The facial nerve has both sensory and motor components. It has nuclei in the pons that control muscles of facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands, and taste sensation on the anterior tongue. The facial nerve exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen and divides into branches that innervate muscles of the face, scalp and neck including the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris. It also communicates with adjacent cranial and spinal nerves to coordinate movements between branchial arches.
hypoglossal nerve, origin course an termination of hypoglossal nerve, function of hypoglossal nerve, clinical examination of hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal nerve palsy
hypoglossal nerve, origin course an termination of hypoglossal nerve, function of hypoglossal nerve, clinical examination of hypoglossal nerve, hypoglossal nerve palsy
Imaging in implantology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Hair Transplant System is a great way to get back hair that has fallen off permanently due to balding. At Berkowits, we beat the competition both through our innovative techniques and excellent results.
Кровати с подъемным механизмом на заказ MES CompanyMES Company
Производство кроватей и любой другой мягкой мебели по фото заказчика от MES Company. https://krovat.kiev.ua/cat/krovati-na-zakaz/krovati-s-podemnym-mexanizmom/ Изготовление мебели в Киеве по размерам.
Located on the side of the head
Extends from the superior temporal lines to the zygomatic arch.
Communicates with the infratemporal fossa deep to the zygomatic arch.
Contains a numbers of structures that include a muscle, nerves, blood vessels
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
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In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
2. INTROduCTION
• Seventh cranial nerve.
• Nerve of the second branchial arch.
• Mixed cranial nerve with sensory and motor
components.
• Sensory root (nervus intermedius)
• