Raft foundation ppt by kamal bhatia
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
43 likes•15,810 views
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including: - A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads. - Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles. - Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Foundation types
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
PRE STRESSED CONCRETE
This document discusses prestressed concrete and provides details on:
- The definition and principle of prestressing concrete by applying compression prior to external loads
- Common prestressing methods like hydraulic, mechanical, electrical, and chemical prestressing
- Tests conducted on prestressed concrete components like post-tensioned splices and cast-in-place splices
- Advantages of prestressed concrete like reduced materials and increased strength
- Applications in bridges, buildings, water tanks, and more
- A case study on widening the Harrods Creek Arch Bridge using prestressed concrete
Retaining wall
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
Pile foundation
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Pile foundation ppt
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
Chapter 3 shallow foundations
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Underpinning
The document summarizes different methods of underpinning an existing foundation to support expansion of a building on the same land plot. It discusses five main underpinning methods: 1) Mass concrete underpinning which involves digging pits by hand and pouring concrete sequentially, 2) Helical piles which use steel shafts with helical flights screwed into the ground, 3) Micropiles which are small diameter drilled and grouted piles, 4) Jacked piles which involve driving steel pipes into the ground with a hydraulic jack, and 5) Bracket piles used for earth retention to support adjacent foundations during excavation. The document also lists potential causes of foundation failure such as poor drainage, weather conditions, poor soil conditions, transpiration
Seismic Retrofitting Techniques
Seminar Presentation on the basics of seismic retrofit to prevent structural damage to buildings, bridges, etc. from earthquake and wind loads.
Recommended
Foundation types
This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft/mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson/well foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations on expansive black cotton soil, recommending methods like strip foundations, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations.
PRE STRESSED CONCRETE
This document discusses prestressed concrete and provides details on:
- The definition and principle of prestressing concrete by applying compression prior to external loads
- Common prestressing methods like hydraulic, mechanical, electrical, and chemical prestressing
- Tests conducted on prestressed concrete components like post-tensioned splices and cast-in-place splices
- Advantages of prestressed concrete like reduced materials and increased strength
- Applications in bridges, buildings, water tanks, and more
- A case study on widening the Harrods Creek Arch Bridge using prestressed concrete
Retaining wall
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
Pile foundation
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Pile foundation ppt
This document provides information about pile foundations. Pile foundations are used when the soil cannot support building loads and piles are driven deep into the ground until they reach a bearing stratum. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, or steel. They transfer loads from the building to the stronger subsurface layer. The document discusses different types of piles including end bearing and friction piles and explains how pile caps are reinforced to resist tensile and shear forces from heavy loads. Diagrams show how pile foundations are arranged and how piles transmit loads into the ground.
Chapter 3 shallow foundations
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
Underpinning
The document summarizes different methods of underpinning an existing foundation to support expansion of a building on the same land plot. It discusses five main underpinning methods: 1) Mass concrete underpinning which involves digging pits by hand and pouring concrete sequentially, 2) Helical piles which use steel shafts with helical flights screwed into the ground, 3) Micropiles which are small diameter drilled and grouted piles, 4) Jacked piles which involve driving steel pipes into the ground with a hydraulic jack, and 5) Bracket piles used for earth retention to support adjacent foundations during excavation. The document also lists potential causes of foundation failure such as poor drainage, weather conditions, poor soil conditions, transpiration
Seismic Retrofitting Techniques
Seminar Presentation on the basics of seismic retrofit to prevent structural damage to buildings, bridges, etc. from earthquake and wind loads.
Precast construction
This presentation include the precast construction, precast components , advantages and disadvantages, their connections.
Prestressed concrete
this presentation is all about prestressing in concrete. Recommended for architecture students or anyone who wishes to know the basics
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Prestressed concrete
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
specification of Rcc
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Basement construction report
The document provides information on basement construction, including:
1) Basements are constructed below ground level to provide additional space, act as a buoyancy raft, or reduce bearing pressure. They require retaining walls to withstand soil and water pressures.
2) There are different methods for basement construction including open cut, cut and cover, and top down. The cut and cover method uses retaining walls and bracing during excavation before basement construction.
3) Key considerations for basement design and construction include ventilation, drainage, waterproofing, and following local building codes.
Slabs and types
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Special Concretes
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including light weight concrete, aerated concrete, and no fines concrete. It provides details on the properties and production methods of these concretes. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, which provides benefits like reduced structural weight. Aerated concrete is made by introducing air bubbles into cement mortar, creating a lightweight cellular structure. No fines concrete omits fine aggregates, consisting of only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. These special concretes are used for applications requiring specific properties like lower density or higher insulation.
Earthquake and effect in building types precaution
The document discusses earthquake resistant buildings. It begins by explaining the causes of earthquakes and how seismic waves travel and are measured. It then discusses plate tectonics theory and the different types of faults that cause earthquakes. The key aspects for earthquake resistant design are discussed - allowing structures to deform without collapsing through ductility and following seismic building codes. Masonry structures need horizontal bands and vertical reinforcement to perform well during quakes. Diaphragms and shear walls are the main lateral load resisting systems to transfer seismic forces safely to the ground.
Raft foundations
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION & APPLICATIONS
The PPT about pile foundation and types of pile foundation.It is very useful and make very properly.If you don't know about pile foundation then no problem only just refer this PPT and then you will become to know about pile foundation very well.I hope this will helpful to someone.
Ferrocement ppt
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
TALL BUILDINGS
DEMAND FOR TALL BUILDINGS
COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF TALL BUILDINGS
STRUCTURAL CONCERNS
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
FUTURE TALL BUILDINGS
R.C.C. STAIRS
Reinforced concrete is well-suited for constructing stairs due to its fire resistance, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance. R.C.C. stairs can be designed in various forms including straight flights, inclined slabs with half landings, string beams, cranked slabs, cantilevers, and spirals. The type of stair adopted depends on the space and loading conditions. Common stair arrangements include single straight flights, inclined slabs spanning longitudinally, string beams with horizontal slab spanning, cranked slabs inducing bending and torsion stresses, cantilever stairs with central supporting walls, and spiral or helical stairs used in prestige buildings.
Foundation and its types and detailed explanation
This document discusses different types of foundations. There are two main types: shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations are provided immediately underneath the structure near ground level to distribute loads over a large base area. Deep foundations are constructed well below ground level using methods like piles, wells, or caissons to transfer loads through weaker surface soils to stronger layers below. Pile foundations use long concrete cylinders pushed into the ground to support structures. Well foundations are typically used below water levels for bridges.
Shallow foundation
Shallow foundations are foundations where the depth is equal to or less than the width. There are four main types of shallow foundations: 1) Spread footings which spread loads over a larger area and are used for light loads or strong soils, 2) Combined footings which are preferred when columns are close together to make construction more economical, 3) Strap or cantilever footings which connect independent footings with a beam that does not transfer pressure to the soil, and 4) Mat or raft foundations which cover the entire area beneath a structure and are used for supporting loads on soft soils by spreading them over a large area.
PORTAL FRAME- Structural systems
A brief study on Portal frames and its influence in construction industry and all that you want to know for basics.
Damp Proof Course
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Footing and Its Types
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Bearing capacity of soil
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
Mat or raft foundation
This document discusses mat and pile foundations. It describes mat foundations as thick reinforced concrete slabs that transmit loads from columns or walls into the soil. Common uses include supporting storage tanks and industrial equipment. It then discusses different types of mat foundations and how load is distributed depending on soil conditions. The document also outlines the typical procedures for constructing a mat foundation, including soil testing, excavation, reinforcement, forming, and curing. Pile foundations are described as using deep foundations when soil bearing capacity is low. Types of piles are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Factors for selecting the appropriate pile type include loads, soil conditions, structure type, and costs.
Raft
This document discusses raft foundations, which are thick reinforced concrete slabs that distribute structural loads across the entire foundation area. Raft foundations are used when column loads are large, soil bearing capacity is low, or individual footings would overlap. The load is distributed over a larger area, reducing stress on the soil. Different types of raft foundations are described, including flat plate, thickened under columns, two-way beam and slab, and piled raft. Advantages include economy, reduced excavation needs, and lower differential settlement. Disadvantages include large reinforcement requirements and risk of edge erosion if not properly treated.
