The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–Cas9 (CRISPR-associated nuclease 9), a genome editing system adapted from the bacterial immune mechanism that is poised to transform genetic engineering by providing a simple, efficient and economical method to precisely manipulate the genome of any organism. Compared with zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), CRISPR/Cas9 is simpler with higher specificity and less toxicity. This RNA-guided nuclease (RGN)-based approach has been effectively used to induce targeted mutations(knock in or knock out) in multiple genes simultaneously, create conditional alleles, and generate endogenously tagged proteins.It has a wide variety of applications such as gene therapy, gene expression regulation, genome wide functional screening, virus resistance, transgenic animal production, site specific DNA integration etc. In the future CRISPR/Cas9 technology will play a significant role in innovating the life science research and industrial fields.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that is creating a buzz in the science world. It is faster, cheaper and more accurate than previous techniques of editing DNA and has a wide range of potential applications.
It is very fast and new technique for detection and degradation of viral DNA and it is so helpful for us to understand how to degraded viral DNA... what type of function naturally present in bacteria........ so its very excellent technique
The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–Cas9 (CRISPR-associated nuclease 9), a genome editing system adapted from the bacterial immune mechanism that is poised to transform genetic engineering by providing a simple, efficient and economical method to precisely manipulate the genome of any organism. Compared with zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), CRISPR/Cas9 is simpler with higher specificity and less toxicity. This RNA-guided nuclease (RGN)-based approach has been effectively used to induce targeted mutations(knock in or knock out) in multiple genes simultaneously, create conditional alleles, and generate endogenously tagged proteins.It has a wide variety of applications such as gene therapy, gene expression regulation, genome wide functional screening, virus resistance, transgenic animal production, site specific DNA integration etc. In the future CRISPR/Cas9 technology will play a significant role in innovating the life science research and industrial fields.
CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that is creating a buzz in the science world. It is faster, cheaper and more accurate than previous techniques of editing DNA and has a wide range of potential applications.
It is very fast and new technique for detection and degradation of viral DNA and it is so helpful for us to understand how to degraded viral DNA... what type of function naturally present in bacteria........ so its very excellent technique
Crispr-Cas9 system works on the concept of bacterial defence mechanism. The idea of which was replicated in eukaryotic cell in in- vitro condition by the researchers.
An Introduction to Crispr Genome EditingChris Thorne
In this short presentation, I make a case for doing genome editing vs some of the approaches that have gone before, describe some of the tools available, and the focus on CRISPR-Cas9, what it is, where it's come from and how it works.
Genome editing with the CRISPR-Cas9 system has become one of the major tools in modern biotechnology. This slide share discusses the fundamentals in a simple, easy to understand format.
a brief description on the new emerging genome editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. this technique is making its place stronger and stronger day by day. and impossible things can be possible by this technique. and some main and famous names who discovered this technique.
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found within the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that have previously infected the prokaryote and are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar phages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral defense system of prokaryotes.
Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within organisms.This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnology products, and treatment of diseases.
The CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages that provides a form of acquired immunity. RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut foreign pathogenic DNA. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA. CRISPR are found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)Akshay Deshmukh
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria. Now CRISPR use as genome editing tool in different Plant Breeder to manipulate the DNA of the crop
An Introduction to Crispr Genome Editing
Crispr cas: A new tool of genome editing
CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) are part of an adaptive defense mechanism in bacteria and archaea. Use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing has been a major technological breakthrough, making genome modification in cells or organisms fast, more efficient, and much more robust than previous genome editing methods. Single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) or guide RNAs (gRNAs) direct and activate the Cas9 endonuclease at a specific genomic sequence. Cas9 then cleaves the target DNA, making it available for repair by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) system or for creating an insertion site for exogenous donor DNA by homologous recombination.
Crispr-Cas9 system works on the concept of bacterial defence mechanism. The idea of which was replicated in eukaryotic cell in in- vitro condition by the researchers.
An Introduction to Crispr Genome EditingChris Thorne
In this short presentation, I make a case for doing genome editing vs some of the approaches that have gone before, describe some of the tools available, and the focus on CRISPR-Cas9, what it is, where it's come from and how it works.
Genome editing with the CRISPR-Cas9 system has become one of the major tools in modern biotechnology. This slide share discusses the fundamentals in a simple, easy to understand format.
a brief description on the new emerging genome editing technology CRISPR-Cas9. this technique is making its place stronger and stronger day by day. and impossible things can be possible by this technique. and some main and famous names who discovered this technique.
