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CURRICULUM.pptx
This document discusses the key aspects of curriculum including its meaning, definition, components, nature, development and evaluation. It defines curriculum as the totality of student experiences provided by the educational institution to attain its objectives. The key components of a curriculum are its objectives, content, methodology and evaluation. Curriculum development involves formulating objectives, selecting learning experiences, organizing instruction and evaluating outcomes. Several principles and steps are outlined for effective curriculum planning, implementation and review.
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CURRICULUM.pptx
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- 3. INTRODUCTION Education aimsthe behavior modification of learners. Behavior modification is achieved through a serious of activities Curriculum is more than a syllabus. A syllabus describes the content of a program and can be seen as one part of a curriculum. Curriculum is concerned with guiding the teachers and students in the education process.
- 4. MEANING OF CURRICULUM Derived from Latin word “currere” – meaning “to run ” The dictionary meaning – is a course, especially the course of study at the university .
- 5. DEFINITION According toCunningham: Curriculum is the tool in the hands of an artist to mould his material according to his ideals in his studio. In this definition, artist is the teacher, material is the student, ideals are the objectives and studio is the educational institution.
- 6. COMPONENTS OF CURRICULUM Curriculum invariably contains: The statement of philosophy of the educational program The statement of the objectives of educational program Total duration of the educational program Detailed course plan for each course which spell out the placement of the course, subject matter, allotted time in terms of theory and practical hours, learning experience like clinical posting. Program of evaluation, such as type of examination
- 7. NATURE OF CURRICULUM Curriculum as Objectives Curriculum as Subject matter Curriculum as Student Experience Curriculum as opportunities for students
- 8. NATURE OF NURSINGCURRICULUM Health oriented Flexible to meet the changing needs of the society Influenced by the developments in other health care professions. Influenced by transnational trends in Nursing education and nursing service Influenced by the policy decisions based on national health policy
- 9. Types of Curriculum OliviaBevis recommends four types for every nursing institute. The Legitimate Curriculum The Illegitimate Curriculum Hidden Curriculum Null Curriculum
- 10. Levels of CurriculumPlanning Societal Curriculum Institutional Curriculum Instructional Curriculum
- 11. Elements in planninga curriculum 1. Planning- Curriculum overall, Objectives, Learning Experiences, Evaluation. 2. Planning various courses- Goal objectives, Learning Experiences, Evaluation. 3. Unit Planning- Objectives, Learning Experiences, Evaluation 4. Lesson Planning- Objectives, Learning Experiences, Evaluation.
- 12. Organization of curriculum Is the systematic arrangement of the learning activities by applying the principle of sequence, correlation, continuity and integration
- 13. CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT Curriculumdevelopment describes all the ways in which a training or teaching organization plans and guides learning. The primary focus of a curriculum is on what is to be taught and when, leaving to the teaching profession decision as to how this should be done in practice.
- 14. Principles of curriculumdevelopment by Aggarwal The conservative Principle The forward-looking principle The creative Principle Principle of totality form The activity Principle Principle of preparation for life Principle of connecting to life Child centered curriculum Principle of integration & correlation Principle of comprehensiveness and balance
- 15. Cont…. Principles ofloyalties Principle of variety and flexibility Principle of connecting to community needs Principle of connecting to social life Training for leisure Principle of core or common subjects Principle of all-round development of body, mind and spirit Principle of democracy, socialism and secularism Principle of dignity of labour Principle of character building.
- 16. Factors influencing curriculum developmentin NURSING Philosophy of nursing education Educational psychology Society Student Knowledge explosion and scientific advancement Technological advancements in patient care Educational technology Transnational career opportunities. Resources.
- 17. Steps in curriculumdevelopment According to Ralph Tyler, Formulation of educational objectives Selection of learning experiences Effective and efficient organisation of learning experience Evaluation of the curriculum.
- 18. 1. FORMULATION OFEDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES Statement of those desired changes in behavior as a result of specific teaching learning activity or specific teacher learner activity
- 19. Data required forformulating objectives Philosophy of institution Social & health needs of society Needs of students Resources available Level of students Designation after class Minimum requirements syllabus Future trends Criteria for appearing other exams
- 20. Stating objectives Interms od desired behavioral changes Help to select learning experience and guiding teaching activity Desired behavior change should be in consistent with stated objectives Subject objectives contribute to overall objective Attainable and practicable Worthwhile to society Consider needs ability & level of students.
