Pile foundations use driven or bored piles to transfer structural loads to deeper, load-bearing soil strata. Piles are classified by their function (end bearing, friction, anchor piles), material (timber, concrete, steel), and installation method (driven, cast in situ). Pile foundations are used when bearing capacity is limited at shallow depths or in unstable soils like waterlogged or compressible soils. Selection depends on factors like subsurface conditions, structural loads, groundwater levels, and material availability and costs.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
Pile foundations_Advanced Construction TechnologyA Makwana
Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely. Generally, the foundation can be classified into two, namely shallow foundation and deep foundation.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
Pile foundations_Advanced Construction TechnologyA Makwana
Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely. Generally, the foundation can be classified into two, namely shallow foundation and deep foundation.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS - definition, when are they used, forms of construction, pile foundation - types, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages, selection of type of piles, causes of failure, pile driving, cofferdams, types of cofferdams, caisson foundation ad its types and all the information regarding deep foundations.
Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.
A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it.
Pile foundations are used in the following situations:
When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.
Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles, pile cap and pile
shoe, pile driving methods, micro piling, causes of failures of piles,
Heaving of piles
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
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3. What is Pile Foundations?
Pile Foundation means a construction for the
foundation of a abutment or pier which is supported on
piles.
Pile is as like a column that is driven into the
foundation soil or constructed inside the foundation
soil.
4. Where Pile Foundations is Used?
o When stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater depth
o Where the soil is compressible
o Where the soil is Water-logged
o Where the Soil is of made-up type
Examples;
o Piles are used for foundation for heavy bridges,
o Buildings
o Water front installations (piers, Wharf, docks etc ).
5. Advantages of Pile Foundations
Provides a common solution to all difficult foundation site
problems
Can be used for any type of structure
Can be used in any type of soil
Now-a-days pile foundation is vastly in use instead of well
and caisson foundation.
6. Situations Which Demand Pile Foundation
Sub-soil water table is so high that it can easily affect
the other foundations.
Load coming from the structure is heavy and non
uniform.
Where grillage or raft foundations are either very costly
or their adoption impossible due to local difficulties.
When it is not possible to maintain foundation trenches
in dry condition by pumping, due to very heavy inflow of
seepage or capillary water.
When it is not possible to timber the excavation
trenches in the case of deep strip foundation. (strip
foundation- spread footing under wall ).
7. Situations Which Demand Pile Foundation
(Contd)
When overlay soil is compressible, and water-logged
and firm hard bearing strata is located at quite a large
depth.
When structures are located on river-bed or sea-shore
and foundations are likely to be scoured due to action
of water.
Large fluctuations in sub-soil water level.
Canal or deep drainage lines exist near the
foundations.
In the construction of docks, piers and other marine
structures they are used as fender piles.
8. Types of Piles
a) Classification based on Function
or Use
b) Classification based on Materials
c) Classification based on method of
installation
10. Types of Piles Based on Function
a) Classification based on Function or Use
1. Bearing Piles or End Bearing Piles
2. Friction Piles or Skin Friction Piles
3. Tension Piles or Uplift Piles
4. Anchor Piles
5. Batter Piles
6. Fender Piles
7. Compaction Piles
8. Sheet Piles
11. Types of Piles Based on Function (contd)
Bearing Piles
Driven into the ground until a hard stratum is reached.
Acts as pillars supporting the super-structure and
transmitting the load to the ground.
Piles, by themselves do not support the load, rather acts
as a medium to transmit the load from the foundation to
the resisting sub-stratum.
13. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Friction Piles
Piles are driven at a site where soil is weak or soft to a
considerable depth and it is not economical or rather
possible to rest the bottom end of the pile on the hard
stratum,
Load is carried by the friction developed between the sides
of the pile and the surrounding ground ( skin friction).
The piles are driven up to such a depth that skin friction
developed at the sides of the piles equals the load coming
on the piles.
14. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Friction Piles
Skin friction should be carefully evaluated and suitable
factor of safety applied
The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be increased
by-
increasing diameter of the pile
increasing the depth of pile
increasing the number of piles (use as group of
piles)
making surface of the pile rough
18. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Anchor Piles
Piles are used to provide anchorage against
horizontal pull from sheet piling wall or other pulling
forces.
Batter piles:
Piles are driven at an inclination to resist large
horizontal and inclined forces.
19. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Fender piles:
Piles are used to protect concrete deck or other water
front structures from the abrasion or impact caused
from the ships or barges.
Ordinarily made up of timber.
Compaction piles:
When piles are driven in granular soil with the aim of
increasing the bearing capacity of the soil, the piles
are termed as compaction piles.
21. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Sheet Piles
Sheet piles are never used to provide vertical support but
mostly used to act as retaining walls. They are used for
the following purposes:
o To construct retaining walls in docks, and other marine
works.
o To protect erosion of river banks.
o To retain the sides of foundation trenches.
o To confine the soil to increase its bearing capacity.
o To protect the foundation of structures from erosion by
river or sea.
o To isolate foundations from adjacent soils.
22. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Figure: Sheet Piles
23. Types of Piles Based on Materials
b) Classification based on Materials
1. Timber Piles
2. Concrete Piles
3. Composite Piles
4. Steel Piles
5. Sand Piles
24. Timber
Concrete; Site cast or Precast
Composite
Steel; H- piles, Steel pipe
Types of Piles Based on Materials
25. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
1. Timber Piles:
Transmission of load takes place by the frictional resistance
of ground and the pile surface.
Economical to support light structure.
Piles made from timber of tree like
Sal, Teak, Deodar, Babul, Kail etc.
May be circular, square in x-section.
Piles are driven with the help of pile driving machine in which
drop hammers delivers blows on the pile head.
Brooming of pile head is prevented by providing an iron ring
of less than 25mm in diameter than the pile head at the pile
top.
26. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
1. Timber Piles:
To facilitate driving, the lower end is pointed and
provided with a cast iron conical shoe.
Piles should not be spaced less than 60 cm center to
center, the best spacing is 90 cm c/c. closer spacing
destroys frictional resistance.
Max load should not exceed 20 tonnes.
Piles are subjected to decay for alternate dry and wet
condition (on account of variation of ground water level)
Diameter varies from 30 to 50cm.
Length should not be more than 20 times the least
sectional dimension.
27. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
Advantages of Timber Piles:
Economical where timber is easily available.
Can be driven rapidly & as such saves time.
Because of elasticity, timber piles are recommended for
sites subjected to unusual lateral forces e.g. ship, ferry
terminals.
Do not need heavy machinery and expensive technical
supervision.
Being light, they can be easily handled.
They can be easily withdrawn if needed.
28. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
Disadvantages of Timber Piles:
Liable to decay or deteriorate by salt water/insects.
Restricted length. It is rather difficult to procure piles in
required size and length.
Low bearing capacity.
They are not very durable unless suitably treated.
It is difficult or rather impossible to drive these piles into
hard stratum
31. Concrete Piles (contd)
Advantages of Concrete piles:
Durability is independent of ground water level.
For large size and greater bearing power number of piles
required is much less.
Can be cast to any length, size or shape.
Can be used to marine work without any treatment.
Material required for manufacture is easily obtainable.
Concrete piles can be monolithically bonded into pile cap
which is not possible in wooden piles.
32. Concrete Piles (contd)
Disadvantages of Concrete piles:
Costlier than timber piles.
Can not be driven rapidly.
Required costly technical supervision and heavy driving
machines.
Must be reinforced to withstand handling stresses.
34. Concrete Piles (contd)
a. Pre-cast Piles:
Reinforced concrete piles, molded in
circular, square, rectangular or octagonal form.
Cast and cured in the casting yard, then transported to the
site of driving.
If space available it can be cast and cured near the work
site.
