The document discusses how antioxidants like vitamins C and E, carotenoids, and enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase protect the body from free radical damage by neutralizing reactive oxygen species. It explains that oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to cell and tissue damage if left unchecked. Maintaining adequate intake of antioxidants from foods and proper functioning of the body's endogenous antioxidant systems is important for preventing diseases linked to oxidative stress.
This document discusses the role of antioxidants in health and disease. It defines free radicals and describes how they are produced endogenously through metabolism and exogenously through environmental factors. Free radicals can cause oxidative damage but are balanced by the body's antioxidant defense system, which includes antioxidant enzymes like catalase and glutathione peroxidase, chain breaking antioxidants like vitamin E and beta-carotene, and transition metal binding proteins. The document outlines the sources and roles of various reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in the body.
This document discusses antioxidants, which are molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and protect cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. It describes the main types of antioxidants and free radicals in the body, how antioxidants work to eliminate free radicals, and their importance in preventing disease and aging. Foods contain varying amounts of antioxidants, which must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them. Measurement methods are used to determine the antioxidant levels and capacities of foods, juices and other substances.
Antioxidants are naturally occurring chemicals that help counter the damaging effects of free radicals. They are found in many fruits and vegetables. Eating a diet high in antioxidants from plant foods helps protect cells from damage and may reduce the risk of diseases. Some key antioxidants include vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, lutein, and anthocyanins. Both natural and synthetic antioxidants are used as food preservatives.
The document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including an introduction to antioxidants, types of antioxidants, and their mechanisms of action. It then explains that free radicals are generated endogenously through metabolic processes or exposure to external factors and can cause oxidative stress if not neutralized by antioxidants. The body has enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses to balance free radicals. When this balance is impaired, free radicals can damage biomolecules and trigger diseases. The document further describes different types of antioxidants, their classification, and mechanisms of scavenging or preventing free radicals.
The document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. ROS such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals are produced through normal cellular processes but can cause tissue damage if levels become too high. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by neutralizing ROS. The document outlines various antioxidants like vitamins C and E, carotenoids, polyphenols, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. It also describes how ROS can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA and discusses the role of antioxidants and ROS in periodontal disease pathogenesis.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells. They are formed through normal metabolic processes but also due to environmental toxins and radiation. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals but an excess can lead to oxidative stress and disease. Endogenous free radicals include reactive oxygen species like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals produced during metabolism. Exogenous sources include tobacco smoke, drugs, radiation, and air pollution. Free radical damage accumulates with age and is linked to many age-related diseases.
Defence mechanism of antioxidant in Human BodyImad Khan
This document summarizes the antioxidant defense mechanism in the human body. It discusses what free radicals are and their main sources, as well as the antioxidant defense system that protects the body from free radical damage. The defense system includes antioxidant compounds and enzymes that act at different levels - prevention, interception, and repair - to neutralize free radicals. Some key antioxidant compounds and their roles are also described.
This document discusses oxidation, antioxidants, and their roles in health and disease. It defines oxidation as the loss of electrons by atoms or molecules, which can result in free radical formation. Antioxidants are then introduced as substances that can neutralize reactive molecules and reduce oxidative damage. Examples of antioxidant nutrients are provided, along with their functions. Conditions related to oxidation, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, are overviewed in relation to antioxidants and diet.
This document discusses the role of antioxidants in health and disease. It defines free radicals and describes how they are produced endogenously through metabolism and exogenously through environmental factors. Free radicals can cause oxidative damage but are balanced by the body's antioxidant defense system, which includes antioxidant enzymes like catalase and glutathione peroxidase, chain breaking antioxidants like vitamin E and beta-carotene, and transition metal binding proteins. The document outlines the sources and roles of various reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in the body.
This document discusses antioxidants, which are molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and protect cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. It describes the main types of antioxidants and free radicals in the body, how antioxidants work to eliminate free radicals, and their importance in preventing disease and aging. Foods contain varying amounts of antioxidants, which must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them. Measurement methods are used to determine the antioxidant levels and capacities of foods, juices and other substances.
Antioxidants are naturally occurring chemicals that help counter the damaging effects of free radicals. They are found in many fruits and vegetables. Eating a diet high in antioxidants from plant foods helps protect cells from damage and may reduce the risk of diseases. Some key antioxidants include vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, lutein, and anthocyanins. Both natural and synthetic antioxidants are used as food preservatives.
The document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including an introduction to antioxidants, types of antioxidants, and their mechanisms of action. It then explains that free radicals are generated endogenously through metabolic processes or exposure to external factors and can cause oxidative stress if not neutralized by antioxidants. The body has enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses to balance free radicals. When this balance is impaired, free radicals can damage biomolecules and trigger diseases. The document further describes different types of antioxidants, their classification, and mechanisms of scavenging or preventing free radicals.
The document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. ROS such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals are produced through normal cellular processes but can cause tissue damage if levels become too high. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by neutralizing ROS. The document outlines various antioxidants like vitamins C and E, carotenoids, polyphenols, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. It also describes how ROS can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA and discusses the role of antioxidants and ROS in periodontal disease pathogenesis.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells. They are formed through normal metabolic processes but also due to environmental toxins and radiation. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals but an excess can lead to oxidative stress and disease. Endogenous free radicals include reactive oxygen species like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals produced during metabolism. Exogenous sources include tobacco smoke, drugs, radiation, and air pollution. Free radical damage accumulates with age and is linked to many age-related diseases.
Defence mechanism of antioxidant in Human BodyImad Khan
This document summarizes the antioxidant defense mechanism in the human body. It discusses what free radicals are and their main sources, as well as the antioxidant defense system that protects the body from free radical damage. The defense system includes antioxidant compounds and enzymes that act at different levels - prevention, interception, and repair - to neutralize free radicals. Some key antioxidant compounds and their roles are also described.
This document discusses oxidation, antioxidants, and their roles in health and disease. It defines oxidation as the loss of electrons by atoms or molecules, which can result in free radical formation. Antioxidants are then introduced as substances that can neutralize reactive molecules and reduce oxidative damage. Examples of antioxidant nutrients are provided, along with their functions. Conditions related to oxidation, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, are overviewed in relation to antioxidants and diet.