More Related Content
What's hot
Precast construction
This presentation include the precast construction, precast components , advantages and disadvantages, their connections.
Prestressed concrete
this presentation is all about prestressing in concrete. Recommended for architecture students or anyone who wishes to know the basics
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression using tensioned steel strands, cables, or bars. This is done through either pre-tensioning or post-tensioning. In pre-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned before the concrete is poured, while in post-tensioning, the steel components are tensioned after the concrete has hardened. Prestressed concrete provides benefits over reinforced concrete like lower construction costs, thinner structural elements, and longer spans between supports.
Prestressed concrete
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
specification of Rcc
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
Basement construction report
The document provides information on basement construction, including:
1) Basements are constructed below ground level to provide additional space, act as a buoyancy raft, or reduce bearing pressure. They require retaining walls to withstand soil and water pressures.
2) There are different methods for basement construction including open cut, cut and cover, and top down. The cut and cover method uses retaining walls and bracing during excavation before basement construction.
3) Key considerations for basement design and construction include ventilation, drainage, waterproofing, and following local building codes.
Slabs and types
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Special Concretes
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including light weight concrete, aerated concrete, and no fines concrete. It provides details on the properties and production methods of these concretes. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, which provides benefits like reduced structural weight. Aerated concrete is made by introducing air bubbles into cement mortar, creating a lightweight cellular structure. No fines concrete omits fine aggregates, consisting of only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. These special concretes are used for applications requiring specific properties like lower density or higher insulation.
Earthquake and effect in building types precaution
The document discusses earthquake resistant buildings. It begins by explaining the causes of earthquakes and how seismic waves travel and are measured. It then discusses plate tectonics theory and the different types of faults that cause earthquakes. The key aspects for earthquake resistant design are discussed - allowing structures to deform without collapsing through ductility and following seismic building codes. Masonry structures need horizontal bands and vertical reinforcement to perform well during quakes. Diaphragms and shear walls are the main lateral load resisting systems to transfer seismic forces safely to the ground.
Raft foundations
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATION & APPLICATIONS
The PPT about pile foundation and types of pile foundation.It is very useful and make very properly.If you don't know about pile foundation then no problem only just refer this PPT and then you will become to know about pile foundation very well.I hope this will helpful to someone.
Ferrocement ppt
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of wire mesh and cement mortar. It was introduced in 1943 and offers high strength and flexibility compared to conventional concrete. Ferrocement consists of thin layers of wire mesh embedded in and covered by a sand-cement mortar mix, with a typical ratio of 5% wire mesh to 95% mortar. It can be formed into various shapes by hand or machine and has applications in construction, agriculture, transportation and more due to its strength, versatility and affordability.
TALL BUILDINGS
DEMAND FOR TALL BUILDINGS
COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF TALL BUILDINGS
STRUCTURAL CONCERNS
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
FUTURE TALL BUILDINGS
R.C.C. STAIRS
Reinforced concrete is well-suited for constructing stairs due to its fire resistance, durability, strength, and pleasing appearance. R.C.C. stairs can be designed in various forms including straight flights, inclined slabs with half landings, string beams, cranked slabs, cantilevers, and spirals. The type of stair adopted depends on the space and loading conditions. Common stair arrangements include single straight flights, inclined slabs spanning longitudinally, string beams with horizontal slab spanning, cranked slabs inducing bending and torsion stresses, cantilever stairs with central supporting walls, and spiral or helical stairs used in prestige buildings.
Foundation and its types and detailed explanation
This document discusses different types of foundations. There are two main types: shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations are provided immediately underneath the structure near ground level to distribute loads over a large base area. Deep foundations are constructed well below ground level using methods like piles, wells, or caissons to transfer loads through weaker surface soils to stronger layers below. Pile foundations use long concrete cylinders pushed into the ground to support structures. Well foundations are typically used below water levels for bridges.