Driven in similar manner as timber piles with the help of
piles drivers.
Diameter normally varies from 35cm to 65cm, length varies
from 4.5m to 30m.
35. Concrete Piles (contd)
a. Pre-cast Piles:
Function of reinforcement in a pre-cast pile is to resist the
stresses during handling, driving and final loading on the
pile rather than strengthen the pile to act as a column.
Longitudinal reinforcements usually 20mm to 50mm in
diameter, stirrups 6mm to 10mm in dia.
For 90 cm length at head and toe, stirrups spacing is 8cm
c/c and for remaining intermediate length it is about 30cm
c/c.
A concrete cover of 5cm is maintained throughout, over the
main steel bars.
36. Concrete Piles (contd)
Advantages of Pre-cast Piles:
Very effective
Simple quality control
Improves the entire area
Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles:
Limited in length
Difficult to transport
Not suitable for densely built up area
Requires costly equipment
37. R.C. SQUARE PILES
Size : 150mm to 400mm
Lengths : 3m, 6m, 9m and 12m
Structural Capacity : 25Ton to 185Ton
Material : Grade 40MPa Concrete
Joints: Welded
Installation Method : Drop Hammer
43. Concrete Piles (contd)
b. Cast-in-Situ Piles:
Cast in position inside the ground.
First of all a bore is dug
Then the soil from the bore is drawn out
Reinforce cage is placed in
and filled with cement concrete
44. Concrete Piles (contd)
Advantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
Not limited in length
Can be cast at any place
Requires less equipment
Cost is less and is depended on the size
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
Quality control is difficult
50. Composite Piles
Piles of two different materials are driven one over the
other, so as to enable them to act together to perform the
function of a single pile.
This type of composite pile is used with the object of
achieving economy in the cost of piling work.
52. STEEL PILES
Steel piles are of steel section. Useful where driving
conditions are difficult and other types of piles are not
suitable. Usually used for building and bridge foundations.
The piles are in form of I, H sections and steel pipe piles.
Steel piles are available in the following forms.
Steel H piles
Sheet piles
Disc piles
Screw piles.
53. STEEL – H PILES
Similar to I-beam except that cross-section is
generally heavier and the flange width and distance
from flange face to flange face is nearly the same.
54. STEEL – H PILES, DRIVEN PILES
The following photo sequence was taken at the site of the Nashville
Coliseum
67,000 seat sports Stadium in Nashville, TN
– Deep Foundations is adopted:
3,500 Driven Piles; 12x53 H Piles (End Bearing)
Pile length varied from 25’-75’
Used 3 Pile Drivers (Diesel Powered Hammers)
Driving rate: 20-25 piles/day/rig
58. C) Classification based on method of installation
Large displacement piles
They consist of all solid driven piles (e.g
precast concrete piles, steel or concrete tubes
closed at the lower end, Timber piles)
Small displacement piles
They include rolled steel sections such as H-
pile and open-end tubular piles
Replacement piles
They are formed by machine boring, grabbing
Types of Piles as method of installation
59. Combinations of vertical, horizontal and
moment loading may be applied at the soil
surface from the overlying structure
For the majority of foundations the loads
applied to the piles are primarily vertical
For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge
piers, tall chimneys, and offshore piled
foundations the lateral resistance is an
important consideration
Pile installation will always cause change of
adjacent soil properties, sometimes
good, sometimes bad.
H
V
M
Loads Applied To Piles
60. Selection of Type of Pile
The nature of the ground, where piling operation is to be
carried out, determines to a large extent the choice of type
of pile to be used.
In addition, the other important factors which must be
considered in this regard are:
o The nature of the structure.
o Loading conditions.
o Elevation of the ground water level with respect to the pile
cap.
o Probable length of pile required.
o Availability of materials and equipment.
o Factors which may cause deterioration of pile.
o Probable cost of pile.
61. Causes of Failure of Piles
Load on the pile is more than the designed load.