This document provides information about antioxidants found in various fruits. It defines antioxidants as chemicals that inhibit oxidation and protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It discusses the occurrence of antioxidants in foods like vegetables, fruits, grains and nuts. It focuses on antioxidants found specifically in oranges and lemons. For oranges, it provides details on their scientific name, origin, antioxidant properties, and health benefits. Similarly for lemons, it discusses their scientific name, origin as an antioxidant source, and health advantages of lemon juice. The document also briefly covers antioxidants in cucumbers and amla. In under 3 sentences, it summarizes the key antioxidants found in these fruits and their role in reducing free radicals and
Presentation on Free Radicals Theory of Aging pptSameer Saharan
This seminar report summarizes the free radical theory of aging, which proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during cellular metabolism cause damage to biomolecules like DNA, lipids, and proteins over time, leading to aging. The theory was first proposed by Denham Harman in 1956 and later modified to focus on ROS produced in mitochondria during ATP production. Sources of free radicals include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and environmental exposures. Antioxidants like vitamins C and E help neutralize free radicals. While supported by evidence like longer lifespans in animals with higher antioxidant levels, the theory is criticized for oversimplifying the roles of different free radicals and not accounting for variations between species.
in this presentation, the light is focused on discussing the Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, how it forms, how it affects the body and what are the diseases that correlate with oxidative stress.
nevertheless, how it can be balanced by the antioxidants and what is their role in oxidative stress.
This document discusses antioxidants. It begins by defining antioxidants as molecules that inhibit oxidation of other molecules and protect cells from free radicals. It then discusses what free radicals are and types of antioxidants, including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and phytochemicals. It classifies antioxidants as either fat-soluble or water-soluble and describes their roles in food and the body. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of antioxidants in preventing disease and slowing the aging process.
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules.
Oxidation reactions can form free radicals and these start chain reactions that damage cells .
Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates and inhibit other oxidation reactions
This document discusses antioxidants, including their definition as molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and protect cells from damage by free radicals. It describes how free radicals can cause oxidative stress by damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. Some important natural antioxidants are vitamins E, C, and A, which protect cell membranes and scavenge free radicals. Antioxidants are useful both for maintaining health by reducing oxidative stress and various diseases, and for industrial applications like food preservation and preventing fuel degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that antioxidants play an important role in health by preventing cancer and other diseases.
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in cells, leading to molecular and cellular damage. Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species with unpaired electrons that form as a natural byproduct of oxygen metabolism and can have beneficial roles but also cause oxidative damage. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals to prevent oxidative stress and diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. Measurement of oxidative stress markers and use of antioxidant defenses help counter the effects of free radical damage in cells.
Enzymatic antioxidants play an important protective role in seeds. They work to break down reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage. The main enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. These antioxidants are involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle which helps detoxify hydrogen peroxide in plant cells. Studies show changes in the activity levels of enzymatic antioxidants during seed maturation, aging, storage, and germination as seeds encounter oxidative stress. Maintaining optimal antioxidant enzyme activity helps improve seed quality and longevity.
This document discusses antioxidants and their role in reducing oxidative stress and free radical damage in the body. It provides information on sources of antioxidants such as fruits and vegetables, and how different cooking methods can affect the antioxidant levels in foods. Some key points include:
- Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which is associated with diseases like cancer and heart disease. Major sources of antioxidants are fruits and vegetables.
- Cooking methods like boiling, baking, and frying can impact the antioxidant levels in foods, with some methods causing greater losses than others. Proper cooking is important to maximize antioxidant retention.
- The document outlines various assays used to measure antioxidant capacity and free radical
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells by stealing electrons from them. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by donating electrons to free radicals without becoming destabilized themselves. Oxidative stress leads to many health issues like neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, heart disease, and inflammation. It can be reduced by avoiding unnecessary oxidative sources and increasing antioxidant intake through foods, supplements, and lifestyle habits.
Antioxidants are substances that prevent or slow cell damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals produced during environmental and bodily processes as a reaction to stress. Free radicals can damage cells and DNA if not removed efficiently, potentially leading to diseases. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and are found in many fruits, vegetables, nuts, and spices. Consuming a variety of antioxidant-rich foods may help reduce risks of diseases linked to oxidative stress like heart disease and cancer.
Oxygen is vital for life but can also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide radicals. There are multiple sources of ROS in the body, including lipid peroxidation of fatty acids and reactions with transition metals. ROS cause damage through reaction chains, but the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase that neutralize ROS and prevent oxidative damage to biomolecules and tissues. ROS imbalances are implicated in diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and aging.
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are produced through normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Lipid peroxidation occurs in three phases - initiation, propagation, and termination. ROS can damage lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This contributes to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help prevent and limit oxidative damage from free radicals. Enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase neutralize ROS.
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation reactions by preventing or slowing the rate of lipid oxidation in food systems. Common antioxidants include vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and lycopene, which are found in many fruits and vegetables with bright colors. Antioxidants can stabilize free radicals produced during oxidation reactions in the body that can otherwise damage cells and are linked to diseases like cancer and heart disease. Consuming a diet with five servings of fruits and vegetables daily can help reduce oxidative stress through antioxidants.
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. It begins by defining ROS as unstable, highly reactive molecules that contain unpaired electrons, like hydrogen peroxide. ROS can damage cells by attacking macromolecules like DNA, proteins and lipids. This oxidative stress contributes to diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. The document then discusses the antioxidant defense system, including both enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamins C and E. It classifies antioxidants and describes their mechanisms of action in scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage.
1. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that are formed through normal cell metabolism and can damage cells.
2. Antioxidants protect tissues from free radical damage by interacting with and neutralizing free radicals. Common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, carotenoids, glutathione, and various enzymes.
3. Free radical damage has been linked to diseases while diets high in antioxidants from fruits, vegetables, nuts and oils may help prevent disease by reducing oxidative stress in the body.
This document presents information about oxidation, free radicals, and antioxidants. It discusses how oxidation contributes to diseases and food deterioration. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidation. Antioxidants prevent oxidation by donating electrons to free radicals. The document outlines various natural and synthetic antioxidants, how they work, and their health benefits. It also discusses regulations around approved food antioxidants and trends in antioxidant research.
