This document discusses occupational hazards and diseases. It begins by defining occupational environment and describing the three main types of interactions: between people and physical/chemical/biological agents, between people and machines, and between people. It then examines several specific occupational hazards and diseases in more detail, including: pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, lead poisoning, occupational cancer, dermatitis, and radiation hazards. Prevention strategies are outlined for many of these conditions.
This document discusses occupational health and related topics. It covers health promotion of workers, prevention of occupational diseases, roles of occupational health nurses, administration of occupational health services, and international organizations. Some key points include recommendations by ILO/WHO on worker nutrition, disease control, and mental health. It also outlines legislation in countries like prevention of child labor and maternity benefits.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
prevention and control of occupational diseasesPreetika Maurya
This document discusses the prevention and control of occupational diseases. It describes various diseases caused by physical, chemical, and biological agents in the workplace. It emphasizes the importance of pre-placement exams, periodic exams, and health services to monitor workers' health. Engineering controls like ventilation, enclosure, isolation, and protective devices can help reduce exposure to hazards. Both medical and engineering approaches are needed to prevent occupational diseases.
This document defines key terms and concepts related to occupational health and safety. It discusses occupational health as promoting worker health through prevention, protection, and rehabilitation. Ergonomics is defined as adapting work to humans. Common occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial factors. Diseases and injuries can result from exposures to these hazards. The document emphasizes applying principles of prevention, health monitoring, and education to promote occupational safety and health.
Prevention & control of occupational diseasesdrahmadflash
The document discusses measures to prevent and control occupational diseases. It describes three levels of prevention:
1) Primary prevention aims to avoid disease through controlling hazards, substituting dangerous materials, and using engineering controls and personal protective equipment.
2) Secondary prevention focuses on early detection through medical screening and monitoring to identify issues before symptoms arise.
3) Tertiary prevention treats existing diseases to limit disability and complications through rehabilitation. Engineering controls, safe work practices, hygiene measures, and periodic medical exams are emphasized as key prevention strategies.
Occupational health is an important branch of community health that deals with promoting worker health and safety. It was originally focused on factories and mines but now covers all employment sectors. The goals of occupational health are to maintain high physical, mental, and social well-being for workers; prevent health issues from working conditions; and protect workers from risks in their employment. Common occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, psychosocial, and radiation-related risks. Preventive measures include medical examinations, hazard controls, safety training, and legislative protections. Occupational health nursing plays a key role in prevention, treatment, education, management, coordination, advising, and research activities to support worker health.
Occupational diseases are diseases that are caused or aggravated by the work or work environment. Some key points:
- Occupational diseases can have varying time frames between exposure and symptoms, from immediate to decades later.
- Major causes of occupational diseases include physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards. Common examples are respiratory diseases from dusts or fumes, musculoskeletal disorders, and work-related stress.
- Prevention of occupational diseases involves controlling exposures through substitution of hazardous materials, engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and health monitoring programs. The goal is primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
This document discusses occupational health and related topics. It covers health promotion of workers, prevention of occupational diseases, roles of occupational health nurses, administration of occupational health services, and international organizations. Some key points include recommendations by ILO/WHO on worker nutrition, disease control, and mental health. It also outlines legislation in countries like prevention of child labor and maternity benefits.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
prevention and control of occupational diseasesPreetika Maurya
This document discusses the prevention and control of occupational diseases. It describes various diseases caused by physical, chemical, and biological agents in the workplace. It emphasizes the importance of pre-placement exams, periodic exams, and health services to monitor workers' health. Engineering controls like ventilation, enclosure, isolation, and protective devices can help reduce exposure to hazards. Both medical and engineering approaches are needed to prevent occupational diseases.
This document defines key terms and concepts related to occupational health and safety. It discusses occupational health as promoting worker health through prevention, protection, and rehabilitation. Ergonomics is defined as adapting work to humans. Common occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial factors. Diseases and injuries can result from exposures to these hazards. The document emphasizes applying principles of prevention, health monitoring, and education to promote occupational safety and health.
Prevention & control of occupational diseasesdrahmadflash
The document discusses measures to prevent and control occupational diseases. It describes three levels of prevention:
1) Primary prevention aims to avoid disease through controlling hazards, substituting dangerous materials, and using engineering controls and personal protective equipment.
2) Secondary prevention focuses on early detection through medical screening and monitoring to identify issues before symptoms arise.
3) Tertiary prevention treats existing diseases to limit disability and complications through rehabilitation. Engineering controls, safe work practices, hygiene measures, and periodic medical exams are emphasized as key prevention strategies.
Occupational health is an important branch of community health that deals with promoting worker health and safety. It was originally focused on factories and mines but now covers all employment sectors. The goals of occupational health are to maintain high physical, mental, and social well-being for workers; prevent health issues from working conditions; and protect workers from risks in their employment. Common occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, psychosocial, and radiation-related risks. Preventive measures include medical examinations, hazard controls, safety training, and legislative protections. Occupational health nursing plays a key role in prevention, treatment, education, management, coordination, advising, and research activities to support worker health.
Occupational diseases are diseases that are caused or aggravated by the work or work environment. Some key points:
- Occupational diseases can have varying time frames between exposure and symptoms, from immediate to decades later.
- Major causes of occupational diseases include physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards. Common examples are respiratory diseases from dusts or fumes, musculoskeletal disorders, and work-related stress.
- Prevention of occupational diseases involves controlling exposures through substitution of hazardous materials, engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and health monitoring programs. The goal is primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
This document discusses various occupational health hazards. It defines occupational health as promoting workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. Occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial risks. Examples provided are chemicals like metals, gases, and solvents entering the body via inhalation. Mechanical hazards can cause injuries from falls or repetitive stress disorders. Ergonomic guidelines aim to reduce risks from tasks like manual handling, VDT use, and psychosocial stressors at work.