Defective workmanship during casting of the pile.
Displacement of reinforcement during casting.
Bearing pile resting on a soft strata.
Improper classification of soil.
Improper choice of the type of pile.
Insufficient reinforcement in the pile.
Decay of timber piles due to attack by insects.
Buckling of piles due to inadequate lateral support.
Defective method adopted for driving the pile.
Incorrect assessment of the bearing capacity of the pile.
Lateral forces not considered in the design of piles.
63. Pile Driving Methods
I. Hammering.
II. Water Jets (Wash Boring ).
III. Boring (Auger Boring).
64. Drop Hammer.
Steam Hammer: single-acting, double-acting
Air Hammer: single-acting, double-acting,
Diesel hammer: single-acting (open end) or
double-acting (closed end)
Hydraulic Hammer
Vibratory Hammer
Types of Pile Driving Hammers
65. The drop hammer is the simplest and oldest type of
impact hammer. A hammer with approximately the
weight of the pile is raised a suitable height in a
guide and released to strike the pile head. This is a
simple form of hammer.
Drop Hammer
66. Drop Hammer
Hammer is raised by a rope or a steel cable
Then it is allowed to drop on pile cap
The weight of drop varies from 230-1800 kg
Weight depends on the shape and length of
pile and the nature of the ground
Takes a lot of time
71. Steam Hammer
Hammer is automatically raised and
dropped.
A steam cylinder and piston is used.
Steam pressure and the rate of hammer
blow are kept uniform.
Steam Hammers are of two types
Single Acting Type
Double Acting Type
72.
73. Steam Hammer
Pile Driving
Equipment
mobile crane (usually
crawler)
leads: fixed or swinging
hammer, helmet, &
cushion
compressor (if air driven)
hydraulic unit (if vibratory)
steam plant (becoming
obsolete)
80. Wash Boring
Wash boring is a fast and simple method for advancing holes in
soft to stiff cohesive soils and fine sand. This method is nt
suitable for boulders soil and rock.
The method consists of first driving a hollow steel pipe known
as casing pipe/drive pipe in to the ground.
Through this casing pipe, a hollow drilled rod with a sharp
chisel or chopping bit at the lower end known as water jet pipe
or wash pipe is inserted.
Upper end of wash pipe is connected to water pump and lower
end is contracted to produce jet action.
81. Wash Boring (contd)
Water is forced under pressure through the drill rod which is
alternatively raised and dropped, and also rotated. The
resulting chopping and jetting action of the bit and water
disintegrates the soil.
The cuttings are forced up to the ground surface in the form of
soil-water slurry through the annular space between the drill rod
and the casing.
The slurry is collected and samples of materials are obtained by
settlement.
82.
83. Wash Boring (contd)
Interpretation of Results
The change in soil stratification is guessed from the rate of
progress of driving the casing pipe and from the color of slurry
flowing out.
Results give fairly good information about the nature of the sub-
soil strata.
Disadvantages
Finer particles such as clay, loam etc do not settle easily.
Larger and heavy particles may not be brought up at all.
Exact location of materials (in bore length) can not be easily
determined.
85. BORED PILES
Cast-In In-Situ Piles may be of Large Diameter
Size : 450mm to 2m (Up to 3.0m for special case)
Lengths : Varies
Structural Capacity : 80Ton to 2,300Tons
Concrete Grade : 20MPa to 35MPa (Tremie)
Joints : None
Installation Method : Drill then Cast-In-Situ
86. Boring Methods for Cast-in-situ
concrete Piles
Boring method is adopted for in-situ piles in hard soil
or soft rock.
Various boring methods are given following;
Percussion method
Augur Boring method
Rotary Drilling
87. AUGAR BORING
Steps in augar/rotary drilling;
Boring is continued down to planned depth (using a guiding
tube/rod)
Using bentonite mud (slurry) under the groundwater level
Placing of reinforcement
Placing of the concrete and removing off the guiding tube