Antioxidants and their therapeutic implicationsManish Kumar
Free radicals are produced during normal metabolism but can damage cells. Antioxidants help destroy free radicals and prevent this damage. Sources of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and phytonutrients found in plants. Lipid peroxidation occurs when free radicals damage lipids and can affect food quality, nutrition, and health, causing conditions like heart disease. Antioxidants have therapeutic implications, as they may help treat or prevent cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, brain injuries, strokes, neurodegenerative diseases, and liver damage by reducing oxidative stress.
The document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. Free radicals are produced through normal cellular processes but can also be generated by external factors like radiation. They can cause lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein oxidation leading to cell damage associated with aging and diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.
The document discusses various aspects of antioxidants and screening models used to evaluate antioxidant potential. It introduces free radicals and their sources, types including superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals. Various diseases associated with oxidative stress are mentioned. Different in vitro screening models to test antioxidant capacity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are described, including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC assays. Natural sources of antioxidants from plants used in Ayurveda and their potential is highlighted.
This document discusses pharmacovigilance as it relates to herbal medications. It defines pharmacovigilance and outlines its goals of improving patient safety, public health, and risk assessment of medicines. It then discusses specific challenges in monitoring the safety of herbal medicines, including quality control issues due to their complex chemical profiles. Several methods for herbal pharmacovigilance are described, including spontaneous adverse event reporting, prescription event monitoring, and reporting by herbal practitioners. Some herbs with known safety risks are highlighted as examples.
This document provides information about antioxidants found in various fruits. It defines antioxidants as chemicals that inhibit oxidation and protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It discusses the occurrence of antioxidants in foods like vegetables, fruits, grains and nuts. It focuses on antioxidants found specifically in oranges and lemons. For oranges, it provides details on their scientific name, origin, antioxidant properties, and health benefits. Similarly for lemons, it discusses their scientific name, origin as an antioxidant source, and health advantages of lemon juice. The document also briefly covers antioxidants in cucumbers and amla. In under 3 sentences, it summarizes the key antioxidants found in these fruits and their role in reducing free radicals and
Presentation on Free Radicals Theory of Aging pptSameer Saharan
This seminar report summarizes the free radical theory of aging, which proposes that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during cellular metabolism cause damage to biomolecules like DNA, lipids, and proteins over time, leading to aging. The theory was first proposed by Denham Harman in 1956 and later modified to focus on ROS produced in mitochondria during ATP production. Sources of free radicals include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and environmental exposures. Antioxidants like vitamins C and E help neutralize free radicals. While supported by evidence like longer lifespans in animals with higher antioxidant levels, the theory is criticized for oversimplifying the roles of different free radicals and not accounting for variations between species.
in this presentation, the light is focused on discussing the Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, how it forms, how it affects the body and what are the diseases that correlate with oxidative stress.
nevertheless, how it can be balanced by the antioxidants and what is their role in oxidative stress.
This document discusses antioxidants. It begins by defining antioxidants as molecules that inhibit oxidation of other molecules and protect cells from free radicals. It then discusses what free radicals are and types of antioxidants, including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and phytochemicals. It classifies antioxidants as either fat-soluble or water-soluble and describes their roles in food and the body. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of antioxidants in preventing disease and slowing the aging process.
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules.
Oxidation reactions can form free radicals and these start chain reactions that damage cells .
Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates and inhibit other oxidation reactions
This document discusses antioxidants, including their definition as molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and protect cells from damage by free radicals. It describes how free radicals can cause oxidative stress by damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. Some important natural antioxidants are vitamins E, C, and A, which protect cell membranes and scavenge free radicals. Antioxidants are useful both for maintaining health by reducing oxidative stress and various diseases, and for industrial applications like food preservation and preventing fuel degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that antioxidants play an important role in health by preventing cancer and other diseases.
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in cells, leading to molecular and cellular damage. Free radicals are highly reactive chemical species with unpaired electrons that form as a natural byproduct of oxygen metabolism and can have beneficial roles but also cause oxidative damage. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals to prevent oxidative stress and diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. Measurement of oxidative stress markers and use of antioxidant defenses help counter the effects of free radical damage in cells.
Enzymatic antioxidants play an important protective role in seeds. They work to break down reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage. The main enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. These antioxidants are involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle which helps detoxify hydrogen peroxide in plant cells. Studies show changes in the activity levels of enzymatic antioxidants during seed maturation, aging, storage, and germination as seeds encounter oxidative stress. Maintaining optimal antioxidant enzyme activity helps improve seed quality and longevity.
This document discusses antioxidants and their role in reducing oxidative stress and free radical damage in the body. It provides information on sources of antioxidants such as fruits and vegetables, and how different cooking methods can affect the antioxidant levels in foods. Some key points include:
- Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which is associated with diseases like cancer and heart disease. Major sources of antioxidants are fruits and vegetables.
- Cooking methods like boiling, baking, and frying can impact the antioxidant levels in foods, with some methods causing greater losses than others. Proper cooking is important to maximize antioxidant retention.
- The document outlines various assays used to measure antioxidant capacity and free radical
Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells by stealing electrons from them. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by donating electrons to free radicals without becoming destabilized themselves. Oxidative stress leads to many health issues like neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, heart disease, and inflammation. It can be reduced by avoiding unnecessary oxidative sources and increasing antioxidant intake through foods, supplements, and lifestyle habits.
Antioxidants are substances that prevent or slow cell damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals produced during environmental and bodily processes as a reaction to stress. Free radicals can damage cells and DNA if not removed efficiently, potentially leading to diseases. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and are found in many fruits, vegetables, nuts, and spices. Consuming a variety of antioxidant-rich foods may help reduce risks of diseases linked to oxidative stress like heart disease and cancer.
Oxygen is vital for life but can also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide radicals. There are multiple sources of ROS in the body, including lipid peroxidation of fatty acids and reactions with transition metals. ROS cause damage through reaction chains, but the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase that neutralize ROS and prevent oxidative damage to biomolecules and tissues. ROS imbalances are implicated in diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and aging.
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are produced through normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Lipid peroxidation occurs in three phases - initiation, propagation, and termination. ROS can damage lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. This contributes to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help prevent and limit oxidative damage from free radicals. Enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase neutralize ROS.
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation reactions by preventing or slowing the rate of lipid oxidation in food systems. Common antioxidants include vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and lycopene, which are found in many fruits and vegetables with bright colors. Antioxidants can stabilize free radicals produced during oxidation reactions in the body that can otherwise damage cells and are linked to diseases like cancer and heart disease. Consuming a diet with five servings of fruits and vegetables daily can help reduce oxidative stress through antioxidants.
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. It begins by defining ROS as unstable, highly reactive molecules that contain unpaired electrons, like hydrogen peroxide. ROS can damage cells by attacking macromolecules like DNA, proteins and lipids. This oxidative stress contributes to diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. The document then discusses the antioxidant defense system, including both enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamins C and E. It classifies antioxidants and describes their mechanisms of action in scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage.
1. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that are formed through normal cell metabolism and can damage cells.
2. Antioxidants protect tissues from free radical damage by interacting with and neutralizing free radicals. Common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, carotenoids, glutathione, and various enzymes.
3. Free radical damage has been linked to diseases while diets high in antioxidants from fruits, vegetables, nuts and oils may help prevent disease by reducing oxidative stress in the body.
This document presents information about oxidation, free radicals, and antioxidants. It discusses how oxidation contributes to diseases and food deterioration. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause oxidation. Antioxidants prevent oxidation by donating electrons to free radicals. The document outlines various natural and synthetic antioxidants, how they work, and their health benefits. It also discusses regulations around approved food antioxidants and trends in antioxidant research.
Antioxidants and their therapeutic implicationsManish Kumar
Free radicals are produced during normal metabolism but can damage cells. Antioxidants help destroy free radicals and prevent this damage. Sources of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and phytonutrients found in plants. Lipid peroxidation occurs when free radicals damage lipids and can affect food quality, nutrition, and health, causing conditions like heart disease. Antioxidants have therapeutic implications, as they may help treat or prevent cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, brain injuries, strokes, neurodegenerative diseases, and liver damage by reducing oxidative stress.
The document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. Free radicals are produced through normal cellular processes but can also be generated by external factors like radiation. They can cause lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein oxidation leading to cell damage associated with aging and diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.
The document discusses various aspects of antioxidants and screening models used to evaluate antioxidant potential. It introduces free radicals and their sources, types including superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals. Various diseases associated with oxidative stress are mentioned. Different in vitro screening models to test antioxidant capacity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are described, including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC assays. Natural sources of antioxidants from plants used in Ayurveda and their potential is highlighted.
This document discusses pharmacovigilance as it relates to herbal medications. It defines pharmacovigilance and outlines its goals of improving patient safety, public health, and risk assessment of medicines. It then discusses specific challenges in monitoring the safety of herbal medicines, including quality control issues due to their complex chemical profiles. Several methods for herbal pharmacovigilance are described, including spontaneous adverse event reporting, prescription event monitoring, and reporting by herbal practitioners. Some herbs with known safety risks are highlighted as examples.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
The document summarizes the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of a poly herbal formulation. It begins with an introduction to antioxidants and their importance. It then describes the objective to investigate the pharmacological screening of ethanol and aqueous extracts of the polyherbal drug to justify its use as an antioxidant. The document outlines the various materials, extraction methods, and assays used to evaluate the antioxidant activity including hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power, nitric oxide scavenging, and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The results of these assays on the ethanolic extract showed significant free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. The conclusion states that the polyherbal formulation is a potential source of natural antioxidants that could
IN VITRO STUDY OF A MULTI DRUG RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIA AND EFFECT OF HERBAL DR...Dr Dhanji Rajani
This document provides an introduction and plan for an in vitro study of multi-drug resistant mycobacteria and the effect of herbal drugs on it. The study aims to determine the prevalence of MDR and XDR tuberculosis in South Gujarat, India and test the effectiveness of herbal extracts like garlic in inhibiting the growth of drug-resistant strains. Sputum samples will be collected and tested using acid fast staining, culture, and drug susceptibility testing to identify MDR and XDR strains. Isolated MDR and XDR mycobacteria will then be exposed to garlic extracts to study their minimum inhibitory concentrations using a MIC method. The results are expected to help combat the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the region.
การวิเคราะห์ฤทธิ์ต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ระยะต่างกันในกล้วยเล็บมือนาง
Analysis of Antioxidant Activity at Different Stage in Musa (AA group) ‘Kluai Leb Mu Nang’
อดิศร จำรูญ
1) Herbal medicines are widely used globally but can cause adverse drug reactions. Pharmacovigilance, or monitoring the safety of medicines, is important for herbal drugs.
2) Challenges in herbal pharmacovigilance include regulation, quality control, and recording identities due to chemical complexity of herbs. Adverse reactions must be reported using forms submitted to regulatory authorities.
3) The WHO established guidelines for herbal pharmacovigilance to build safety information and protect public health. Improved monitoring can restore confidence in herbal medicines.
This document describes methods for the quantitative determination and analysis of Promethazine Hydrochloride and Prasugrel Hydrochloride using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) through spectrophotometric studies. Calibration curves were constructed for both drugs using FCR and results were validated in terms of limits of detection, quantification, accuracy and precision. The developed methods were applied to pharmaceutical formulations containing the drugs and found to give satisfactory recoveries. Various factors affecting the absorbance were also optimized.
This document outlines a study to screen and analyze selected plant species for their antioxidant properties. The objectives are to:
1. Screen 3-4 plant species from forest regions for antioxidant properties.
2. Identify primary and secondary metabolites in plant extracts.
3. Isolate and quantify bioactive antioxidant compounds and determine medicinal value.
4. Compare antioxidant profiles between plant species.
Plants will be extracted using solvent extraction. Phytochemical analysis will test for compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content will be determined colorimetrically. Antioxidant capacity will be evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, hydroxy
This document discusses various methods for analyzing antioxidant capacity, including ORAC, HORAC, CUPRAC, DPPH, PFRAP, fluorometry, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The ORAC assay measures antioxidant scavenging against peroxyl radicals using fluorescein as a fluorescent probe. The HORAC assay similarly uses a fluorescent probe to measure protection against hydroxyl radicals. CUPRAC determines antioxidant capacity based on copper ion reduction. DPPH measures hydrogen or electron donation through color change. PFRAP analyzes reducing ability through complex formation. Fluorometry quantifies antioxidants in biodiesel. FRAP detects redox potentials below 0.7 V through color change.
