This document provides information on different types of deep foundations, including pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson foundations. It discusses the key components and types of pile foundations based on function, material, and installation method. The main types of piles are end bearing piles, skin friction piles, and auger cast piles. Piles can also be classified based on material as timber piles, steel piles, concrete piles, or composite piles. The two primary installation methods are driven piles and bored piles. Pier foundations and caisson foundations are also summarized, including different types of caissons.

1. DEEP
FOUNDATION
PRESENTED BY :
DUAA SALAH AL-DULAIMI

3. Pile foundations
caissons foundations
Pier foundations

4. DEEP FOUNDATION
A deep foundation is a foundation which
transfers the loads to deep strata and is
placed at a greater depth, and provides
lateral support and resists uplift
effective.

5. WHEN IT IS USED?
In cases where :
 The strata of good bearing capacity is
not available near the ground.
The space is restricted to allow for
spread footings.

6. Types of Deep Foundations
3- wells or caissons
foundations
2- Pier foundations
1- Pile foundations

7. 1-Pile Foundations
Pile foundations are the
part of a structure used
to carry and transfer the
load of the structure to
the bearing ground
located at some depth
below ground surface.

8. The main components of the
Pile foundation
1.The piles
2.The pile caps

9. •Piles are long and slender members
which transfer the load to deeper soil
or rock of high bearing capacity
avoiding shallow soil of low bearing
capacity.
•Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a
group of piles together to support and
transmit the column loads to the piles.
Piles and Pile Caps Definitions :

10. Types of Piles
Based on
Function:
Types of Piles
Based on Types
Materials
Types of Piles
Based on Method
of Installation:
Piles can by classified on the basis of following
characteristics, following are the types of piles:
1. End Bearing Piles
2. Skin Friction Piles
3. Auger cast Piles
1. Timber Piles
2. Steel Piles
3. Concrete Piles
4. Composite piles
1. Driven piles
2. Bored piles

11. Types of Piles Based on Function:
1. End Bearing Piles
2. Skin Friction Piles
3. Auger cast Piles

12. 1- End Bearing Piles :
End bearing piles, which is also known as
point-bearing piles, are used to transfer
superstructure load through low bearing
capacity soil to a strong stratum such as
rock or very dense sand and gravel. They
infer most of their load-carrying capacity
from the resistance of the strong soil layer
at the end of the pile.
The end of the pile needs to be penetrated
into the firm strata by at least three times
the diameter of the pile

13. Advantages And Disadvantages
of using End bearing piles:
Advantages:
1.It experiences low settlement compared with other types of
pile like floating pile. That is why multi-story buildings are
mostly constructed on this type of pile.
2.The end bearing piles are generally used in the most of the
construction sites.
3.End bearing pile can be precast to specifications.
4.They can be prefabricated into any length, shape, and size and
used on-site, hence reducing the completion time.
5.End bearing pile goes does not experience buckling failure in
weak soil except if it passes through air or water.

14. Advantages And Disadvantages
of using End bearing piles piles:
Disadvantages:
1.Heavy equipment is needed for the construction of end
bearing.
2.The soil surrounding the pile may adhere to the surface of
the pile and causes "Negative Skin Friction" on the pile.

15. 2- Skin Friction Piles(Floating Piles)
Friction piles sometimes also termed floating piles
mostly resist the building loads by developing load-
bearing capacity through skin shear stresses. Skin
shear stresses act along the sides of the pile.
The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be
increased by:
 increasing diameter of the pile
 driving the pile for larger depth
 grouping of piles
 making surface of the pile rough

16. 3- Auger cast piles :
Auger cast piles, are deep foundation elements
that are cast-in-place, using a hollow stem
auger with continuous flights.
The auger is then slowly extracted, removing
the drilled soil/rock.
Reinforcing steel is then lowered into the wet
concret or grout.
The auger is drilled into the soil or rock to
desigrdepth.
The technique has been used to support
buildings, tanks, towers and bridges.