According to WHO, Ergonomics is defined as “ that branch of community medicine, which deals with the study of health promotion, health protection & maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations”
It is the study of humans at work in order to understand the complex relationship among people, machines, job demands and work methods in order to minimize gaps between task demands and human capacities in activities of work and daily living. [Maxcy-public health]
Ergonomics as the science of “designing the job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job. [International Ergonomics Society]
• History of Occupational Diseases (O.D) Listing
• Definition of O.D and Work-Related Diseases (WRD)
• Criteria for identification of O.D
• International List of O.D
• Prescribed Occupational Diseases
This document discusses occupational health and safety. It defines occupational health as promoting workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. Occupational health hazards are classified as physical, chemical, biological, psychological, and mechanical. Examples of physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, and ultraviolet radiation. The document also discusses safety measures that can be taken, including medical examinations, engineering controls, and legislation. The role of nurses is to educate workers and protect them from occupational health hazards.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and occupational hazards. It discusses the historical background of occupational health and defines it. It then covers various occupational hazards including physical hazards like heat, cold, noise, vibration; chemical hazards like dusts and gases; biological hazards; and mechanical hazards. It provides examples of different occupational diseases like silicosis, byssinosis, and asbestosis caused by exposure to dusts and chemicals in the workplace. The document emphasizes the need for preventive measures and control of occupational diseases and hazards.
This document outlines three approaches to preventing occupational diseases: medical measures, engineering controls, and legislation. Medical measures include pre-placement exams, periodic exams, health services, notifications, supervision of work environments, record keeping, and health education. Engineering controls involve building design, housekeeping, ventilation, mechanization, substitution of harmful materials, controlling dust, enclosure, isolation, and use of protective devices. Legislation measures provide legal protections and benefits to workers through various Indian labor laws governing factors like work hours, wages, leave, and medical/disability benefits.
This document discusses occupational health hazards. It notes that occupational health deals with health issues that arise specifically from occupations, such as asbestosis from asbestos exposure. It discusses workplace regulations regarding minimum space per worker and notes how some employers try to avoid these. Various occupational health hazards, diseases, causal agents, and affected body systems are outlined. The roles and shortcomings of various organizations responsible for occupational health are examined.
Surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, which is closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. To be effective, surveillance must be directly linked to preventive action.
In the case of occupational health, the actions prompted by the surveillance system should be directed not only at the individual case or the affected group, but also at the responsible workplace factors.
Surveillance programs (i.e., 2ry prevention) should be designed to support programs intended to control workplace hazards (i.e., 1ry prevention).
In OSH, surveillance programs should:
• Identify cases of occupational illness or injury; and/or
• Monitor trends of occupational illness or injury.
This document discusses occupational health and safety. It defines occupational health as promoting physical, mental, and social well-being of workers. It identifies various workplace hazards including physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. It also discusses the health effects of different hazards such as heat, cold, noise, and chemicals. Common occupational diseases like silicosis, asbestosis, and lead poisoning are explained. The document outlines methods of prevention and control of occupational hazards as well as compensation programs for occupational illnesses and injuries.
Occupational health refers to the health and safety of workers in the workplace. Workplace hazards can include physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards that can cause occupational diseases. The goals of occupational health are to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers. Prevention methods include medical monitoring, engineering controls, and legislative protections to reduce workplace hazards and diseases like pneumoconiosis, dermatitis, and noise-induced hearing loss.
The document discusses occupational health and safety. It outlines the importance of occupational health programs in protecting worker health and safety. Some key risks to worker health mentioned include noise exposure, dermatitis, asthma, musculoskeletal disorders, and injuries from falls, lifting heavy loads, and machinery. The document also discusses international standards and legislation regarding occupational health in Pakistan. An effective occupational health program involves identifying health hazards, assessing and controlling risks, health surveillance of at-risk workers, and measures to ensure compliance with laws and standards.
The document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It covers various physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards workers may face. It also describes several lung diseases that can result from inhaling occupational dusts, including silicosis from silica dust, anthracosis from coal dust, byssinosis from cotton dust, bagassosis from sugar cane dust, asbestosis from asbestos, and farmer's lung from moldy hay/grain dust. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of preventing occupational diseases through controlling dust and other hazards, as well as regularly examining workers.
Occupational health: Promotion & Maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental & social wellbeing of workers in all occupations (WHO & ILO, 1950 & revised in 1995).
Occupational medicine: A branch of preventive medicine with some therapeutic function (Royal College of Physicians, 1978).
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Occupational diseases are chronic ailments that occur as a result of work or occupational activity. They can develop instantly upon exposure to hazards like gases, or gradually over weeks, months, or decades from exposures like heavy metals or carcinogens. Globally, there are millions of occupational disease cases and deaths annually, costing countries 2-14% of GDP. Occupational diseases are classified into categories like those from physical, chemical, or biological agents. Examples of specific occupational diseases discussed are pneumoconiosis like black lung from inhaling dusts, occupational dermatitis from skin exposures, and hand-arm vibration syndrome from using vibrating tools. Prevention strategies include engineering controls, protective equipment, health monitoring, and legislation.
This document defines occupational health as promoting physical, mental, and social well-being for workers. It lists the objectives of occupational health as maintaining worker health, preventing diseases and injuries, adapting workplaces to workers' needs, and taking a preventive approach. The document discusses occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychological hazards. It also outlines common occupational diseases from various causes and measures to prevent diseases, including medical exams, engineering controls, and legislation. Overall, the document provides an overview of occupational health, including its goals, common hazards and diseases, and approaches to disease prevention in workplaces.
This lecture begins by defining OHS, its epidemiology, functions, the different sources of occupational hazards-broadly and in details, as well as the principles of OHS management.
Class Presentation on Occupational Health ppt.pptxGouri Das
The document provides an overview of occupational health, including:
1. It defines occupational health as promoting and maintaining workers' physical, mental, and social well-being, and preventing work-related health issues.
2. Occupational health aims to identify workplace hazards, implement controls, ensure job demands match individual abilities, and provide services for vulnerable/incapacitated workers.
3. Common occupational hazards include physical (noise, vibration), chemical, biological, psychosocial, and diseases like silicosis.
4. Legislation like the Factories Act and Employees' State Insurance Act aim to protect worker health and provide medical benefits for work-related issues.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
This document discusses various occupational health hazards. It defines occupational health as promoting workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. Occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial risks. Examples provided are chemicals like metals, gases, and solvents entering the body via inhalation. Mechanical hazards can cause injuries from falls or repetitive stress disorders. Ergonomic guidelines aim to reduce risks from tasks like manual handling, VDT use, and psychosocial stressors at work.