Extraction and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plantsShameem_Byadgi
This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and total phenolic content of several medicinal plants. Plant materials were extracted using different solvents and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative testing identified the presence of compounds like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the plants contained valuable phytochemicals and could be a potential source of drugs. The methanol extracts generally had the highest concentration of phytochemicals.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
Free Radical Injury from ROBIN ( prof dr naseer lecture)dr shahida
Free radicals are unstable chemical species that can damage cells. They are normally produced during cellular metabolism but can increase during oxidative stress, leading to cell injury. Free radicals react with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, causing damage through lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA lesions. Cells have antioxidant defenses and scavenging systems like catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase to remove free radicals, but excessive free radicals overwhelm these systems and cause pathological effects that contribute to conditions like cancer, aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
Free Radical Injury by prof dr naseer pptdr shahida
Free radicals are unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can damage cells. They are normally produced during respiration but are neutralized by cellular defenses. Oxidative stress occurs when free radical production overwhelms these defenses, potentially leading to conditions like aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Cells contain antioxidant molecules and enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase that break down free radicals into less reactive species and prevent cellular injury. However, toxins, radiation, and other stresses can produce excessive free radicals that evade these protective systems, damaging lipids, proteins, DNA and potentially causing toxicity, inflammation, and cell death.
Aerobic organisms continuously produce reactive free radicals through respiration, metabolism and phagocytosis. Approximately 1-2% of oxygen consumed is converted into superoxide radicals by the respiratory chain, one of the main sources of free radicals in cells. While oxygen is necessary for life, its partial reduction can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage living systems. The body has multiple antioxidant defenses to combat ROS, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin C, which help convert ROS into less reactive species and protect biomolecules from oxidative damage.
This document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as unstable atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons that can damage cells. Free radicals are generated through normal cell processes but can also come from external sources like pollution. They can cause oxidative stress by damaging biomolecules, cells, and tissues. Antioxidants help counter the harmful effects of free radicals by donating electrons to stabilize them. Examples of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, minerals, and enzymes. Oxidative stress left unchecked can contribute to many health conditions.
free radicals presentatoin in biochemistryHariSukrutha
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that can damage biomolecules. They are formed through processes like photolysis, thermolysis, and redox reactions. Important free radicals include oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxides. Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is a major source of free radicals and can cause damage leading to diseases. Antioxidants help reduce free radical damage by preventing radical formation or interfering with radical chain reactions. Free radicals can modify proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids by oxidizing amino acids and fatty acids or fragmenting polymers.
The document discusses oxidants and antioxidants. It defines oxidants as substances that can oxidize other substances by removing electrons, and provides examples like reactive oxygen species. It then discusses sources of oxidants like metabolism and pollution. It defines antioxidants as substances that reduce oxidation reactions and lists endogenous and dietary antioxidants like vitamins C and E. It outlines some consequences of oxidant action like lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can be generated endogenously through normal metabolism or exogenously through environmental exposures. They damage cells and tissues through lipid peroxidation and reactions with DNA, proteins, and other molecules. Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress by scavenging or preventing the formation of free radicals. Common antioxidants include enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as vitamins C and E. However, antioxidants can also act as pro-oxidants in high amounts or conditions of high oxygen pressure.
This seminar discusses oxygen free radicals and their scavengers. It defines free radicals as atoms or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. The body produces free radicals during normal processes like energy production, but they can also be generated by external factors like pollution and smoking. Free radicals can damage cells by stealing electrons from nearby molecules and initiating chain reactions. The body has antioxidant defenses against free radicals like superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase that neutralize them. However, excessive free radical production or insufficient antioxidants can lead to oxidative stress and cell/tissue damage implicated in diseases.
This document discusses lipid oxidation and peroxidation. It defines fatty acids and the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. It also defines oxidation, free radicals, and explains why fatty acids are prone to oxidation. The document outlines the mechanism of peroxidation including initiation, propagation, and termination. It discusses the impact of fatty acid oxidation and the types of oxidation that can occur. Factors that affect fatty acid oxidation both in vitro and in vivo are also summarized along with the harmful effects of lipid peroxidation and ways to prevent it.
The document discusses oxidative stress and redox regulation. It defines oxidative stress as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in cells. Reactive oxygen species are formed through normal metabolism but also during environmental stress. They can damage biomolecules and lead to diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize reactive oxygen species and may help prevent certain diseases. Redox regulation involves electron transfer processes like oxidation, which is the loss of electrons, and reduction, which is the gain of electrons. An example of redox regulation is the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is involved in cell survival signaling and can be activated under oxidative stress conditions through redox modification.
1. Free radicals are unstable molecules that react quickly to gain stability by capturing electrons from other compounds, causing damage. Common types include superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.
2. Free radicals are generated as a normal product of oxygen metabolism in cells and can also come from environmental exposures like pollution, smoking, and radiation. They cause oxidative damage to biomolecules like lipids, proteins, DNA and carbohydrates.
3. This damage is implicated in diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. Antioxidants help counter the damaging effects of free radicals by reacting with and neutralizing them.
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that can damage cells. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells from free radical damage. The document defines free radicals and describes how they are normally produced and how they can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. It then explains the systems cells use to prevent and intercept free radicals, including enzymes like superoxide dismutase and antioxidants like vitamin E. Vitamin E acts as a chain-breaking antioxidant that stops the chain reactions of lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals. A deficiency of vitamin E can occur if one cannot absorb dietary fat or in premature infants, but it is generally uncommon as it is found in many foods.
Free radicals in human diseases and the roleMohammed Sakr
Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Free radicals are a main cause of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, aging and immune defense disorders. Foods like berries and carrot protect us against free radicals.
This document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. Free radicals are produced through normal cell metabolism but can damage cells. Antioxidants help prevent this damage by neutralizing free radicals. The document outlines the major sources of free radicals in the body and environment, the types of tissue damage they can cause, and examples of antioxidant enzymes and foods that help reduce oxidative stress.
Introduction
Oxidation
What are antioxidants?