17. Types of Piles Based on Types Materials
1. Timber Piles :
Timber piles are made of-
tree trunks driven with
small end as a point.
The choice of use of timber
piles is mainly governed by
the site conditions,
particularly water table
conditions.

18. Advantages And Disadvantages of using
timber piles:
Advantages:
Comparatively low initial cost, permanently
submerged piles are resistant to decay, easy to
handle, best suited for friction piles in granular
material.

19. Advantages And Disadvantages of using
timber piles:
Disadvantages of using timber piles:
Difficult to splice, vulnerable to damage in hard
driving, vulnerable to decay unless treated with
preservatives (If timber is below permanent Water
table it will apparently last forever), if subjected to
alternate wetting & drying, the useful life will be short,
partly embedded piles or piles above Water table are
susceptible to damage from wood borers and other
insects unless treated.

20. Types of Piles Based on Types Materials
2- Steel piles:
Steel piles are widely used in large
construction sites such as harbors,
bridge construction, retaining walls,
cofferdam.
Common types of steel Piles:
H-piles and pipe piles .

21. Advantages And Disadvantages of using
Steel piles:
Advantages of steel piles:
Easy to splice, high capacity, small displacement, able
to penetrate through light obstructions, best suited for
end bearing on rock, reduce allowable capacity for
corrosive locations or provide corrosion protection.
Disadvantages of steel piles:
Steel piles have a high possibility of damage from
corrosion and electrolysis and Steel piles are
relatively expensive .

22. Types of Piles Based on Types Materials
3- Concrete Piles:
Concrete piles can be either pre-cast pile, or cast in-
situ. Concrete piles are generally reinforced.
A- Pre-cast Concrete Piles
Precast Concrete Piles are the most common type of
deep foundation used, to transmit loads through the
upper zones of the poor soil to a depth where the soil
is capable of providing adequate support. The precast
concrete pile is a reinforced concrete pile which can
be circular, rectangular, square, or octagonal in shape.
The steel reinforcement in a precast concrete pile is
provided to resist the stresses produced due to its
handling, driving and loading which the pile is finally
expected to receive.

23. Advantages And Disadvantages of Pre-cast
Concrete Piles:
Advantages of Pre-cast Concrete Piles:
 the main advantage of using these piles is increasing the
bearing capacity of the soil.
 These piles can be made in various sizes, shapes and lengths
and used at the site. As a result, the progress of project work
will be faster.
 The construction of these piles can be well supervised, and
any defect detected can be rectified before use.
 The Precast Concrete Piles can also be driven underwater.

24. Advantages And Disadvantages of using
concrete piles:
Disadvantages of Pre-cast concrete piles:
 Precast Concrete piles are heavy. Therefore, they require special types of
equipment for handling, transportation and driving.
 If sufficient care is not taken, these piles may break during transport or
driving.
 Precast piles require heavy pile driving machinery for installation.
 It requires extra reinforcement to bear handling and driving stresses
which otherwise are not needed. Hence these piles are costly.
 If the pile is found to be too long, during driving, it is difficult and
uneconomical to cut the pile.

25. Types of Concrete Piles
B- Cast-in-situ Concrete Piles
Cast in-situ piles can be divided into two
main categories: cased, or uncased.
Cased concrete piles are made by
driving a steel casing into the soil. In
this case, the mandrel is placed inside
the casing. After reaching desired depth,
the mandrel is withdrawn, and the
casing is filled with concrete. In the
case of the uncased piles, the casing
will be gradually withdrawn.

26. Advantages And Disadvantages of Cast-in-
situ Concrete Piles:
Advantages of Cast-in-situ Concrete Piles:
 Piles possessing any size or length may be used for the
construction at the site.
 Damage caused because of driving or handling in case of
precast piles is eliminated.

27. Advantages And Disadvantages of using
Cast-in-situ concrete piles:
Disadvantages of Cast-in-situ concrete piles:
 A strict quality control and a thorough supervision need to be done for
installing the Situ Piles. This is required to be done for all kinds of
materials used for the construction.
 The places having a lot of current of the ground water flow or a lot of
artesian pressure, the construction in such places can’t be done using Situ
Piles.

28. Types of Piles Based on Types Materials
4- Composite piles :
In general, a composite pile is made up of two or
more sections of different materials or different pile
types. The upper portion could be eased cast-in-
place concrete combined with a lower portion of
timber, steel H or concrete filled steel pipe pile.
These piles have limited application and arc
employed under special conditions.

29. Types of Piles Based on Method of
Installation:
1- Driven piles :
Driven piles are deep foundation
elements driven to a design depth.
Types include timber, pre-cast
concrete, steel H-piles, and pipe
piles.

30. Advantages And Disadvantages of Driven
piles :
The main advantages of using driven piles
are:
1- Driven piles displace and compact the soil which increases
the bearing capacity of the pile .
2-They generally have superior structural strength to other
forms of foundation. Their high lateral and bending
resistance makes them ideal for challenging conditions such
as wind, water, seismic loading, and so on.

31. Advantages And Disadvantages of Driven
piles :
The main disadvantages of using driven piles are:
1- Advance planning is required for handling and driving, as well as the heavy
equipment on site.
2- To be able to withstand handling stresses during transportation and
installation, precast or pre-stressed concrete piles must be adequately
reinforced.
3- It may not be possible to determine the exact length required and so
splicing or cut-off techniques may be required which has time and cost
implications.
4- Driven piles may not be suitable where the ground has poor drainage
qualities.
5- Driven piles may not be suitable for compact sites, where the foundations
of structures in close proximity may be affected by the vibrations caused by
installation.

32. Types of Piles Based on Method of
Installation:
2- Bored piles:
Bored pile is another type of reinforced concrete pile,
which is used to support high building producing heavy
vertical loads. Bored pile is a cast-in-place concrete pile
where the bored piles have to be cast on the
construction site.
Bored piling is cast by using bored piling machine which
has specially designed drilling tools, buckets and grabs,
it’s used to remove the soil and rock. Normally, it can be
drilling into 50 metres depth of soil.

33. Advantages And Disadvantages of Bored
piles :
The main advantages of using Bored piles are:
1- Piles are available in different sizes and can be extended
according to the requirement.
2- Compared to the other formats of structural support, bored
pile foundation and bored piling ensures better safety.
3- Bored piling in cities like Sydney is profitable and cost-
effective.
4- The lasting structures of the bored pile foundation create
safety for everyone.

34. Advantages And Disadvantages of Bored
piles :
The main disadvantages of using Bored piles
are:
1- Bored piles can create several challenges for the contractor.
The structure and drilling work depends mainly on the type of
soil. Several land tests need to be conducted to determine the
soil type and the required structure.
2- Bored pilling in Sydney is one of the slowest processes of
drilling shafts. It is time-intensive and takes days to be
completed. This can increase the days required to complete the
project.

35. Advantages And Disadvantages of Bored
piles :
The main disadvantages of using Bored piles
are:
3- Underwater projects involving pebbles and soil will be noise
intensive and will cause a disturbance.
4- If soil is lost or underwater boreholes are stretched to
maximum underwater, the contractor will require steel cages for
sustainable support. This creates a task for the contractor. This
will be time-consuming and may result in an extended working
period.

36. 2- Pier foundation :
A pier is a vertical column of a relatively larger
cross-section than a pile.
A pier is installed in an adry area by
excavating a cylindrical hole of a large
diameter to the desired depth and then
backfilling it with concrete.

37. The difference between the pile foundation
and pier foundation
1- In pile foundation, the loads are transferred by means of vertical timber,
concrete or steel, Pier foundation consists of cylindrical columns to support
and transfer large superimposed loads to firm strata.
2- Pile foundations transfer the load through friction (in case of friction
piles) or through both friction and bearing ( in case of combined end bearing
and friction piles) , Pier foundations transfer load through bearing only.
3- Pile foundations are of great depth, Pier foundations are of shallow
depth.
4- Pile Foundation exists where there are no firm strata at reachable depth
and the loading is uneven , Pier foundation is used where top strata consist
of decomposed rock, stiff clays.
5- Pile foundation is required to resist greater loads like a load of bridge or
flyover , Pier foundations are required for small loading.

38. Types of pier foundation :
Pier foundation may be of the following types:
1- Masonry or concrete pier
2- Drilled caisson
When a good bearing stratum exists up to 5m below ground
level, brick masonry or concrete foundation piers in excavated
pits may be used. The size and spacing of the pier are
dependent upon the depth of the hard bed, nature of overlying
soil and super-imposed load .

39. 1- Concrete pier or a masonry pier
The concrete pier is made up of concrete.
These are precast, as well as cast in situ
pier, Precast concrete pier are
manufactured in a factor and then driven
into the ground at the place required. The
precast concrete pier generally reinforces
with steel wires.
There is generally 30 cm to 50 cm in cross-
section and up to 20 m in length. A cast
steel shoe is provided at the bottom of the
pier.

40. 2- Drilling caisson
The terms drilled caisson, foundation pier, or sub
pier and interchangeably used by engineers to
denote a cylindrical foundation. A drilled caisson
large compressed member subjected to an axial
load at the top and reaction at the bottom.
Drilled cassion generally drill with mechanical
means. Drilled cassion may be of three types
• Concrete caisson with the enlarged bottom.
• The cassion of steel pipe with concrete filled in
the pipe.
• cassion with concrete and steel core in steel
pipe.

41. Advantages of pier foundation
 This method is easy which requires a small amount of
material and labor.
 The necessary material is easily available and has a
wide range of design variations.
 The pier foundation saves money and time because it
does not require extensive excavation and much
concrete which causes minimal disruption to the soil
environment.
 Inspection is possible because the diameter of the shaft
is large
 Bearing capacity can be increased by under-reaming the
bottom (in non-caching material).

42. 3- caissons foundationsons :
Wells and Caissons are large-diameter foundations
adopted in an underwater situation such as bridge
foundations in rivers.
Caissons are large width foundations which carry
the load of the superstructure through a
layer of weak soil to firm stratum at considerable
depth.
Unlike pile foundations, which rarely have
diameters greater than 2 meters, caissons can
have a width ranging from 10-30 meters and can be
founded at depths of 40 m or more.
Caissons are used extensively in the river and
marine underwater construction.in
particular, they are used as foundations for bridges.

43. Types of Caissons :
1- Box caissons are watertight boxes that are
constructed of heavy timbers and open at the
top. They are generally floated to the
appropriate location and then sunk into place
with a masónry pier within it.
2- Excavated caissons are just as the name
suggests, caissons that are placed within an
excavated site. These are usually cylindrical
in shape and then back filled with concrete.

44. Types of Caissons :
3-floating caissons are also known as floating
docks and are prefabricated boxes that have
cylindrical cavities.
4- Open caissons are small cofferdams that
are placed and then pumped dry and filled
with concrete.These are generally used in the
formation of a pier.
5- Pneumatic caissons are large watertight
boxes or cylinders .

45. Advantages And Disadvantages of Caissons
Foundation :
The main advantages of Caissons Foundation
are:
1. Larger diameters might be extended to larger depths.
2. Similar to piles they are shorter.
3. If the soil (rock) with a large bearing capability is
between 3-7 meters, it may be very effective.
4. If the load is not very large, however, the upper 3-7 m
soil is not suitable and it may be applied effectively.
5. The price of construction is comparatively low on the
bed level or lower side.

46. Advantages And Disadvantages of Caissons
Foundation :
The main Disadvantages of Caissons Foundation
are:
1. Since the concrete provided is finished below
concrete under seawater, this may not be
satisfactory.
2. If a block of boulder or log is encountered, the
progress of the work is slowed.
3. Cleaning and inspection on the ground of the caisson
may be very tough, sometimes not possible.