According to WHO, Ergonomics is defined as “ that branch of community medicine, which deals with the study of health promotion, health protection & maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations”
It is the study of humans at work in order to understand the complex relationship among people, machines, job demands and work methods in order to minimize gaps between task demands and human capacities in activities of work and daily living. [Maxcy-public health]
Ergonomics as the science of “designing the job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job. [International Ergonomics Society]
• History of Occupational Diseases (O.D) Listing
• Definition of O.D and Work-Related Diseases (WRD)
• Criteria for identification of O.D
• International List of O.D
• Prescribed Occupational Diseases
This document discusses occupational health and safety. It defines occupational health as promoting workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. Occupational health hazards are classified as physical, chemical, biological, psychological, and mechanical. Examples of physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, and ultraviolet radiation. The document also discusses safety measures that can be taken, including medical examinations, engineering controls, and legislation. The role of nurses is to educate workers and protect them from occupational health hazards.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and occupational hazards. It discusses the historical background of occupational health and defines it. It then covers various occupational hazards including physical hazards like heat, cold, noise, vibration; chemical hazards like dusts and gases; biological hazards; and mechanical hazards. It provides examples of different occupational diseases like silicosis, byssinosis, and asbestosis caused by exposure to dusts and chemicals in the workplace. The document emphasizes the need for preventive measures and control of occupational diseases and hazards.
This document outlines three approaches to preventing occupational diseases: medical measures, engineering controls, and legislation. Medical measures include pre-placement exams, periodic exams, health services, notifications, supervision of work environments, record keeping, and health education. Engineering controls involve building design, housekeeping, ventilation, mechanization, substitution of harmful materials, controlling dust, enclosure, isolation, and use of protective devices. Legislation measures provide legal protections and benefits to workers through various Indian labor laws governing factors like work hours, wages, leave, and medical/disability benefits.
This document discusses occupational health hazards. It notes that occupational health deals with health issues that arise specifically from occupations, such as asbestosis from asbestos exposure. It discusses workplace regulations regarding minimum space per worker and notes how some employers try to avoid these. Various occupational health hazards, diseases, causal agents, and affected body systems are outlined. The roles and shortcomings of various organizations responsible for occupational health are examined.
Surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, which is closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. To be effective, surveillance must be directly linked to preventive action.
In the case of occupational health, the actions prompted by the surveillance system should be directed not only at the individual case or the affected group, but also at the responsible workplace factors.
Surveillance programs (i.e., 2ry prevention) should be designed to support programs intended to control workplace hazards (i.e., 1ry prevention).
In OSH, surveillance programs should:
• Identify cases of occupational illness or injury; and/or
• Monitor trends of occupational illness or injury.
This document discusses occupational health and safety. It defines occupational health as promoting physical, mental, and social well-being of workers. It identifies various workplace hazards including physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. It also discusses the health effects of different hazards such as heat, cold, noise, and chemicals. Common occupational diseases like silicosis, asbestosis, and lead poisoning are explained. The document outlines methods of prevention and control of occupational hazards as well as compensation programs for occupational illnesses and injuries.
Occupational health refers to the health and safety of workers in the workplace. Workplace hazards can include physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards that can cause occupational diseases. The goals of occupational health are to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers. Prevention methods include medical monitoring, engineering controls, and legislative protections to reduce workplace hazards and diseases like pneumoconiosis, dermatitis, and noise-induced hearing loss.
The document discusses occupational health and safety. It outlines the importance of occupational health programs in protecting worker health and safety. Some key risks to worker health mentioned include noise exposure, dermatitis, asthma, musculoskeletal disorders, and injuries from falls, lifting heavy loads, and machinery. The document also discusses international standards and legislation regarding occupational health in Pakistan. An effective occupational health program involves identifying health hazards, assessing and controlling risks, health surveillance of at-risk workers, and measures to ensure compliance with laws and standards.
The document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It covers various physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards workers may face. It also describes several lung diseases that can result from inhaling occupational dusts, including silicosis from silica dust, anthracosis from coal dust, byssinosis from cotton dust, bagassosis from sugar cane dust, asbestosis from asbestos, and farmer's lung from moldy hay/grain dust. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of preventing occupational diseases through controlling dust and other hazards, as well as regularly examining workers.
Occupational health: Promotion & Maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental & social wellbeing of workers in all occupations (WHO & ILO, 1950 & revised in 1995).
Occupational medicine: A branch of preventive medicine with some therapeutic function (Royal College of Physicians, 1978).
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Occupational diseases are chronic ailments that occur as a result of work or occupational activity. They can develop instantly upon exposure to hazards like gases, or gradually over weeks, months, or decades from exposures like heavy metals or carcinogens. Globally, there are millions of occupational disease cases and deaths annually, costing countries 2-14% of GDP. Occupational diseases are classified into categories like those from physical, chemical, or biological agents. Examples of specific occupational diseases discussed are pneumoconiosis like black lung from inhaling dusts, occupational dermatitis from skin exposures, and hand-arm vibration syndrome from using vibrating tools. Prevention strategies include engineering controls, protective equipment, health monitoring, and legislation.
This document defines occupational health as promoting physical, mental, and social well-being for workers. It lists the objectives of occupational health as maintaining worker health, preventing diseases and injuries, adapting workplaces to workers' needs, and taking a preventive approach. The document discusses occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychological hazards. It also outlines common occupational diseases from various causes and measures to prevent diseases, including medical exams, engineering controls, and legislation. Overall, the document provides an overview of occupational health, including its goals, common hazards and diseases, and approaches to disease prevention in workplaces.
This lecture begins by defining OHS, its epidemiology, functions, the different sources of occupational hazards-broadly and in details, as well as the principles of OHS management.
Class Presentation on Occupational Health ppt.pptxGouri Das
The document provides an overview of occupational health, including:
1. It defines occupational health as promoting and maintaining workers' physical, mental, and social well-being, and preventing work-related health issues.
2. Occupational health aims to identify workplace hazards, implement controls, ensure job demands match individual abilities, and provide services for vulnerable/incapacitated workers.
3. Common occupational hazards include physical (noise, vibration), chemical, biological, psychosocial, and diseases like silicosis.
4. Legislation like the Factories Act and Employees' State Insurance Act aim to protect worker health and provide medical benefits for work-related issues.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Occupational health services or Industrial health servicesKunal Soni
This document provides an overview of occupational health services. It defines key terms like occupational health, hazards, and diseases. It describes the aims of occupational health to promote worker well-being and prevent health issues from work. Various occupational hazards are outlined like physical, chemical, biological and mechanical hazards. Common occupational diseases and disorders are explained in relation to different hazards. The roles of an occupational health team and nurse are summarized.
