Lecturer
Pharmaceutical Marketing & Sales
Department of Pharmacy
Southeast university
Submitted by:
Md. WaliullahWali
Id. 2010000300031
Batch- 15th(B)
Department of Pharmacy
Southeast University
Date:20December 2013
2. Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
First Phase : ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Second Phase :.................................................................................................................................................... 5
Third Phase : ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : ................................................................................................................................ 4
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : .................................................................................................. 7
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : ................................................................................................................... 7
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : ................................................................................................................... 8
Did GATT succeed? :.......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Slide 20: ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
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Difference between GATT & WTO ........................................................................................................................... 10
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3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GATT Stands for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The GATT provided global trade
rules as well as a framework for trade disputes from 1948 to 1994. It was one of three
Bretton Woods organizations developed after World War II.
The GATT secretariat consists of international trade specialists and an administrative staff.
Tariff conferences and sessions are usually held at GATT headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland.[1]http://www.sweetliberty.org/gatt.htm
It is a set of multilateral trade agreements aimed at the abolition of quotas and the
reduction of tariff duties among the signing nations. The first round of negotiations
impacted one fifth of world trade; there were 23 founding members. Originally signed by
23 countries at Geneva in 1947, GATT became the most effective instrument in the massive
expansion of world trade in the later 20th century. By 1995, when GATT was replaced by
the World Trade Organization (WTO), 125 nations had signed its agreements, which
governed 90 of world trade. GATT's most important principle was trade without
discrimination, in which member nations opened their markets equally to one another.
Once a country and its largest trading partners agreed to reduce a tariff, that tariff cut was
automatically extended to all GATT members. GATT also established uniform customs
regulations and sought to eliminate import quotas. It sponsored many treaties that
reduced tariffs, the last of which, signed in Uruguay in 1994, established the WTO. [2]
http://www.answers.com/topic/general-agreement-on-tariffs-and trade#ixzz2ntpQt94b
The goal of GATT founders was to liberalize world trade, specifically by reducing
protective tariffs.
Corporations often argue for more open trade in order to have access to new markets.
Labor often argues for trade restrictions in order to protect domestic jobs. Because trade
agreements must be approved by governments, this tension sets up political conflict.
http://uspolitics.about.com/od/politicaljunkies/g/GATT.htm
4. UN agency for promotion of free trade between signatory countries.GATT instituted a rulebased multilateral trading system for trade in both goods and services through a series of
negotiations (called 'rounds'). It succeeded in achieving reduction in the average tariff on
manufactured goods from 40 percent to about 5 percent in the industrialized nations, and
in obtaining varying degrees of promised reductions from less developed nations.
Its approach was based on two non-discriminatory principles, the (1) Most favored nation
and national treatment, and (2) Reciprocity. It worked to eliminate all non-tariff barriers
and import quotas, and advocated use of countervailing duties to fight dumping and to
negate the effects of subsidies. On January 1, 1995, after the culmination of Uruguay
Round, GATT was replaced by World Trade Organization (WTO).
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/General-Agreement-on-Tariff-and-TradeGATT.html
Purpose of GATT
According to the Preamble of GATT,main objective was the “Reduction of Barriers to
International Trade” This was achieved through the Reduction of Tariff barriers
Quantitative Restrictions Subsidies on trade through a series of agreements. Although,
other objectives of the contracting parties include,
raising standards of living
ensuring full employment
a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand
developing the full use of the resources of the world
Expanding the production and exchange of goods.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was first signed in 1947, was designed -
To provide an international forum
That encouraged free trade between member states
By regulating and reducing tariffs on traded goods
Providing a common mechanism for resolving trade disputes.
OBJECTIVES OF GATT :
To expand International trade by liberating trade.
Build an International trading system
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5. to ensure orderly and equitable expansion of world trade and contribute to the
prosperity of US.
Reduce foreign export subsides, tariff and non-tariff barrier and internal supports.
Cuts costs by 50 – 100% on important electronic items
To strengthen and clarify rules for agricultural trade.
To reduce subsidization for agricultural production.
Expansion of production and international trade.
Better utilization of resource of the world.
History :
3 Phases
First Phase :
From 1947 until the Torquay Round.Commodities which would be covered by the agreement and
freezing existing tariff levels
Year
Place/name
Subjects covered
1947
Geneva
Tariffs
1949
Annecy
Tariffs
1951
Torquay
Tariffs
Second Phase :
A second phase, encompassing three rounds, from 1959 to 1979.Focused on reducing tariffs
Second Phase
Year
Place/name
Subjects covered
1960-1961
Geneva
Dillon Round
Tariffs
1964-1967
Geneva
Kennedy Round
Tariffs and anti-dumping measures
6. 1973-1979
Geneva
Tokyo Round
Tariffs, non-tariff measures, “framework”
agreements
Third Phase :
The Third phase, consisting only of the Uruguay Round from 1986 to 1994.Extended the
agreement fully to new areas such as intellectual property, services, capital, and agriculture. Out of
this round the WTO was born.