Shallow foundation
Shallow foundations are foundations where the depth is equal to or less than the width. There are four main types of shallow foundations: 1) Spread footings which spread loads over a larger area and are used for light loads or strong soils, 2) Combined footings which are preferred when columns are close together to make construction more economical, 3) Strap or cantilever footings which connect independent footings with a beam that does not transfer pressure to the soil, and 4) Mat or raft foundations which cover the entire area beneath a structure and are used for supporting loads on soft soils by spreading them over a large area.
PORTAL FRAME- Structural systems
A brief study on Portal frames and its influence in construction industry and all that you want to know for basics.
Damp Proof Course
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Footing and Its Types
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Bearing capacity of soil
1) The document discusses soil bearing capacity, which refers to the capacity of soil to support loads applied to the ground without failing.
2) Important factors in soil bearing capacity include the stability of foundations, which depends on the bearing capacity of soil beneath and the settlement of soil.
3) The document outlines several key terminologies used in soil bearing capacity such as ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing capacity, and more.
4) Several methods to increase the bearing capacity of black cotton soil are described, including increasing foundation depth, chemical treatment, grouting, compaction, drainage, and confining the soil.
What's hot (20)
Earthquake and effect in building types precaution
Earthquake and effect in building types precaution
Similar to Raft foundation ppt by kamal bhatia
Mat or raft foundation
This document discusses mat and pile foundations. It describes mat foundations as thick reinforced concrete slabs that transmit loads from columns or walls into the soil. Common uses include supporting storage tanks and industrial equipment. It then discusses different types of mat foundations and how load is distributed depending on soil conditions. The document also outlines the typical procedures for constructing a mat foundation, including soil testing, excavation, reinforcement, forming, and curing. Pile foundations are described as using deep foundations when soil bearing capacity is low. Types of piles are classified based on function, material, and installation method. Factors for selecting the appropriate pile type include loads, soil conditions, structure type, and costs.
Raft
This document discusses raft foundations, which are thick reinforced concrete slabs that distribute structural loads across the entire foundation area. Raft foundations are used when column loads are large, soil bearing capacity is low, or individual footings would overlap. The load is distributed over a larger area, reducing stress on the soil. Different types of raft foundations are described, including flat plate, thickened under columns, two-way beam and slab, and piled raft. Advantages include economy, reduced excavation needs, and lower differential settlement. Disadvantages include large reinforcement requirements and risk of edge erosion if not properly treated.
Mat foundation
A reinforced concrete mat foundation is a common type of foundation system used in many buildings. They are a specific type of shallow foundation that uses bearing capacity of the soil at or near the building base to transmit the loads to the soil. Compared to an ordinary slab on grade, a reinforced concrete mat is much thicker and is subjected to more substantial loads from the building.
Building components
This document discusses different types of building foundations. It begins by explaining the functions and requirements of foundations. It then describes factors that influence foundation design such as bearing capacity and settlement of soils. Different types of shallow foundations are presented including isolated footings, strip footings, combined footings, raft/mat foundations, etc. Deep foundations including pile foundations and well foundations are also summarized. The document provides details on analyzing soil properties, bearing capacity, and settlement for foundation design.
CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI STOREY BUILDING.pptx
This document discusses different types of foundations used in multi-storey building construction projects. It describes surface excavation to remove vegetation and compressible soils. Shoring and timbering is required for trenches over 2 meters deep. Foundations must not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil and include spread, stepped, pad, ring, and raft foundations. Pile foundations transfer load through friction and end bearing, and include driven cast-in-situ concrete piles, bored precast concrete piles, under-reamed piles, and Franki piles. Foundations are chosen based on subsoil conditions and load characteristics.
Foundation
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations, including pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. It provides details on different types of piles and factors to consider when choosing a foundation type, and outlines the basic process for constructing foundations, including site preparation, layout, excavation, and pouring concrete.
foundation.pptx
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations including spread footings, grillage foundations, combined footings, strap footings, raft/mat foundations. It also describes deep foundations including pile foundations, piers, caissons. It provides details on the functions, materials, and installation methods for various foundation types. The key functions of foundations are to distribute load evenly and provide stability. Foundations need to sustain and transmit loads while minimizing differential settlement.