Occupational health aims to promote and maintain workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It focuses on preventing health issues caused by working conditions and protecting workers from hazards. Occupational health applies preventative medicine principles in workplaces to prevent disease and maintain workers' health. It addresses physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards that can impact worker health. The goals are fostering safe work environments and protecting others who may be affected.
This document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It outlines several types of occupational hazards including physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychological hazards. Specific physical hazards mentioned are heat, cold, light, noise, and ultraviolet radiation. Chemical hazards can include carbon dioxide and sulphuric acid. Biological hazards may arise from bacteria, fungi or viruses. Mechanical hazards stem from machinery. Psychological hazards relate to job satisfaction. Some common occupational diseases are also described such as phosphorus poisoning, bagassosis, and caisson disease. Both preventive and curative measures are important to protect worker health, including training, examinations, hazard removal, and first aid.
Occupational health aims to promote and maintain workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It addresses potential health risks in the workplace from physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards that can cause occupational diseases or injuries. Common occupational health issues include noise-induced hearing loss, musculoskeletal disorders, occupational lung diseases like pneumoconiosis, and work-related stress or violence. Preventing occupational health issues involves identifying hazards, educating workers, enforcing safety regulations, monitoring work environments, and providing protective equipment and health services for workers.
Occupational health refers to the health and safety risks faced by workers. Workplaces can expose employees to various hazards like physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards. Physical hazards include noise, vibration, radiation, which can cause diseases like deafness, arthritis, cancer. Chemical hazards like gases, metals, dusts from substances like asbestos, silica can lead to conditions like poisoning, asbestosis, silicosis. Prolonged exposure to these workplace hazards can seriously impact worker health. The goal of occupational health is to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers.
Injury prevention is an effort to prevent or reduce the severity of bodily injuries caused by external mechanisms, such as accidents, before they occur. ... Researchers use the term "unintentional injury" to refer to injuries that are non volitional but preventable.
This document discusses occupational health and toxicology. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being in all occupations. Occupational safety aims to control workplace hazards and their impact. The document outlines several occupational diseases caused by exposure to substances like asbestos, silica, coal dust, heavy metals and industrial chemicals. It describes symptoms, exposure sources and prevention methods for conditions like pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, silicosis, and poisonings from lead, nickel, manganese, chromium, carbon monoxide and ammonia. The objectives of occupational health services are to prevent diseases and injuries, adapt work environments, and promote worker efficiency and wellness.
The document discusses occupational health and diseases. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being through preventing health issues from jobs. Occupational diseases are caused by workplace exposures and can affect physical and mental health. The document outlines various occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological and psychosocial factors. It also discusses the roles of nurses in occupational health like education, screening, prevention programs and record keeping to address occupational diseases.
Occupational Disease and Preventive MeasureRajan Kawan
This Slide is all about the Occupational Disease, Types of occupational Hazards and its Preventive measures.
Explore the realm of occupational diseases and their prevention strategies in this informative presentation. Delve into the risks that workers face due to their job roles and discover proactive measures that can be implemented to ensure a safer and healthier workplace. Uncover the insights you need to protect employees and enhance workplace well-being.
#OccupationalDisease #WorkplaceHealth #PreventiveMeasures #EmployeeWellbeing #SafetyAtWork
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
This document discusses different types of occupational hazards that workers may be exposed to, including physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards. Some key physical hazards mentioned are heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, and radiation. Chemical hazards can enter the body through local skin contact, inhalation of dusts, gases or metal compounds, or ingestion. Biological hazards come from infectious agents. Mechanical hazards stem from injuries from machinery. Psychosocial hazards relate to stress, relationships, and mental health issues from an unfamiliar work environment. Overall the document provides a detailed classification and explanation of various occupational health risks.
This document discusses occupational diseases, their causes, and methods of prevention. It begins by defining occupational health and occupational diseases. Some common occupational diseases are then listed along with their causes, such as silicosis from dust exposure in mining. The key strategies for preventing occupational diseases are avoiding hazards through safe technology, optimized working conditions, and primary employer responsibility. Methods of prevention include engineering controls, protective equipment, health monitoring, and legislation. Employers must inform workers of risks and minimize disease impacts through various medical, technical and administrative measures.
The document discusses occupational diseases and hazards. It notes that there are over 100 million occupational injuries worldwide each year according to WHO, including 17 million non-fatal and 45,000 fatal injuries in India alone. It defines occupational health and lists factors that can affect worker health like physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards. Common occupational diseases mentioned include pneumoconiosis, lead poisoning, and cancers. The document outlines preventive measures against occupational hazards including pre-placement exams, engineering controls, protective equipment, legislation, and the roles of health providers in prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.
This document discusses occupational hazards and their health effects. It begins with defining occupational health and providing historical context. It then covers various physical, biological, chemical, and psychosocial hazards workers may face. Specific hazards discussed in detail include silicosis from silica dust, asbestosis from asbestos, anthracosis from coal dust, byssinosis from cotton dust, and lead poisoning. The importance of prevention through controls like substitution, enclosure, and examinations is emphasized. Overall the document aims to make students aware of occupational health risks to help with career choices.
This document discusses occupational health hazards and occupational health services. It covers four main types of occupational health hazards: physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial. Physical hazards include noise, vibration, radiation, etc. Chemical hazards include acids, bases, heavy metals, solvents, particulates, and gases. Biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects, and animals. Psychosocial hazards include work-related stress, violence, bullying, and harassment. The document also outlines the goals and services of occupational health programs, which aim to promote worker health, prevent occupational diseases, and protect workers from health risks. Services include health examinations, maintaining safe work environments, health education, and monitoring worker health and safety.
This document discusses occupational health and defines it as dealing with health promotion, protection, and maintenance of workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It outlines objectives like maintaining worker health and preventing diseases and injuries. It also describes various occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards. It provides examples of diseases caused by these hazards and measures to prevent occupational diseases.
This document discusses occupational health and safety. It begins by defining occupational health and discussing the various hazards workers may face, including physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards. Examples of diseases associated with each type of hazard are provided. The document also discusses preventative measures that can be taken to minimize workplace hazards, such as implementing engineering controls, using personal protective equipment, and conducting health monitoring. Overall, the document outlines the important role of occupational health and safety in protecting worker health and the various factors that can impact worker well-being.
