Gene editing using CRISPR was originally discovered as a bacterial immune system that provides resistance to viruses. CRISPR uses specialized DNA sequences and associated Cas proteins to create targeted double-strand breaks in DNA, allowing modification of genomes. The technique has rapidly advanced due to its simplicity and versatility compared to prior tools. CRISPR holds promise for treating genetic diseases, transplantation, biotechnology, disease models, and more. It has become a widely used research tool with many companies and publications emerging around its applications.

1. CRISPR
Gene Editing is just the
Beginning
Presented By :
Akash Arora (1410105001)

2. AsWikipedia says :
Genome editing is a technique where DNA is
inserted,replaced or removed from a genome using
artificially engineered nucleases.
The nucleases create specific double-strand breaks (DSBs)
at desired locations in the genome and harness the cell’s
endogenous mechanisms to repair the induced break by
natural processes of homologous recombination (HR)
and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ).
 Genome Editing

3.  Approaches of Gene editing?

4.  Story Behind CRISPR
198
7
• Researchers find CRISPR sequences in Escherichia
coli, but do not characterize their function.
200
0
• CRISPR sequence are found to be common in other
microbes.
200
2
• Coined CRISPR name, defined signature Cas genes
200
7
• First experimental evidence for CRISPR adaptive
immunity
201
3
• First demonstration of Cas9 genome engineering in
eukaryotic cell

6.  CRISPR: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
Palindromic Repeats
 First described in E. coli and determined to be part of the bacterial
innate immune system versus bacteriophages
 Consists of short segments of DNA that are palindromes interspaced
with spacer DNA
 The spacer DNA is identical in sequence to viral (bacteriophage) DNA
 There are additionalCRISPR associated proteins:
cas proteins that are typically helicases or nucleases

7. • CRISPR/Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers
resistance to foreign genetic elements such as phages.
• Much easier to design compared to its predecessors zinc finger
nucleases andTALENs.
• CRISPR loci range from 24 to 48 bp.
• CRISPR-associated(cas) genes are attached to the
repeater-spacer array
• Spacers are fragments of DNA gathered
from the viruses that had tried to attack
 Some More Important Points

8. The CRISPR immune system works to protect
bacteria from repeated viral attack via three basic
steps:
 Adaptation
 Production of cr RNA
 Targeting
 How it works

10.  Structure of cas9 protein

11.  Structure of crRNA

14.  Clinical Human Applications of CRISPR
• Genetic diseases
Remove or add the sequence that is causing the
disease
• Transplantation
Gene editing of mismatched human or even non-human
mammals as potential
organ donors
Editing will reduce risk of immune responses and rejection
when using
mismatched organs.

15. • Drug development – optimize biotech
manufacture
• Disease models
• Ecological vector control – mosquito
sterilization
• Biofuels
 Some more Important Application

16. • CRISPR system are advantageous for industrial
processes that utilize bacterial cultures.
• CRISPR-based immunity can be employed to
make these cultures more resistant to viral
attack, which would otherwise impede
productivity.

17. Companies using CRISPR

18.  Software and databases

19.  No. of CRISPR paper published year wise

20.  Rise in Funds

21.  Key Players

23. • CRISPR technology has emerged as a powerful and
universal technology for genome engineering with wide-
ranging innovative implications across biology and
medicine.
• This technology has proved its potential by being user
friendly and has shown its practicality in ensuring health as
well as food security of the future.
• The tool itself do not pose a threat and we hope that the
CRISPR technology will live up to its promise by being used
Impact of CRISPER