This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, have a pH below 7, and react with metals. Bases are defined as compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water and have a pH above 7. Salts are neutral compounds formed by the reaction of acids and bases. Common acids and bases are listed, along with their uses. The pH scale and indicators are also explained.

1. What is an ACID? pH less than 7 Neutralizes bases Forms H + ions in solution Corrosive-reacts with most metals to form hydrogen gas Good conductors of electricity

2. Acids Generate Ions HNO 3 + H 2 O  H 3 O + + NO 3

3. Weak vs. Strong Acids Weak Acids do not ionize completely: Acetic, Boric, Nitrous, Phosphoric, Sulfurous Strong Acids ionize completely: Hydrochloric, Nitric; Sulfuric, Hydriodic

4. Common Acids HCl- hydrochloric- stomach acid H 2 SO 4 - sulfuric acid - car batteries HNO 3 – nitric acid - explosives HC 2 H 3 O 2 - acetic acid - vinegar H 2 CO 3 -carbonic acid – sodas H 3 PO 4 - phosphoric acid -flavorings

6. What is a BASE? pH greater than 7 Feels slippery Dissolves fats and oils Usually forms OH - ions in solution Neutralizes acids

7. Weak vs. Strong Bases Weak Bases: ammonia; potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate Strong Bases: sodium hydroxide; sodium phosphate; barium hydroxide; calcium hydroxide

8. Common Bases NaOH- sodium hydroxide (LYE) soaps, drain cleaner Mg (OH) 2 - magnesium hydroxide-antacids Al(OH) 3 -aluminum hydroxide-antacids, deodorants NH 4 OH-ammonium hydroxide- “ammonia”

9. Types of Acids and Bases In the 1800’s chemical concepts were based on the reactions of aqueous solutions. Svante Arrhenius developed a concept of acids and bases relevant to reactions in H 2 O. Arrhenius acid – produces hydrogen ions in water. Arrhenius base – produce hydroxide ions in water.

10. A broader ,more modern concept of acids and bases was developed later. Bronsted-Lowry acid- donates a hydrogen ion in a reaction. Bronsted – Lowry base – accepts a hydrogen in a reaction.

11. Conjugate acid- compound formed when an base gains a hydrogen ion. Conjugate base – compound formed when an acid loses a hydrogen ion.

12. pH Scale

13. pH of Common Substances Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 335

14. Reactions with indicators Indicator Acid color Neutral color Base color Phenolphthalein Colorless Faint pink Dark pink Bromthymol blue Yellow Green Blue Litmus Red ----- Blue

15. pH paper pH paper changes color to indicate a specific pH value.

16. Buffers A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acids and bases are added.

17. Situations in which pH is controlled “ Heartburn” Planting vegetables and flowers Fish Tanks and Ponds Blood Swimming pools

18. Acids and Bases in Solution HCl + H 2 0  H 3 O + + Cl - (more hydronium ions, more acidic) NaOH in water  Na + + OH - (more hydroxide ions, more basic) NaOH + HCl  NaCl + HOH Acid + Base yields type of salt and water NH 3 + H 2 0  NH 4 + + OH - ammonia gas + water yields ammonium and hydroxide ions

19. Acid Rain Pollution in the air (sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide) combines with water to form various acids. .

20. Rapid changes in pH can kill fish and other organisms in lakes and streams. Soil pH is affected and can kill plants and create sinkholes

24. What is a SALT? A salt is a neutral substance produced from the reaction of an acid and a base. Composed of the negative ion of an acid and the positive ion of a base. One of the products of a Neutralization Reaction Examples: KCl, MgSO 4 , Na 3 PO 4

25. Neutralization Reaction A neutralization reaction is the reaction of an acid with a base to produce salt and water. Example H 2 SO4 + NaOH  NaHSO 4 + H 2 O

26. Digestion and pH Digestion-process by which foods are broken down into simpler substances. Mechanical digestion-physical process in which food is torn apart (mouth) Chemical digestion- chemical reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. (stomach and small intestines)

27. pH in the Digestive System Mouth-pH around 7. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme which begins to break carbohydrates into sugars. Stomach- pH around 2. Proteins are broken down into amino acids by the enzyme pepsin. Small intestine-pH around 8. Most digestion ends. Small molecules move to bloodstream toward cells that use them

28. mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine Digestive system

29. Acids, Bases, and Salts The End