The male reproductive system contains the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone. The testes are held within the scrotum and connected to the body via the spermatic cord. Other structures include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland, which produce fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.
The female reproductive system contains internal structures like the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, as well as external genitalia like the vulva and clitoris. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones, while the uterus provides nourishment and support for a developing fetus. During intercourse, sperm must travel from the vagina through the cervix to reach and potentially fertilize an egg in the fallopian tubes.
This document discusses the organization of clinics and camps. It outlines key features of well-organized clinics such as adequate staffing, equipment, and follow-up procedures. It also describes different types of clinics including general, antenatal, and specialty clinics. The roles and responsibilities of nurses in clinic organization are discussed, including determining the need for clinics, assisting with pre-clinic activities, managing clinic operations, and providing follow-up care. Guidelines are provided for organizing health camps including assessing needs, obtaining resources and permissions, venue selection, and maintaining records.
This document discusses hospital admission and discharge procedures. It covers the admission process including indications for admission, unit preparation, and admission procedures. It then discusses the purpose of admission, preliminary observations, and nurses' responsibilities during admission. The document also covers discharge planning, types of discharge, discharge procedures, and nurses' responsibilities during discharge. It provides examples of medico-legal cases and guidelines for admission, discharge, and transfer of medico-legal patients. Finally, it discusses terminal cleaning of patient units after discharge.
The document discusses various aspects of documentation and reporting in nursing. It describes the different types of records including patient clinical records, medical records, and nursing records. It outlines the purpose of documentation as communication, quality of care, legal documentation, and planning patient care. Several methods of documentation are also explained, such as narrative, problem-oriented medical records, SOAPIER, and charting by exception. The importance of accuracy, completeness, and confidentiality in documentation and reporting is emphasized.
This document discusses communication techniques used in nurse-patient relationships. It begins by defining non-therapeutic communication techniques such as overloading, value judgement, underloading, false reassurance, invalidation, changing the subject, giving advice, and internal validation. It then discusses professional communication skills including attending, rapport building, empathy, and observation skills. The stages of the nurse-patient relationship are outlined as the pre-interaction, introductory, working, and termination phases. Recommendations are provided for effective communication with patients considering their age, physical/mental abilities, and other factors. The importance of therapeutic communication for developing trust and addressing patients' needs is emphasized throughout.
This document discusses the key aspects of curriculum including its meaning, definition, components, nature, development and evaluation. It defines curriculum as the totality of student experiences provided by the educational institution to attain its objectives. The key components of a curriculum are its objectives, content, methodology and evaluation. Curriculum development involves formulating objectives, selecting learning experiences, organizing instruction and evaluating outcomes. Several principles and steps are outlined for effective curriculum planning, implementation and review.
This document discusses hematological disorders in pregnancy, focusing on anemia. It notes that anemia is the most common hematological disorder seen in pregnancy. The majority of cases are due to iron, folate or vitamin B12 deficiency, though other conditions like thalassemia can also cause anemia. Anemia is a major public health concern in developing countries, where incidence ranges from 40-80% compared to developed countries. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation, with intravenous iron used for severe or late-presenting cases. Untreated anemia can increase risks for the mother and baby.
The document discusses displacement of the uterus, including retroversion. Retroversion is when the uterus tilts backwards, and there are three degrees. It can be caused by developmental or acquired factors like childbirth. Symptoms include back pain and painful sex. Treatment options include using a pessary or surgical correction by plicating the round ligaments. The document also discusses pelvic organ prolapse, including causes like childbirth damaging supportive tissues. Symptoms include a feeling of something coming down and pain with activities. Examination involves inspecting for bulges like cystocele. Management includes conservative options like pessaries or surgery like anterior colporrhaphy to repair the anterior vaginal wall.
This document discusses various types of hepatitis that can occur during pregnancy including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It provides details on the clinical features, diagnosis, effects on pregnancy, management, and prevention of transmission from mother to child for each type of hepatitis. Key points include that hepatitis A and B can often be prevented by vaccination, while hepatitis C transmission is typically low at less than 5%. Management involves supportive care and preventing transmission to newborns through procedures like hepatitis B immunoglobulin administration. The nursing priorities are also outlined which focus on supporting the liver and preventing complications.
This document discusses various career opportunities in nursing. It outlines different nursing specialties including hospital care nurses, cardiac nurses, pediatric nurses, ICU nurses, psychiatric nurses, home health nurses, hospice nurses, labor and delivery nurses, dialysis nurses, emergency room nurses, neurological nurses, oncology nurses, school nurses, and operating room nurses. For each specialty, it provides a brief description of the role and opportunities for certification in that specialty through various nursing organizations. The document promotes nursing as a career with many opportunities and specialization options.
This document discusses cold injuries that can occur from exposure to extreme cold, including hypothermia, frostbite, chilblains, dehydration, carbon monoxide poisoning, and snow blindness. It defines each injury, describes symptoms, treatment, prevention, and nursing considerations. The main cold injuries discussed are hypothermia, which lowers core body temperature, and frostbite, which is the freezing of body tissue that can lead to loss of fingers, toes, or other body parts if not promptly treated. Prevention is key and includes proper clothing, limiting time in extreme cold, staying dry and hydrated.
This document provides information on Methergine and Clomiphene Citrate.
Methergine is an ergot alkaloid administered postpartum to help deliver the placenta and control bleeding by improving uterine muscle tone and contractions. It has potential side effects like nausea and leg cramps. Nurses must monitor vital signs and uterine response after administration and educate patients on signs of problems.
Clomiphene Citrate is used to induce ovulation in women with infertility. It works by inhibiting estrogen receptors in the brain to stimulate ovulation. It has potential visual and ovarian side effects and drug interactions. Nurses must monitor patients for abnormal bleeding or vision changes and educate them on proper administration and signs of problems.
Rh incompatibility occurs when a pregnant woman who is Rh negative is carrying a baby who is Rh positive. During pregnancy or delivery, the baby's blood can enter the mother's bloodstream and cause her to produce antibodies against the Rh positive blood. These antibodies can then cross the placenta and destroy the baby's red blood cells, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn. To prevent sensitization, Rh negative mothers are given Rh immunoglobulin during and after pregnancy to prevent production of antibodies against Rh positive blood. Failure to prevent sensitization can lead to jaundice, anemia, heart failure or even death for an Rh positive baby in subsequent pregnancies.