- 21. Cont… Objective ofcourse, unit, topic and lesson should focus on development of students Objectives should serve as a motivating factor Should have continuity, sequence, correlation and integration Cooperatively planned Each statement have single objective Should not be too detailed
- 22. Steps in formulationof educational objectives 1. Identify learners need 2. Identify the need of society 3. Study the expert suggestions 4. Formulate philosophy 5. State the objectives 6. Formulate the theory of learning 7. Screen objectives through philosophy 8. Define objectives clearly 9. State the objectives in behavioral terms
- 23. Types of objectives Institutional objective Intermediate – by curriculum committee Instructional – by teacher Central objective- for every topic or lesson Contributory or specific objectives Edu. Objective ppt
- 24. 2. SELECTION OFLEARNING EXPERIENCE A deliberately planned experience in selected situations where students actively participate, interact & which result un desirable changes of behavior Learning experience compromise both theoretical & practical aspect
- 25. Principles- selection oflearning experience All learning need should be in relation to objective In relation to real life situation Effective integration between theory and practice Same learning experience many outcome & vice versa Selected in such a way that learners are constantly motivated Students get meaning & see relation b/w past & present experience and focus to future
- 26. Cont.. Learning isenhanced by utilizing wide variety of teaching learning methods Will learn effectively if experience are satisfactory Should consider students ability to undergo change Learning experience selected should not be beyond stage of development Should be according to the need of students Same and equal chance for all students
- 27. Characteristics – learningexperience Allow learning by doing Create motivation and interest Challenging to students Satisfy the need of time Bring multiple outcome in students Help to acquire knowledge, skill & attitude Helpful in gathering information Help to attain educational objectives
- 28. Criteria of selection Should be in consistent with philosophy of institution Variable & flexible enough Provide opportunity to practice Provide opportunity for development of independent thinking, decision making, self discipline, judgement Planned and evaluated co- operatively by teacher and student
- 29. Cont… Learning experienceshould be adapted to the needs of the students. Arranged in a manner that provide continuity, correlation and integration of theory and practice To give appropriate emphasis and weightage according to the relative importance of the various learning experience and contents.
- 30. Organization of learningexperience Aim is to bring & relate various learning experience together to produce the maximum cumulative effect in order to give a unified view of the whole so that the educational objectives are achieved (Tyler) Should be done carefully and systematically Learning experiences have to be vertically & horizontally organized
- 31. Principles of organizinglearning experience Succeeding experiences are build upon preceding ones Experiences in one area & other to be related Should utilize allotted time cost effectively Organized in broad areas to facilitate relating in allied areas Broad principles of education to be applied & emphasized Provide ample opportunities for students in each areas Provide opportunity to concentrate on one or more electives
- 32. Cont…. Organize interms of broad subject matters, humanities, behavioral science etc Neither too flexible or rigid Clinical experiences & assignments on the basis of students experience Organized in such a way that students are able to practice nursing
- 33. Elements of organizinglearning experience Grouping learning experiences under subject heading Preparation of master plan for curriculum Placement of learning experience in the curriculum Preparation of correlation chart Organization of clinical experience Follow teaching system
- 34. Grouping learning Toprovide optimum experience to students Group learning experience under subject heading
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- 36. Definition The masterrotation plan is an overall plan which shows rotation of all students in a particular educational institution.