Antioxidants
Source of Antioxidants
Antioxidants produced by Plants
Major Antioxidant compounds in Plants
Fruits and Vegetables with highest Antioxidant content
Conclusion
This document discusses antioxidants and free radicals. It begins by introducing oxidation and how it contributes to diseases, then defines free radicals as unstable molecules that can damage other molecules. It explains how free radicals cause damage through oxidation and discusses oxidative stress. The document lists sources of free radicals both internal from metabolism and external from environmental factors. It defines reactive oxygen species as examples of free radicals containing oxygen. The document discusses how antioxidants work by donating electrons to neutralize free radicals. It lists the different levels of antioxidant action and types of antioxidants including enzymes, vitamins, and phytochemicals.
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in biology and medicine. It defines key terms and explores the origins and effects of different ROS like superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. It also examines the mechanisms of tissue damage caused by ROS and the roles of antioxidant defense systems in preventing damage. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid, DNA, and protein damage are reviewed. Evidence suggests ROS contribute to periodontal tissue destruction in periodontitis through lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage.
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that can cause cell damage. The body produces free radicals during normal metabolic processes and as a defense against pathogens. However, excessive free radical production can lead to oxidative stress and damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. The body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase that neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative damage. However, when free radical production overwhelms these defenses, it can contribute to diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Antioxidant nutrients from foods help reduce oxidative stress by donating electrons to free radicals and halting radical chain reactions before damage occurs.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that are formed through normal metabolic processes or as a result of environmental exposures. They contain unpaired electrons that make them highly reactive as they seek to capture electrons from other molecules. While free radicals help fight infections, too many can damage cells through oxidation if antioxidants are not available to neutralize them. Common sources of free radicals include environmental toxins, stress, smoking, and radiation therapy. The body has endogenous defenses against free radicals but an excess can lead to diseases and early aging over time.
This document provides an overview of common instrumental analytical techniques used in chromatography and spectroscopy. It describes various chromatographic techniques including thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. It also outlines several spectroscopic techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, colorimetry, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The document explains the basic principles, components, and applications of these analytical methods for separating and analyzing mixtures.
The document discusses Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs), which are required for clinical trials of new drugs. It outlines the key components of an IND, including an introductory statement, investigator's brochure, protocols, chemistry/manufacturing information, and previous human experience. It also describes IND amendments, annual reports, and the roles of the sponsor and investigator. The overall purpose of an IND is to provide information to the FDA on a new drug's safety before it can be tested in humans.
Fractional factorial designs (FFDs) are used to efficiently study many factors using fewer experimental runs than a full factorial design. FFDs exploit redundancy in estimating interactions to select a subset of runs. Regular FFDs have desirable properties like balance and orthogonality. Resolution indicates how interactions are aliased, with higher resolutions preferred. FFDs are useful in screening experiments to identify important factors efficiently before further optimization. Software helps select appropriate FFDs based on desired resolution and aliasing.
This document discusses herbal medicines and their use in the pharmaceutical industry. It provides information on patient use of herbal remedies, why herbal products are in demand, approaches to developing herbal formulations, standardizing herbs, guidelines for using herbs safely, and interacting with other medications. The document addresses issues like herbal products not being well-tested, lacking quality control, and having imprecise potency, while also noting two sides to herbs in terms of benefits and risks.
Herbal medicine involves the use of whole plants to promote health and treat disease, drawing on a tradition of human use for over 60,000 years. It views disease more broadly by addressing underlying causes and individual expression rather than just symptoms. Herbal medicines are prescribed to restore homeostasis and promote optimal cellular nutrition and elimination. Around 1 in 5 people in the UK regularly use herbal medicine, and it is regulated through organizations like the National Institute of Medical Herbalists. Herbal medicines are prescribed individually based on a comprehensive medical history and clinical examination.
The document discusses Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs), which are required for clinical testing of new drugs. It describes the key components of an IND including an introductory statement, investigator's brochure, protocols, chemistry and manufacturing information, and annual reports. It also defines important terms like sponsor and investigator and outlines the regulatory requirements for INDs.
This document provides an introduction to water systems for pharmaceutical use. It discusses the importance of water quality for pharmaceutical processes and products. It outlines various water types like purified water, highly purified water, and water for injections. It emphasizes that water systems must be properly designed, installed, operated and maintained according to GMP to ensure consistent production of water meeting quality specifications. It also discusses common water contaminants and the need to monitor water sources and treat water appropriately based on its chemistry and contaminants.
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) establish minimum standards for methods, facilities, and controls used in manufacturing drugs to ensure they are safe, have the appropriate identity and strength, and meet quality and purity standards. GMP violations can result in severe consequences for drug manufacturers such as product seizures, recalls, shutdown of facilities, and large financial penalties. Current trends in GMPs include a risk-based approach, international harmonization of quality standards, and proposed amendments regarding validation and cross-contamination prevention.
GMP (good manufacturing practices) and cGMP (current good manufacturing practices) are quality standards for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and medical devices. They help ensure that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards for safety and efficacy. Key aspects of GMP include establishing processes and procedures for production, cleaning, maintenance, personnel training, and quality testing of products. Following GMP guidelines helps manufacturers produce pharmaceuticals that meet the necessary quality standards.
The document discusses the FDA's Inactive Ingredient Guide (IIG), which lists inactive ingredients that are present in approved drug products. It provides information on obtaining the IIG and describes the contents and purpose of the guide. The IIG is intended to help identify inactive ingredients that may require less extensive review if they are already present in approved drug products for a particular route of administration. It lists ingredients alphabetically and provides information like routes of administration, CAS numbers, number of NDAs, and potency ranges.
The document discusses Drug Master Files (DMFs), which provide confidential detailed information to the FDA in support of applications. It defines 5 types of DMFs and outlines their typical contents. These include manufacturing processes and facilities, active pharmaceutical ingredients, packaging materials, excipients, and reference information. The summary provides guidelines on submitting DMFs, required content for each type, quality controls, stability testing, and the FDA review process. Holders must adhere to good manufacturing practices and be willing to allow inspections.
This document outlines the history of drug development and approval processes in the United States from 1820 to 1997. It describes key milestones and legislation that established regulations for new drug applications (NDAs). NDAs were first required in 1938 to show drug safety, and in 1962 were amended to require proof of efficacy. The FDA now reviews NDAs to ensure the benefits of new drugs outweigh the risks based on clinical trial data.