Vacuum extraction, also known as ventouse, is a method to assist delivery using a vacuum device attached to the fetal scalp to create suction. The vacuum extractor consists of a suction cup connected by tubing to a vacuum source. It is used when maternal or fetal indications warrant assistance with delivery, such as maternal exhaustion or fetal distress. Risks include scalp laceration and other soft tissue injuries for both mother and baby. The procedure should be abandoned if progress is not made within 20 minutes due to risks of trauma.
This document discusses factors that affect the quality of nursing care and services. It identifies several factors such as the experience of nurses, number of non-nurses involved in patient care, quality of teaching and supervision, physical facilities, equipment and supplies, working hours, and morale. High quality nursing care depends on these factors as well as the services available, degree of illness, hospital affiliation, ward plan, nursing procedures, and standards of nursing care. The document emphasizes the importance of organizing nursing services effectively to maximize the quality of care provided.
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2. Occupational environment
• By "occupational environment" is meant the sum of external conditions and
influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the
health of the working population. . Basically, there are three types of interaction
in a working environment
(a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents
(b) Man and machine
(c) Man and man
3. Man and physical, chemical and biological agents
Physical agents
The physical factors in the working environment which may be adverse to health are
heat, cold, humidity, air movement, heat radiation, light, noise, vibrations and
ionizing radiation.
The factors act in different ways on the health and efficiency of the workers, singly
or in different combinations.
The amount of working and breathing space, toilet, washing and bathing facilities are
also important factors in an occupational environment.
4. Man and physical, chemical and biological agents
Chemical agents
These comprise a large number of chemicals, toxic dusts and gases which
are potential hazards to the health of the workers.
Some chemical agents cause disabling respiratory illnesses, some cause
injury to skin and some may have a deleterious effect on the blood and other
organs of the body.
5. Man and physical, chemical and biological agents
Biological agents
The workers may be exposed to viral, rickettsial, bacterial and parasitic
agents which may result from close contact with animals or their products,
contaminated water, soil or food.
6. Man and machine
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on
mass production.
The unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant,
lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in
industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache,
diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
7. Man and man
In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in
which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their
job, their fellow workers and employers
The occupational environment of the worker cannot be considered apart from his
domestic environment. Both are complementary to each other.
The worker takes his worries home, and brings to his work disturbances which
arise in his domestic environment.
8. Man and man
Stress at work may disturb his sleep, just as stress at home may affect his work.
Severe prolonged stress, no matter where it has been aroused, may produce
serious physical or mental symptoms which do not allow man to work efficiently.
According to ecological approach, occupational health represents a dynamic
equilibrium or adjustment between the industrial worker and his occupational
environment
9. Occupational hazards
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his
occupation
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
10.
11. Heat and cold
• Direct effect of heat: Heat exhaustion, heat strokes, heat cramps
• Indirect effect of heat: Decreases efficiency, increased fatigue
and enhanced accident rates
• Cold: Chilblains, erythrocyanosis, immersion foot, frost bite
12. Light
• Poor illumination: Eyestrain, head ache, eye pain, lachrymation,
congestion around cornea, eye fatigue, miners nystagmus.
• Excessive brightness: Discomfort annoyance, visual fatigue,
blurring of vision
13. Noise
• Auditory defect – Temporary/ permenant hearing loss
• Non auditory effect- Nervousness, fatigue, interference with
communication
14. Vibration
• After long time of exposure, the fine blood vessels of the fingers
may become increasingly sensitive to spasm – white fingers
15. Radiation
• UV radiation: Intense conjunctivitis and keratitis (welders flash )
• Ionizing radiation: Genetic changes, malformations, cancer,
leukemia, depilation, ulceration, sterility and in extreme cases
death
17. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Workers may be exposed to infective and parasitic agents at the place
of work. The occupational diseases in this category are brucellosis,
leptospirosis, anthrax, hydatidosis, psittacosis, tetanus, encephalitis,
fungal infections, schistosomiasis and a host of others. Persons
working among animal products (e.g., hair, wool, hides) and
agricultural workers are specially exposed to biological hazards
18. MECHANICAL HAZARDS
• The mechanical hazards in industry centre round machinery,
protruding and moving parts and the like. About 10 per cent of
accidents in industry are said to be due to mechanical causes.
21. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
• The psychosocial hazards arise from the workers failure to adapt to an alien
psychosocial environment. Frustration, lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor
human relationships, emotional tension are some of the psychosocial factors
which may undermine both physical and mental health of the workers. The
capacity to adapt to different working environments is influenced by many
factors such as education, cultural background, family life, social habits, and
what the worker expects from employment.
22. Health effect of psycho social hazards
Psychological and behavior
changes
• Hostility
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Alcoholism
• Drug abuse
Psychosomatic ill health
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Pain in the shoulders, neck and
back
23. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
• Local action
• Inhalation
• Dusts
• Gases
• Metals and their compounds
• Ingestion
24. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
I. Diseases due to physical agents
Heat: Heat hyperpyrexia, heat exhaustion,
Cold: heat syncope, heat cramps, burns and local effects such as prickly heat. Trench foot, frost bite,
chilblains
Light: Occupational cataract, miner's nystagmus: Caisson disease, air embolism, blast
Pressure (explosion)
Noise: Occupational deafness
Radiation: Cancer, leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, pancytopenia
Mechanical: Injuries, accidents factors
Electricity: Burns.
25.
26. 3) Metals and their compounds:
• Toxic hazards from lead, mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium,
arsenic, chromium etc.
4) Chemicals: Acids, alkalies, pesticides
5) Solvents: Carbon bisulphide, benzene, trichloroethylene, chloroform, etc.
27. O/D cont…
III) Diseases due to biological agents:
Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, actinomycosis, hydatidosis,
psittacosis, tetanus, encephalitis, fungal infections, etc.
IV) Occupational cancers:
Cancer of skin, lungs, bladder.
V) Occupational dermatosis:
Dermatitis, eczema.
VI) Diseases of psychological origin:
Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer, etc.
28. PNEUMOCONIOSIS
• Dust within the size range of 0.5 to 3 micron, is a health hazard
producing, after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease
known as pneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripple a man
by reducing his working capacity due to lung fibrosis and other
complications.