Ct presentation slide nah
The document discusses different types of foundations used in building construction. It describes shallow foundations such as pad, strip, and trench foundations which are suitable for light structural loads on soil with good bearing capacity. Deep foundations discussed include pile foundations which use long cylindrical structures to transfer loads to deeper strong layers of soil or bedrock. A raft foundation spreads loads over a wide reinforced concrete slab.
Floors
Floors divide buildings horizontally and must support loads while providing durability, fire resistance, and appropriate finishes. Common floor materials include concrete, timber, and steel. Solid concrete slabs or precast planks are often used for ground floors while upper floors employ beams, slabs, hollow pots, or precast systems. Proper flooring allows a building to withstand loads, prevent damp and fire spread, insulate occupants, and provide comfortable, usable surfaces throughout.
Foundation
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations that can be used to transfer structural loads from buildings to the soil or earth very near the surface. It describes spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, and rubble trench foundations. Spread footing foundations consist of strips or pads of concrete that transfer loads from walls and columns to the soil. Mat-slab foundations distribute loads across the entire building area to lower pressure on the soil. Slab-on-grade foundations are commonly used in areas with expansive clay soils. Rubble trench foundations use loose stone to minimize concrete and improve drainage in an environmentally friendly way.
Raft Foundation And Its Use- Cal State Concrete
Raft Foundation is one of the most widespread type of foundation system owed by Cal State concrete, one of the leading concrete companies near me for its simple construction procedure.
Slab
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It describes solid ground floors, suspended ground floors, upper floors, precast concrete floors, reinforced concrete slabs, flat plate slabs, waffle slabs, one-way and two-way slabs. It also discusses potential problems with slabs like cracking and dampness, and their causes such as poor construction practices, uneven settlement, inadequate strength of concrete, and improper reinforcement placement.
Shallowfoundations
A foundation is the lowest and supporting layer of a structure and a building component which transfers building loads to the soil.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION(PPT)
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil types and are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Strip foundations are used for light structures on stable soil. Raft foundations spread loads over a large area for structures on low bearing soils. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper soils using columns when suitable shallow foundations are not possible. The document also outlines functions of foundations and materials used, namely concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
Mat foundation
Mat foundation is also known as the raft foundation. It is a continuous thick concrete slab on the soil that extends the entire footprint of the building and increases the soil bearing capacity power. This foundation supports the entire building loads and safely transfer it to the ground
2-basics-of-foundation.ppt
Foundation types are chosen based on subsurface soil conditions and the structural requirements of the building. Shallow foundations are used for structures with moderate to low loads bearing on soil with sufficient capacity. Deep foundations like piles are used when soil capacity is low or non-uniform. Raft or mat foundations spread loads over a large area and are suitable for heavy loads or poor, variable soils. The type of foundation must effectively support the structure while addressing issues like groundwater level, soil composition, and potential settlements.
Foundation and its types
foundation - definition, functions, characteristics, types based on various factors, piles, piers, caissons, well foundations, shallow foundations
Foundations grp 1
Raft foundations are large concrete slabs laid on the ground to support buildings. They spread the building load over a wide area, lowering pressure on the soil. This makes raft foundations suitable for unstable soils, areas with soil movement, and buildings with high loads or closely spaced supports. Raft foundations can serve as both the foundation and floor slab. They are used for heavy commercial buildings, in low bearing soils, and where footing overlap would otherwise occur. Advantages include reduced excavation needs and differential settlement.
bct%20final.pptx
1. Shallow foundations can be constructed in soils up to around 1-1.5 meters deep. They include spread footings, isolated/pad footings, combined footings, inverted arch footings, and grillage foundations.
2. Grillage foundations are used for heavily loaded columns or walls, and consist of tiers of steel or timber beams that distribute the load over a large area. Steel grillage foundations use RSJ beams embedded in concrete, while timber uses planks and beams.