Year
Place/name
Subjects covered
1986-1994
Geneva
Uruguay Round
Tariffs, non-tariff measures, rules, services, intellectual
property, dispute settlement, textiles, agriculture,
creation of WTO, etc.
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/prachi.agg15-135976-gatt-internationalbusiness-education-ppt-powerpoint/
GATT Round
GATT members have engaged in eight intensive series of multilateral trade negotiations.
Since the fifth series of negotiations (Dillon Round), multilateral negotiations under the
GATT have been called the “XX Round Negotiations” or simply the “XX Round.”
During the Doha Ministerial Conference, it was decided to launch a new series of
negotiations. This series of negotiations is called the Doha Development Agenda, because
some developing countries oppose the word “Round.” Figure II-4 outlines a brief history
of trade liberalization negotiations.
Tariffs were gradually reduced over the course of several negotiating rounds. In addition,
trade rules other than tariffs were developed. In particular, the Uruguay Round produced
landmark results, including the strengthening of trade rules and the development of
binding dispute settlement procedures.
GATT round negotiations
http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/downloadfiles/2011WTO/2-0Overview.pdf
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7. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT :
1. Non Discrimination: No member country shall discriminate between members of
GATT. Exceptions are allowed.
2. Prohibition of Quantitative Restrictions
3. Concept of consultation aims to avoid damage to trading interests of contracting
parties.
4. GATT provides frame work within which the negotiations can be held for reduction of
tariff another barrier to trade and structure for embodying results of such negotiations
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT :
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT Most Favored function status: Matters related to the
tariff and related matters granted to any of the trading partner. Ensures that any tariff
reduction or any other trade concession is extended to all GATT parties. National
treatment: GATT members must give imported goods treatment equal to that of
domestic goods. No restrictions on charges like rates may be applied to imported
goods unless equally treated.
8. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT :
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT Protection through tariff : Prohibits quantitative
restrictions / Quotas. Contracting parties are expected to provide protection by means
of tariffs which are transparent and subject to negotiations in the GATT. Dispute
Settlement: Procedures from Uruguay round negotiations provides more automatic and
effective resolution of disputes between member nations.
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/padmaviji82-786755-gatt/
Did GATT succeed?
Slide 20:
Continual reductions in tariffs helped spur very high rates of world trade growth during
the 1950s and 1960s — around 8% a year on average Trade growth consistently outpaced production growth The rush of new members during the Uruguay Round
demonstrated recognition of multilateral trading system as the anchor for development
and an instrument of economic and trade reform.
But…..
Slide 22:
GATT’s success in reducing tariffs to a low level, with a series of economic recessions
1970-80’s drove governments to devise other forms of protection for sectors facing
increased foreign competition High rates of unemployment and constant factory
closures led governments in Western Europe and North America to seek bilateral
market-sharing arrangements with competitors and to embark on a subsidies race to
maintain their holds on agricultural trade Both these changes undermined GATT’s
credibility and effectiveness.
Slide 23:
The problem was not just a deteriorating trade policy environment. By the early 1980s
the General Agreement was clearly no longer as relevant to the realities of world trade
as it had been in the 1940s . World trade had become far more complex and important
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9. than 40 years before The globalization of the world economy was underway Trade in
services — not covered by GATT rules Ever increasing international investments
Slide 24:
Factors convinced GATT members that a new effort to reinforce and extend the
multilateral system should be attempted. That effort resulted in the Uruguay Round, the
Marrakesh Declaration and the creation of the WTO.
Evaluation of GATT
1. When GATT was signed in the year 1947 only 23 nations were party to it. In the 1986,
there were 117 were members. One of the principle achievement of GATT was the
establishment of forum for continuing consultation.
2. GATT achieved considerable liberalization, few exception are as follow as: Agricultural trade was an exception to the liberalizations. Trade in agricultural
became progressively more distorted by the support given to the farmers in
agricultural sectors.
Another exception was textile: trade in textile was restricted by MFA. under MFA
import of textile items, to number of developed countries was restricted by
quota.
Developing countries with balance of payment problem have been generally
exempted from liberalization.
3. The average level of tariff on manufactured products in industrial countries was brought
down from 40% in 1947 to 3% in 1986.
4. The export of developing countries gained significantly less from the GATT agreement
then did the export of developed countries
10. Difference between GATT & WTO
GATT
WTO
1) It Stands for General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
2) GATT was adhoc and provisional.
1) ) It Stands for World Trade Organization
3) GATT has contracting parties.
3) WTO has members.
4) GATT system allows existing domestic,
legislation to continue even if it violated
GATT agreement.
4) WTO does not permit this.
5) GATT was less powerful and dispute
settlement mechanism was less efficient.
5) WTO is more powerful and dispute
settlement mechanism was more efficient
2) WTO is permanent.
References
1. http://www.sweetliberty.org/gatt.htm
2. http://www.answers.com/topic/general-agreement-on-tariffs-and trade#ixzz2ntpQt94b
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