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found within the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that have previously infected the prokaryote and are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar phages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral defense system of prokaryotes.
Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within organisms.This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnology products, and treatment of diseases.
The CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages that provides a form of acquired immunity. RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut foreign pathogenic DNA. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA. CRISPR are found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)Akshay Deshmukh
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria. Now CRISPR use as genome editing tool in different Plant Breeder to manipulate the DNA of the crop
An Introduction to Crispr Genome Editing
Crispr cas: A new tool of genome editing
CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) are part of an adaptive defense mechanism in bacteria and archaea. Use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genome editing has been a major technological breakthrough, making genome modification in cells or organisms fast, more efficient, and much more robust than previous genome editing methods. Single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) or guide RNAs (gRNAs) direct and activate the Cas9 endonuclease at a specific genomic sequence. Cas9 then cleaves the target DNA, making it available for repair by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) system or for creating an insertion site for exogenous donor DNA by homologous recombination.
CRISPR cas9 technology is a genome editing technique which won the noble prize in 2021.
CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
Genetic Engineering, Gene editing, Advantages of CRISPR, Limitations of CRISPR and Applications of CRISPR,
CRISPR is one of the mind blowing discovery which completely change the science of microorganisms. It is am efficient tool for genome editing and make the scientist enable to treat disease. The vast application of CRISPR technology covered almost all every aspect of life ranging from individual life to commercial aspect.
Purpose:
The purpose of this webinar is to develop creative scientific thinking in youngster and make them familiar with the miricals of science discovery.
The Genome editing Era (CRISPER Cas 9) : State of the Art and Perspectives fo...Anand Choudhary
Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant pathology
Production of disease resistance cultivars by editing the genome which is responsible for susceptibility factor for fungal and bacterial diseases.
By editing the genome which governs host pathogen interaction we can obtain incompatible interaction between host pathogen.
To improve the efficacy of bio control agents.
By editing the genome responsible for virus multiplication and virulence we can obtain virus free resistance cultivars.
The Genome-editing Era (CRISPER Cas 9) : State of the Art and Perspectives fo...ANAND CHOUDHARY
Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant pathology
Production of disease resistance cultivars by editing the genome which is responsible for susceptibility factor for fungal and bacterial diseases.
By editing the genome which governs host pathogen interaction we can obtain incompatible interaction between host pathogen.
To improve the efficacy of bio control agents.
By editing the genome responsible for virus multiplication and virulence we can obtain virus free resistance cultivars.
Training Of Trainers FAI Eng. Basel Tilapia Welfare.pdfBasel Ahmed
Sexual maturity in ponds is reached at an age of 5-6 months.
Spawning begins when water temperature reaches 24˚c.
The breeding process starts when the male establishes a territory, digs
a craterlike spawning nest and guards his territory called a lek.
Nests are prepared by scooping out depressions at pond bottom.
Mature female visits the pond and there is immediate courtship and mating.
The ripe female spawns in the nest, and immediately after fertilization by the male, collects the eggs into her mouth and moves off.
The female incubates the eggs in her mouth and broods the fry after hatching until the yolk sac is absorbed. (1-2 weeks acc. to water temp.)
The Feed Conversion Ratio is a calculation that tells us how much feed we need to give for the fish to gain 1 kg in weight.
For example, a FCR of 1.5:1 means that the farmer has given 1.5 kg of feed to increase the weight of the fish by 1.0 kg.
FCR = Amount of feed provided (kg) / biomass gained (kg)
Ideal Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) for tilapias in ponds and cages during grow-out stage
The Body Condition Factor is a calculation that tells us if the fish have a normal weight, are underweight or are overweight for their size.
To calculate this, we use the length and weight of the fish.
Body condition factor (k) = 100 x (weight [g] / total length [cm]3)
Ideal Condition Factor (K) for tilapias in ponds and cages during the grow-out stage.
The crude protein is a measure of the % protein contained in the feed.
As a rule of thumb, as tilapia grow, the percentage of crude protein needed for optimal growth decreases.
In this module, we are focusing on the grow-out stage and the ideal amount of protein in ponds and cages.
Ideal crude protein % for tilapias in ponds and cages during the grow-out stage.
Understanding what is Entrepreneurship and the attributes needed to become an...Basel Ahmed
Understanding what is Entrepreneurship and the attributes needed to become an entrepreneur
Welcome to the world of entrepreneurship, where individuals turn their ideas into reality and shape the future. In this presentation, we will explore what entrepreneurship means and the essential attributes required to succeed on this journey.