3. Inverted arch footings reduce foundation depth by transmitting loads through arches to the soil. They are commonly used for bridges, reservoirs, and other structures.
Construction-methods-and-techniques.pptx
Traditional construction involves assembling building parts on-site to construct buildings from the ground up. This includes creating foundations, walls, roofs, etc. at the construction site. Common construction methods include concrete, masonry, and wood framing. Foundations transfer loads from the structure to the soil and come in shallow and deep varieties. Different foundation types include pads, raft slabs, piles, which can be made of materials like concrete, steel, or wood. Formwork and scaffolding provide temporary structures to support concrete and crews during construction.
Similar to Raft foundation ppt by kamal bhatia (20)
Recently uploaded
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Bigdata of technology
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
Python language is very important language at this time. we can easily understand this language by these notes.
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
For International shipping and maritime laws all wood must contain the ISPM 15 Stamp. Here is how and why.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting.pdf
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting. Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Recently uploaded (20)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
BPV-GUI-01-Guide-for-ASME-Review-Teams-(General)-10-10-2023.pdf
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
The Python for beginners. This is an advance computer language.
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Raft foundation ppt by kamal bhatia
- 1. RAFT/MAT FOUNDATION SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY:- MR. HARPINDERPAL SINGH KAMAL BHATIA GU-2015-0376-L
- 2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION NECESSITY OF RAFT FOUNDATION TYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE MERITS & DEMERITS
- 3. RAFT FOUNDATION A mat foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab supporting arrangement of columns or walls in a row and transmitting the load into the soil. It is used to support storage tanks, industrial equipments, chimney`s and various structures.
- 4. WHY IT IS USED/NECESSITY The spread footings covers over 50% of the foundation area because of large column load. The soil is soft with low bearing capacity. When the expenses of deep foundation is higher than the raft foundation. Walls of the structure are so close that individual footings would overlap.
- 5. TYPES OF MAT FOUNDATION FLAT PLATE TYPE FLAT PLATE THICK UNDER COLUMNS BEAM AND SLAB CONSTRUCTION BOX STRUCTURES MATS PLACED ON PILES
- 6. FLATE PLATE TYPE A mat of uniform thickness is provided. This is most suitable when the column loads are relatively light and the spacing of columns is relatively small and uniform.
- 7. FLAT PLATE THICK UNDER COLUMNS When the column loads are heavy, this type is more suitable than the flat plate type. A portion of slab under the column is thickened to provide enough thickness for negative bending moment.
- 8. BEAM & SLAB CONSTRUCTION The beams run in two perpendicular directions and a slab is provided between the beams. This type suitable when the bending stresses are high because of large column spacing and unequal column loads.
- 9. BOX STRUCTURES A box structure is provided in which the basement walls act as stiffeners for the mat. This type of mat foundation can resist very high bending stresses.
- 10. MATS PLACED ON PILES The mat is supported on piles in this type of construction. This type of mat foundation is used where the soil is highly compressible and water table is high. This type of construction reduces the settlement and also control the buoyancy.
- 11. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE SOIL TEST EXCAVATION REINFORCEMENT LEVELING & DRESSING COLOUMN POSITIONING FORM WORK CONCRETE WORK CURING
- 12. SOIL TEST Bearing capacity of soil Classification of soil Moisture content water table
- 13. EXCAVATION
- 14. PLACING REINFORCEMENT A batch of horizontal reinforcement placing Another batch of reinforcement placement to complete the bottom mesh Columns rod placement Vertical rod placement over bottom mesh to hold the upper mesh Upper mesh placement
- 16. FORM WORK Timber form work Plastic form work Steel form work
- 18. CURING the process of maintaining the moisture and temperature conditions of concrete for hydration reaction to normally so that concrete develops hardened properties over time.
- 19. MERITS OF MAT FOUNDATION Raft foundation is economic due to combination of foundations & floor slab. Require little excavation. Can cope with mixed and poor ground condition. It reduces different settlement.
- 20. DEMERITS It require specific treatment for point loads. Edge erosion occur if not treated properly.
- 21. THANKS