29. Silicosis
• Among the occupational diseases, silicosis is the major cause of permanent
disability and mortality. It is caused by inhalation of dust containing free silica or
silicon dioxide (Si02). The incidence of silicosis depends upon the chemical
composition of the dust, size of the particles, duration of exposure and individual
susceptibility. The higher the concentration of free silica in the dust, the greater the
hazard.
30. Silicosis
• Clinical manifestations: Some of the early manifestations are irritant cough,
dyspnoea· on exertion and pain in the chest. With more advanced disease,
impairment of total lung capacity (TLC) is commonly present.
• Diagnostic measures: An X-ray of the chest shows "snow-storm" appearance in
the lung fields.
• Management: There is no effective treatment for silicosis.
31. Anthracosis
• Previously it was thought that pulmonary "anthracosis" was inert. Studies indicate
that there are two general phases in coal miner’s pneumoconiosis - (1) the first
phase is labelled simple pneumoconiosis which is associated with little
ventilatory impairment. This phase may require about 12 years of work exposure
for its development (2) the second phase is characterised by progressive massive
fibrosis (PMF); this causes severe respiratory disability and frequently results in
premature death.
32. Byssinosis
• Byssinosis is due to inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long periods of time. The
symptoms are chronic cough and progressive dyspnoea, ending in chronic
bronchitis and emphysema. India has a large textile industry employing nearly 35
per cent of the factory workers. Incidence of byssinosis is reported to be 7 to 8 per
cent in three independent surveys carried out in Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Delhi.
33. Bagassosis
• Bagassosis is the name given to an occupational disease of the lung caused by
inhalation of bagasse or sugarcane dust. . The symptoms consist of breathlessness,
cough, haemoptysis and slight fever. Initially there is acute diffuse bronchiolitis.
There is impairment of pulmonary function. If treated early, there is resolution of
the acute inflammatory condition of the lung. If left untreated, there is diffuse
fibrosis, emphysema and bronchiectasis.
35. Asbestosis
• Asbestos is of two types - serpentine or chrysolite variety and the amphibole type.
Asbestos enters the body by inhalation, and fine dust may be deposited in the
alveoli. The fibres are insoluble. The dust deposited in the lungs causes pulmonary
fibrosis leading to respiratory insufficiency and death; carcinoma of the bronchus;
mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum; and cancer of the gastro-intestinal
tract.The risk of bronchial cancer is reported to be high if occupational exposure to
asbestos is combined with cigarette smoking.
36. Asbestosis
• Clinically the disease is characterized by dyspnoea which is frequently out of
proportion to the clinical signs in the lungs. In advanced cases, there may be
dubbing of fingers, cardiac distress and cyanosis. The sputum shows "asbestos
bodies" which are asbestos fibres coated with fibrin. An X-ray of the chest shows a
ground-glass appearance in the lower twothirds of the lung fields.
37. Asbestosis
• The preventive measures consist of: (1) use of safer types of asbestos (chrysolite
and amosite); (2) substitution of other insulants: glass fibre, mineral wool, calcium
silicate, plastic foams, etc.; (3) rigorous dust control; (4) periodic examination of
workers; biological monitoring (clinical, X-ray, lung function), and (5) continuing
research.
38. Farmer's lung
• Farmer's lung is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust.
Micropolyspora faeni is the main cause of farmer's lung. The acute
illness is characterized by general and respiratory symptoms and
physical signs. Repeated attacks cause pulmonary fibrosis and
inevitable pulmonary damage and corpulmonale.
39. LEAD POISONING
• Lead poisoning may occur in three ways:
• (1) INHALATION: Most cases of industrial lead poisoning is due to inhalation of
fumes and dust of lead or its compounds.
• (2) INGESTION: Poisoning by ingestion is of less common occurrence. Small
quantities of lead trapped in the upper respiratory tract may be ingested. Lead may
also be ingested in food or drink through contaminated hands.
• (3) SKIN: Absorption through skin occurs
40.
41. LEAD POISONING
• CLINICAL PICTURE: The clinical picture of lead poisoning or plumbism is
different in the inorganic and organic lead exposures. The toxic effects of
inorganic lead exposure are abdominal colic, obstinate constipation, loss of
appetite, blue-line on the gums, stippling of red cells, anaemia, wrist drop and foot
drop. The toxic effects of organic lead compounds are mostly on the central
nervous system insomnia, headache, mental confusion, delirium, etc.
42. LEAD POISONING
• DIAGNOSIS: Diagnosis of lead poisoning is based on:
• History: a history of lead exposure
• Clinical features: such as loss of appetite, intestinal colic, persistent
headache, weakness, abdominal cramps and constipation, joint and muscular
pains, blue line on gums, anaemia, etc.
• Laboratory tests: Body stores is about 150-400mg, blood level- 25 μg/100ml.
An increase of 70 μg is associated with clinical symptom
43. LEAD POISONING
• PREVENTIVE MEASURES
(1) Substitution: That is, where possible lead compounds should be substituted by
less toxic materials.
(2) Isolation: All processes which give rise to harmful concentration of lead dust or
fumes should be enclosed and segregated.
(3) Local exhaust ventilation: There should be adequate local exhaust ventilation
system to remove fumes and dust promptly
44. LEAD POISONING
(4) Personal protection: Workers should be protected by approved respirators.
(5) Good house-keeping: Good house-keeping is essential where lead dust is
present. Floors, benches, machines should be kept clean by wet sweeping.
(6) Working atmosphere: Lead concentration in the working atmosphere should be
kept below 2.0 mg per 10 cu. metres of air, which is usually the permissible limit or
threshold value.
45. LEAD POISONING
(7) Periodic examination of workers: All workers must be given periodical medical
examination. Laboratory determination of urinary lead, blood lead, red cell count,
haemoglobin estimation and coproporphyrin test of urine should be done periodically
(8) Personal hygiene: Handwashing before eating is an important measure of personal
hygiene. There should be adequate washing facilities in industry. Prohibition on taking
food in work places is essential.
(9) Health education: Workers should be educated on the risks involved and personal
protection measures.
46. LEAD POISONING
(10) Treatment:
• Saline purge – will remove unabsorbed lead from gut
• Use of d-pencillamine
• Ca – EDTA(chelating agent) promote lead excretion in urine
47. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
• Skin cancer – hazard of gas workers, coke oven workers, tar distilleries, oil
refineries , road makers
• Lung cancer – gas, asbestos industry, nickel and chromium work, arsenic
plants
• Cancer bladder – aniline, rubber, dying industry, electric cable industry
• Leukaemia – exposure to benzol, roentgen rays, radioactive substance
48.