What is Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying opportunities, taking risks, and creating innovative solutions to meet market demands. It involves starting and managing a business venture with the aim of achieving financial success and making a positive impact.
Attributes of an Entrepreneur
Passion and Determination
Successful entrepreneurs are driven by their passion for their business idea and have unwavering determination, allowing them to persevere through challenges.
Risk-taking and Adaptability
Entrepreneurs embrace calculated risks and are willing to adapt to changing market conditions and consumer preferences.
Creativity and Innovation
Entrepreneurs possess a natural inclination for creative thinking and a constant desire to innovate, driving them to develop unique solutions.
Problem-solving and Decision-making Skills
Entrepreneurs excel at identifying and solving problems, making informed decisions, and seizing opportunities for growth.
Understanding the Process of Ideation and Creating Basic Ideas for Your ProjectBasel Ahmed
Understanding the Process of Ideation and Creating Basic Ideas for Your Project
Become an expert at generating and refining innovative ideas to kick-start your entrepreneurial journey.
Definition of Ideation
What is Ideation?
Ideation is the process of generating, developing, and evaluating ideas to solve a problem or create opportunities.
Why is Ideation Important?
Ideation is crucial for entrepreneurs as it forms the foundation for innovation and the creation of successful businesses.
Role of Ideation in Entrepreneurship
Ideation helps entrepreneurs identify and capitalize on market gaps, develop competitive advantages, and drive business growth.
Climate change and its impact on the fourteenth item of the sustainable devel...Basel Ahmed
Climate Change and its Impact on "Life below Water"
Explore the effects of climate change on the fourteenth Sustainable Development Goal, "Life below Water," and the vital marine ecosystems it encompasses.
Understanding Climate Change
The Global Challenge
An overview of climate change and its implications for the planet, highlighting the need for sustainable development.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
An introduction to the SDGs and their importance in addressing the world's most pressing issues, including life below water.
The Fourteenth Goal: "Life below Water"
A Brief Overview
Exploring the goals and targets of SDG 14, focusing on preserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Highlighting the significance of marine ecosystems, their biodiversity, and the role they play in ensuring a healthy planet.
Public speaking can be daunting, but with careful preparation and practice, you can deliver a powerful speech. Learn how to choose a topic, structure your speech, engage your audience, and more.
Glossophobia, the fear of public speaking, affects millions of people worldwide. Did you know that 75% of individuals experience some form of anxiety when speaking in front of an audience? In this informative presentation, we will explore effective strategies to overcome glossophobia and deliver confident, impactful speeches.
Climate Change and the world the Negative Impact of it.
Climate change is a pressing issue with far-reaching consequences. Explore how it affects the environment, human health, economies, and societies.
Climate Change in Numbers
Discover the alarming statistics and facts that illustrate the negative impact of climate change on our planet. From rising temperatures to extreme weather events, explore the data that highlights the urgent need for action.
The global temperature has already risen 1.2°C above pre-industrial levels and is projected to reach 1.5°C by 2040.
Extreme weather events, like hurricanes, floods, and droughts, have become more frequent and severe due to climate change.
The Arctic is warming at a rate twice as fast as the global average, leading to melting sea ice and declining wildlife populations.
Ocean acidification, caused by the absorption of excess carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of millions of people who depend on them.
By 2050, up to 300 million people could be displaced due to climate change, with the poorest and most vulnerable communities being the hardest hit.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Crispr cas 9
1. Name : BASEL , Mahmoud , Ahmed , Roaa
University : Kafr El-Sheikh , Egypt
Study in : Faculty of Fisheries And Aquaculture Sciences
Department : Fish Processing And Biotechnology
“ And mankind have not been given of
knowledge except a little.” Israa 85
«اَم َوَنِم ْمُتيِتوُأِمْلِعْالَّلِإ
ًيلِلَق»اّلسراء سورة85
3. What Is CRISPR Mean?
• “ CRISPR ” Stands For :
Clustered
Regularly
Interspaced
Short
Palindromic
Repeats
• It has rapidly become one of the most popular
approaches for genome engineering .
4. The Tri Top Methods of genome Editing
TALEN
CRISPR/cas9
ZFN
5. HISTORY
1987 ..
2002 ..
2007 ..
2011 ..
2012 ..
2013 ..