The EMEA (European Medicines Agency) is a decentralized body of the European Union headquartered in London. It was established in 1995 and coordinates the evaluation and supervision of medicines for human and veterinary use throughout the EU. It is composed of various committees including the CHMP (Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use) and CVMP (Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use) which are responsible for assessment and authorization of medicines. The EMEA ensures that medicines are evaluated based on quality, safety and efficacy with the goal of protecting public health.
This document discusses key considerations for dosage form design and formulation. It explains that pharmaceutical formulation involves selecting excipients to solubilize, thicken, stabilize, flavor, and otherwise modify drug substances for patient delivery. Proper dosage form design requires considering the physical and chemical properties of drug substances and ensuring compatibility with excipients. Preformulation studies characterize the drug's properties including solubility, dissolution rate, and stability. Understanding these properties helps determine the appropriate dosage form and formulation to provide stable, effective delivery of the active drug to patients.
This document defines various microbiology terms related to sterilization and disinfection. It discusses sterilization techniques like heat, filtration, and radiation. It also covers chemical disinfectants including phenols, bisphenols, biguanides, halogens, and chlorine. Physical methods like heat, filtration, refrigeration, and radiation can kill microbes. Chemical disinfectants have varying mechanisms of action, with phenols and halogens damaging cell membranes and bisphenols inhibiting fatty acid synthesis. Proper evaluation of disinfectant efficacy involves tests against standard microbes.
This document provides an overview of computer validation and compliance with regulatory guidance. It discusses the need for computer validation and outlines key principles from guidance documents such as software validation, use of off-the-shelf software in medical devices, and validation of electronic records and signatures. Validation approaches for different systems and software are covered, including spreadsheets. The document provides references to FDA and international regulatory guidance on these topics.
This document discusses designing around patents from the perspectives of both patent holders and competitors. It notes that patent holders seek broad patent protection to maximize monopoly profits and minimize successful design around efforts, while competitors aim to create non-infringing alternative products without bearing the monopoly costs of the patent. The document outlines strategies for patent holders to draft claims to make designing around more difficult and for competitors to develop design around approaches in light of legal precedents like Festo v. Shoketsu, which impacted the doctrine of equivalents.
Clinical trials are conducted in phases to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new drugs. Phase 1 trials involve 10-20 healthy volunteers to determine toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Phase 2 trials involve 100-200 patients to identify effective doses and further evaluate safety. Phase 3 trials involve up to 1000 volunteers to study less common side effects, compare to standard treatments, and evaluate long-term safety and effectiveness. Phase 4 trials monitor drugs after approval in 5000-10,000 patients to identify rare or long-term issues.
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Clinical research in India is growing rapidly due to several factors:
- India has a large population with a growing disease burden similar to developed countries. This provides opportunities for clinical trial recruitment.
- Regulatory reforms have made the approval process for clinical trials much faster, within 6-8 weeks for some applications.
- Costs for conducting clinical trials are around half of Western countries, providing significant cost savings for sponsors.
- There is an increasing pool of experienced investigators and staff familiar with Good Clinical Practice who can conduct trials to international standards.
- The pharmaceutical industry and contract research organizations see India as an important location for outsourcing various stages of drug development to take advantage of the opportunities.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. • Provides key nutrients needed by the
body to neutralize free radicals.
• Helps protect against cellular damage.
May exhibit anti-aging benefits.
• Super ORAC (Primary) Antioxidants are
the body’s own natural defense against
free radicals.
• They scavenge or ‘mop’ them up before
they have a chance to harm cells.
3. Slow or prevent damage to body cells
May improve immune function and lower risk
for infection and cancer
Carotenoids – beta carotene (familiar)
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Found in colorful fruits/veggies and grains
5. The free radical diseases
•Cancer initiation and promotion is
associated with chromosomal defects
and oncogene activation. It is possible
that endogenous free radical reactions,
like those initiated by ionizing radiation,
may result in tumour formation.
6. The free radical diseases
•Atherosclerosis may be due to free
radical reactions involving diet-derived
lipids in the arterial wall and serum to
yield peroxides and other substances.
These compounds induce endothelial
cell injury and produce changes in the
arterial walls .
8. vitamin E
•Vitamin E is a fat-soluble substance
present in all cellular membranes and is
mainly stored in adipose tissue, the liver
and muscle. Vitamin E is a principal
antioxidant in the body and protects
polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell
membranes from peroxidation.
9. Vitamin E and cancer
•Besides being a free radical scavenger,
vitamin E at high intakes enhances the
body's immune responses. Vitamin E also
inhibits the conversion of nitrites in the
stomach to nitrosamines, which are
cancer promoters.
10. Vitamin E and
cardiovascular disease
•Vitamin E intakes are associated with
lowered risk of angina and mortality from
heart disease.
11. Vitamin E and neurological
disorders
•Supplementation with vitamin C and
E might be of benefit in slowing the
progression of Parkinson's disease.
12. Vitamin C
•Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is a water-
soluble vitamin. This vitamin is a free
radical scavenger, it is considered to be
one of the most important antioxidants in
extra cellular fluids. Its protective effects
extend to cancer, coronary artery disease,
arthritis and aging.
13. Vitamin C and cancer
•Vitamin C is effective in protecting tissues
against oxidative damage. It suppresses the
formation of carcinogens. Numerous studies
have reported the protective effect of fruit and
vegetable consumption on incidence of
cancer . This is mainly attributed to the
protective effect of vitamin C against cancer.
14. Vitamin C and
cardiovascular disease
•Vitamin C may lower total cholesterol in
the blood, thus reducing the risk of
cardiovascular disease. Coronary heart
disease mortality is higher in those with
blood vitamin C levels that are near or in
the deficient range.
15. Vitamin C and cataracts
•High intake of fruits and vegetables
which are rich sources of ascorbic acid
appear to be protective too. In several
studies, cataract patients were shown to
have low vitamin C and E intakes and
low plasma vitamin C levels.
16. Carotenoids
•Carotenoids are a group of red, orange
and yellow pigments found in plant
foods, particularly fruits and vegetables.
• Some carotenoids like b-carotene act
as a precursor of vitamin A; others do
not.
17. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is
essential for the body and is:
A metalloprotein – containing several sub units
organised around a metallic group
And most importantly
An enzyme – the antioxidant enzyme SOD
eliminates, in a continuous way, superoxide
radicals, precursors of other oxygen reactive
forms (secondary free radicals)
18. SOD acts at the source. It is the first and one of the
major components of the body’s antioxidant system.
SOD is a powerful and efficient antioxidant:
• 1 iu SOD eliminates 1μmol superoxide/min and SOD has
an active lifespan of several days!
• In the end, billions of superoxide molecules destroyed
SOD is a primary antioxidant and
possibly our most important one
19. Reactive oxygen species:
formation of secondary free radicals
Hydroxyl radical induces the formation of
secondary free radicals:
• Secondary free radicals or organic peroxides
are very toxic
• They increase oxidative reactions which are
propagated from one to the next
• They are directly responsible for cell
alterations and destruction
• They indirectly participate in the inflammation
process
21. Antioxidant systems:
the primary antioxidants
The primary antioxidants:
• are endogenous molecules
• act at the source (where free radicals are
created)
• are enzymes which continuously
eliminate the free radicals just formed:
- SOD eliminates the superoxide ion
- catalase and the glutathione peroxidase
eliminate hydrogen peroxide
22. Antioxidant systems:
the secondary antioxidants
The secondary antioxidants
• are exogenous molecules, carried by
food (vitamins A, C, E, polyphenols…)
• they scavenge the secondary free
radicals
• one molecule of a secondary antioxidant
traps one free radical molecule – a 1:1
relationship
23. Oxidants and antioxidants
in the body
Under normal circumstances and
conditions, the body’s endogenous
antioxidant systems are able to neutralize
the oxidant (free radical) molecules
Therefore
→ no oxidative stress means
→ no cell damage
24. Oxidative stress…
…is the result of an imbalance
between oxidant and antioxidant
production
increase of free radicals
→ antioxidant systems overpowered
25. Oxidative stress: consequences
A break in the equilibrium caused by…
• UVA and B
• Stress, overwork, diet
• Pollution, chemicals, cigarettes
• Chronic inflammation
… puts the body into oxidative stress:
→ attacks on cell constituents
(cell membranes, protein, lipids DNA)
Only solution: we must combat free radicals
26.
Lipid L•
O2
(LH)
OH• H2O
Fe 2+
LOO•
H2O2
1
O2
UV light
heme Fe H2O, H+
CoQ H +
O2 O2-• HOO•
NADPH H+
or CoQ
Figure 5. Pathways for the formation of reactive oxygen species
Singlet oxygen lipid radical
Peroxyl radical Haber-Weiss
Superoxide reaction; lipid peroxyl
radical anion Superoxide Fenton reaction radical
dismutase
27. The fight against
secondary free radicals…
…occurs with the secondary antioxidants
(vitamins A,C, E, polyphenols etc)
BUT
antioxidants (acting 1 against 1) are
quickly outnumbered and cannot
eliminate a continuous and strong
production of free radicals
28. Secondary antioxidants are vital
but just slow down the oxidative
stress
– we need to do something extra…
29. Functions of Pentose Phosphate Pathway
1) NADPH for biosynthetic pathways (e.g.,
synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol);
2) NADPH for maintaining glutathione in its
reduced state .
3) Pentose sugar for synthesis of nucleic acids
30. Table 1. Reactive Oxygen Species
and Antioxidants that Reduce Them
Reactive Species Antioxidant
Singlet oxygen 1O2 Vitamin A, vitamin E
Superoxide radical (O2-•) superoxide dismutase, vitamin C
Hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) Catalase; glutathione peroxidase
Peroxyl radical (ROO•) Vitamin C, vitamin E
Lipid peroxyl radical
Vitamin E
(LOO•)
Hydroxyl radical (OH•) Vitamin C
33. NUTRITIONAL CORRELATE: SELENIUM
selenocysteine in glutathione peroxidase
intake may be related to lower cancer mortality
• cancer patients have lower plasma Se levels
• risk may be higher in those with low Se intake
• AZCC study – reduced incidence of prostate,
colon, lung cancers
toxicity (> 1 mg/day) results in hair loss, GI upset,
nerve damage
35. Medical Scenario:
If the antioxidant protective system in the red
blood cell becomes defective, hemolytic
anemia occurs; that is red blood cells undergo
hemolysis and their concentration in the blood
decreases. Such is the case if g luc o s e 6 -
p ho s p ha te d e hy d ro g e na s e is defective in the
pentose phosphate pathway. In individuals
whose glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is
defective, there is insufficient NADPH produced
in red blood cells to maintain the ratio of
reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione at
its normal value of well over 100. Hence,
Editor's Notes
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So what is the best way to work with Geon and our exciting new product range – as a customer or as a business owner? As one of our associates – a business owner – you get all the products at wholesale prices, enjoy tax advantages, and now have a plan to create wealth So if being a business owner makes sense…
So what is the best way to work with Geon and our exciting new product range – as a customer or as a business owner? As one of our associates – a business owner – you get all the products at wholesale prices, enjoy tax advantages, and now have a plan to create wealth So if being a business owner makes sense…
So what is the best way to work with Geon and our exciting new product range – as a customer or as a business owner? As one of our associates – a business owner – you get all the products at wholesale prices, enjoy tax advantages, and now have a plan to create wealth So if being a business owner makes sense…
So what is the best way to work with Geon and our exciting new product range – as a customer or as a business owner? As one of our associates – a business owner – you get all the products at wholesale prices, enjoy tax advantages, and now have a plan to create wealth So if being a business owner makes sense…
So what is the best way to work with Geon and our exciting new product range – as a customer or as a business owner? As one of our associates – a business owner – you get all the products at wholesale prices, enjoy tax advantages, and now have a plan to create wealth So if being a business owner makes sense…
So what is the best way to work with Geon and our exciting new product range – as a customer or as a business owner? As one of our associates – a business owner – you get all the products at wholesale prices, enjoy tax advantages, and now have a plan to create wealth So if being a business owner makes sense…
So what is the best way to work with Geon and our exciting new product range – as a customer or as a business owner? As one of our associates – a business owner – you get all the products at wholesale prices, enjoy tax advantages, and now have a plan to create wealth So if being a business owner makes sense…