Crystallography examines the arrangement of atoms in solids. X-ray crystallography uses X-rays to determine the structure of large biomolecules like proteins by diffracting X-rays off of crystals and analyzing the diffraction patterns. Sodium chloride has an ionic crystal structure where sodium and chloride ions are arranged in a cubic close-packed pattern. Copper sulfate forms blue pentahydrate crystals and can be used as a fungicide or in organic synthesis and school experiments.

1. Done By :
Gourisankaran P
Class: 10 E
Roll No: 31

2. Crystallography is the science that examines the
arrangement of atoms in solids. The word
Crystallography derives its name from the Greek
words ‘crystallon’ meaning “cold drop/frozen drop”
and ‘Grapho’ meaning “I write”. X-ray
crystallography is used to determine the structure of
large biomolecules such as proteins.

4. X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the
arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a
beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and diffracts into
many specific directions. From the angles and
intensities of these diffracted beams, a
crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional
picture of the density of electrons within the crystal.

6. SODIUM CHLORIDE
CRYSTAL SODIUM CHLORIDE STRUCTURE

8. Sodium chloride, also known as salt, common salt, table salt or halite, is
an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing equal
proportions of sodium and chlorine. Sodium chloride is the salt most
responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of
many multicellular organisms.
Uses of Sodium chloride:-
 It is used in several food items
 It is the starting point for the Chloralkali process, which provides the world
with chlorine and sodium hydroxide according to the chemical equation
2 NaCl + 2 H2O → Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH
 Salt is the source, directly or indirectly, for the production of many
chemicals, which consume most of the world's production.
 Sodium chloride is the principal extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers
used on combustible metal fires such as magnesium, potassium, sodium,
and Sodium-Potassium alloys.
 Salt is used as a cleansing agent rubbed on household surfaces. It is also
used in many brands of shampoo, toothpaste and popularly to de-ice
driveways and patches of ice.

9. CRYSTALS OF CUSO4·5H2O
ANHYDROUS
CUSO4 POWDER
Ball-and-stick model of CuSO4 Space-filling model CuSO4

10. Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate or copper
sulphate, is the chemical compound with the chemical
formula CuSO4. The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white
powder, whereas the pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), the
most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue.
Uses of Copper(II) sulphate :-
 Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used as a fungicide. Mixed
with lime it is called ”Bordeaux mixture” and used to control
fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries.
 Copper sulfate is employed in organic synthesis. The
anhydrous salt is used as a dehydrating agent for forming and
manipulating acetal groups. The hydrated salt can be
intimately mingled with potassium permanganate to give an
oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols.
 Copper sulfate is a commonly included chemical in
children's chemistry sets and is often used to grow crystals
in schools and in copper plating experiments.