49.
50.
51. Control of industrial cancer
(1) elimination or control of industrial carcinogens. Technical measures like exclusion of the carcinogen from the
industry, well-designed building or machinery, closed system of production, etc.,
(2) medical examinations
(3) inspection of factories
(4) notification
(5) licensing of establishments
(6) personal hygiene measures
(7) education of workers and management
(8) research.
52. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS
• Occupational dermatitis is a big health problem in many industries.
• The causes may be;
• Physical - heat, cold, moisture, friction, pressure, X-rays and other rays
• Chemical - acids, alkalies, dyes, solvents, grease, tar, pitch, chlorinated phenols etc.
• Biological - living agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites; Plant products
leaves, vegetables, fruits, flowers, vegetable dust, etc.
53.
54. Occupational dermatitis
• The dermatitis-producing agents are further classified into:
(1) primary irritants
(2) sensitizing substances.
Primary irritants (e.g. acids, alkalies, dyes, solvents, etc.) cause dermatitis in workers exposed
in sufficient concentration and for a long enough period of time. On the other hand, allergic
dermatitis occurs only in small percentage of cases, due to sensitization of the skin.
56. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES - RADIATION HAZARDS
• .Exposure to radium also occurs in mining of radio-active ores, monozite sand
workers and handling of their products.
• Exposure to ultraviolet rays occurs in arc and other electric welding processes.
• Infrared rays are produced in welding, glass blowing, foundry work and other
processes where metal and glass are heated to the molten state, and in heating and
drying of painted and lacquered objects.
57. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES RADIATION
HAZARDS
• Preventive measures
(1) Inhalation, swallowing or direct contact with the skin should be avoided.
(2) In case of X-rays, shielding should be used of such thickness and of such material as
to reduce the exposure below allowable exposures.
(3) The employees should be monitored at intervals not exceeding 6 months by use of the
film badge or pocket electrometer devices.
(4) Suitable protective clothing to prevent contact with harmful material should be used.
58. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES RADIATION
HAZARDS
(5) Adequate ventilation of work-place is necessary to prevent inhalation of harmful
gases and dusts.
(6) Replacement and periodic examination of workers should be done every 2
months. If harmful effects are found, the employees should be transferred to work
not involving exposure to radiation,
(7) Pregnant women should not be allowed to work in places where there is
continuous exposure.
59. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS- AGRICULTURAL
WORKERS
1. Zoonotic diseases: Brucellosis, anthrax,leptospirosis
2. Accidents: insect bite, snake bite
3. Toxic hazards: Toxic hazards from fertilizers, insecticides or
pesticides
4. Physical hazards: due to temperature, humidity, solar radiation
5. Respiratory diseases
60. ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY
• HUMAN FACTORS:
• Physical – physical capacities
• Physiological – sex, age, time, experience, working hours
• Psychological – carelessness, ignorance
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• Temperature, ventilation, noise
61.
62. Accident prevention
(1) Adequate preplacement examination.
(2) Adequate job training.
(3) Continuing education.
(4) Ensuring safe working environment.
(5) Establishing a safety department in the organization under a competent safety engineer.
(6) Periodic surveys for finding out hazards.
(7) Careful reporting, maintenance of records and publicity
63. Conclusion
• Injuries and diseases in the workplace are unfortunately very
common. Whether they are a laceration on the arm from a lathe,
inhalation of asbestos over a period of years or a stumble down
the stairs while visiting the vending machine, they can run the
gamut and all deserve to be validated.
65. SICKNESS/ ABSENTECISM
• PREVENTION
• Good factory, management and practices
• Adequate preplacement examination
• Good human relations application of ergonomics
66. HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO INDUSTRALISATION
1. Environmental sanitation problem
1. Housing
2. Water pollution
3. Air pollution
4. Sewage disposal
2. Communicable disease
3. Food sanitation
4. Mental health
5. Accidents
6. Social problems
7. Mortality & morbidity
67. MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROTECTION
1. Nutrition
2. Communicable d/s control
3. Environmental sanitation
1. Water supply
2. Food
3. Toilet
4. General plant cleanliness
5. Sufficient space
6. Ventilation and temperature
7. Protection against hazards
8. Housing
4. Mental health
5. Measures for women and children
6. Health education
7. Family planning
69. 1. Medical measures
• Preplacement examination
• periodical examination
• Medical and health care services
• Notification
• Supervision of working environment
• Maintenance and analysis of record
• Health education and counselling
70. 2. Engineering measures
• Design of building
• Good housekeeping
• General ventilation
• Mechanization
• Substitution
• Dust
• Enclosure
• Isolation
• Local exhaust ventation
• Protective devices
• Environmental monitoring
• Statistical monitoring
• Research
71. 3. Legislation
• The factories act – 1948
• The employees state insurance act
• The plantation act
• The minimum wages act
• The maternity benefit act
72. The factories act - 1948
• Scope
• Health, safety and welfare
• Employment of young persons
• Hours of work
• Leave with wages
• Occupational diseases
• Employment in hazardous processes
73. The employees sate insurance act
• Small factories employees 10 or more personal
• Shops
• Hotels and restaurants
• Cinemas and theatres
• Road motor transport establishments
• News paper establishment private medical and educational
institution employing 20 or more
75. Benefit to employer
• Exemption from the applicability of workmen’s compensation act
1923
• Exemption from maternity benefit act 1961
• exemption from payment of medical allowance to employees and
their dependents or arrangeing for their medical care
• Rebate under the income tax act on contribution deposited in the
ESI account
• Healthy workforce
76. RAJIV GANDHI SHRAMIK KALYAN YOJNA
• Under the Scheme, an Insured Person/Insured Woman going out of
employment after being insured three or more years due to closure of the
Factory/Establishment as defined under the Industrial Disputes Act,
involuntary retrenchment or permanent invalidity, are entitled to :
• Unemployment Allowance equal to 50% of the wage for a maximum period
of two years and 25% of the average salary from the 13th to 24th months,
subject to fulfilment of eligibility conditions.
• Medical care for self and family from ESI Hospitals/ Dispensaries during the
period IP receives unemployment allowances.
• Vocational training provided for upgrading skills- Expenditure on fee/
travelling allowance borne by ESIC