- 37. Nature of masterplan Plan for each year also known as Annual rotation plan It is prepared in advance for whole year Gives complete and clear picture about the students placement Include period of teaching block, practical block, preparation time, examination and vacation Plan for each year can be prepared separately then put into combined chart Teacher should be aware of students placement Overlapping or shortage in particular area can be noted Consider all 3 domains
- 38. Factors to beconsidered Objectives of the courses Number of students in the class Number of department / areas Size of the department Duration of experience Number of person available for supervision INC/ university requirements
- 39. Preparation of masterplan Master plan guide teachers in the placement of subject matters & clinical experience Gives a clear idea when to plan the subject Should be prepared in accordance to the requirement of council and university
- 40. Preparation of Masterplan Total duration of programme Different courses of study with theory and practical Allotted time for each Teaching learning method Scheme of evaluation Co curricular activities
- 41. Steps in constructingmaster rotation plan Before making master rotation , list down theory and practical hours prescribed for each subject by INC Weeks available per year are 52 weeks 1 block = 4 week, so divide rotation plan into 13 blocks, ie 52 weeks Depending on the strength of students and clinical areas. Align groups vertically and blocks horizontally. On horizontal axis, mark 52 weeks Enter summer and winter vacations, examination as prescribed by INC
- 42. Cont… Plan howto divide classes and clinical area, whether in partial block or complete block 1 week = 40 hours Monday to Friday , 5*7=35 hrs Saturday 5 hr , so total 40 hrs Accordingly divide into classes and clinical area. Different color and codes can be used to depict various areas. Make key indicating areas and hours allotted.
- 43. UNIT PLAN Unit: it may be described as an organization of various activities, experiences and type of learning around a central problem or purpose developed comparatively by a group of pupils under teacher leadership. ( Cartrer V Good ) Unit planning: The content of unit are always woven or organized around a central or common principle, process, problem or purpose.
- 44. Steps in developmentof a unit plan Selection of unit from syllabus Allotment of working hours for particular unit A unit is divided into suitable sub units or part Laying down of the teaching learning objectives of these sub- units Appropriate methods, devices, techniques for proper teaching learning objectives of these sub- units Selection of appropriate audio visual aids to facilitate better learning The use of appropriate evaluation devices for the evaluation of outcome of teaching learning process The untization of the outcomes of the evaluation for the proper follow up and remedial teaching. Provide a list of references for detailed study of particular unit
- 45. Importance & advantagesof unit plan Proper coverage of syllabus of that subject Organization of subject matter & learning experience It make both subject and teacher clear about the goals. Unit plan lays stress on the formulation of teaching learning objectives Teacher is well informed about the type of methods and strategies used Planning of activities and resources beforehand. Provision for the diagnosis of learning difficulties For the review, recapitalization, practice and drill Way for a proper and appropriate daily lesson planning
- 46. Limitations and demerits Improper and faulty formulation may creates hurdles in path of the teacher It put restrictions on the freedom of teachers Teaching learning process become too much time bound through the adaptation of unit planning It may make the teacher too much conscious for the implementation of planned scheme It make the teaching learning as planning centered It prevent flexibility in teaching learning process
- 47. Placement of learningexperience in the total curriculum Follow the principal of sequence, integration and correlation achieved in the total curriculum.
- 48. Preparation of correlationchart Help to identify the extent of correlation achieved in the total curriculum
- 49. 3. ORGANIZATION OFCLINICAL EXPERIENCE Clinical actually refers to the bed side of the patient In curriculum context it seen as the learning of professional role
- 50. Importance Opportunity forrole learning Opportunity to apply learned knowledge and skills to the real situation Clinical experience depends to a large extent on previous class room learning Experimental learning in nursing as a form of services learning Becoming competent on repeated practice of skills
- 51. CLINICAL ROTATION Clinicalrotation plan is made to make sure that each student in particular block posting under goes for experience in each planned area
- 52. Factors influencing clinicalrotation Requirement as stated by university or council Objectives of the course Number of students could be posted Infrastructure of the clinical area Availability of educators for supervision
- 53. Principles of clinicalrotation Developed in accordance to master plan Made in cooperation with faculty members Maxims of teaching to be followed Follow principles of sequence, integration & continuity Enough teaching staff should be made available Seek suggestions from staff working in the clinical areas First year student should receive maximum supervision & attention All students should receive enough clinical experience Assignments to be completed before posting Over crowding in clinical not be advisable
- 54. Teaching system Completeblock Partial block
- 55. 4. EVALUATION OFCURRICULUM Evaluate 5 M Men Money Material Method Minute
- 56. Principles of evaluation Evaluation should find out how much objectives are achieved Objectives of curriculum evaluation should be in terms of behavior or the reaction to be measured To measure behavior in terms of content Techniques and methods used in evaluation should be on the basis of specific behavior
- 57. Cont … Inducesa variety of evaluation tools or instruments In terms of excellence of performance not in terms of time spent Reflect the objectives of practice to which students have achieved the objectives
- 58.