Agriculture Application of CRISPR raised 11 $ million
CRISPR Sequences were First Discovered In E.coli ( Ishino )
Identification Of cas gene associated with DNA repeats in
Prokaryotes ( Jansen )
CRISPR Provides acquired resistance against Viruses in
Prokaryotes ( Barrangou )
Idea of using CRISPR cas9 as genome Engineering tool was
published by Jennifer Doudna and Emanuelle Charpenter
CRISPR is used in mouse and Human cells by Feng Zhang
6. What makes CRISPR system the ideal genome
engineering technology :
1) High Potency and Specificity .
2) Broad applicability to both in vivo and ex vivo
applications .
3) Simple editing tools ( guide RNA + Protein ).
4) Ability to address any site in the genome or
foreign genome .
5) Malfunctional programmability :
Delete , Insert , Repair genes and Muliple DNA sites .
7. Conflict For CRISPR
• Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier re-engineered
the Cas9 endonuclease into a more manageable two-component
system by fusing the two RNA molecules into a "single-guide
RNA" that, when combined with Cas9, could find and cut the
DNA target specified by the guide RNA. By manipulating the
nucleotide sequence of the guide RNA, the artificial Cas9
system could be programmed to target any DNA sequence for
cleavage.
• Feng Zhang's and George Church's groups simultaneously
described genome editing in human cell cultures using CRISPR-
Cas9 for the first time. It has since been used in a wide range of
organisms, including baker's yeast , zebra fish , fruit flies ,
nematodes , plants , mice , monkeys and human embryos.
8. CRISPR pioneers (from left to right):
George Church , Jennifer Doudna , Feng Zhang and Emmanuelle Charpentier
Were Ended With Drawn
9. DISCOVERY
• “ CRISPRs “ were first discovered in Archaea and later in
Bacteria by Francisco Mojica who proposed that CRISPRs
serve as part of the Bacterial immune system , defending
against invading viruses .
• The system serves as a Genetic Memory that helps the cell
detect and destroy when they return .
• In Jan 2013 , Feng Zhang at the Broad Institute And MIT
published the first method to engineer CRISPR to edit the
genome in mouse and human cells .
10. Action Of CRISPR In Bacteria
The CRISPR immune system works to protect Bacteria
from repeated viral attack via 3 basic steps :
1) Adabtation
2) Production of crRNA
3) Targeting
11. Different CRISPR-Cas system in Bacterial Adaptive Immunity
Class 1 (CRISPR-Cas 3 & CRISPR-Cas 10)
uses several Cas proteins and the crRNA .
Class 2 ( CRISPR-Cas 9 & CRISPR-Cpf 1 )
Employ a large single component cas 9 protein in
conjunction with crRNA and tracRNA .
13. CRISPR-Cas 9
• CRISPR associated “ Cas “ proteins .
• “ Cas 9 “ is the Nucleus guided by the trans-activating
crRNA to cleave specific DNA sequences .
• It is the Simplest , Most Versatile and Precise method of
genetic Manipulation .
14. MECHANISM
• “ CRISPR “ scans the genome looking for the right location and then uses the
Cas9 protein as molecular scissors to snip through the DNA .
• “ Cas9 endonuclease “ guide RNAs to direct it to a particular sequence to be
edited. The genetic sequence of the RNA matches the target sequence of the
DNA that has to be edited.
• When Cas9 cuts the target sequence, the cell repairs the damage by replacing
the original sequence with an altered version.
15. What are the pros of Gene editing?
• “ CRISPR “could be used to modify disease-causing genes
in embryos brought to term, removing the faulty script
from the genetic code of that person’s future descendants
as well.
• Genome editing could potentially decrease, or even
eliminate , the incidence of many serious genetic diseases,
reducing human suffering worldwide.
• It might be possible to install genes that
offer lifelong protection against infection .
16. What are the cons of Gene editing?
• Risky human experimentation .
• Altering one gene could have unforeseen and wide spread effects on other
parts of the genome .
• It will become a tool for selecting desired characteristics
such as intelligence and attractiveness .
• Many consider genome alterations to be unethical , advocating that we
should let nature run its course.
17. 8 Ways CRISPR-Cas9 Can Change the World
1. Remove malaria from mosquitos.
2. Treating Alzheimer’s disease.
3. Treating HIV. The HIV virus inserts its DNA into the cells of the
human host.
4. Develop new drugs.
5. Livestock. CRISPR/Cas9 has been utilized in China to delete genes.
6. Agricultural crops . to improve crop disease resistance and
environmental stress tolerance in plants.
7. Develop new cancer treatments -modify immune cells.
8. Reduce our need for plastic. CRISPR can be used to manipulate a
type of yeast that transforms sugars into hydrocarbons, which can be
used to make plastic .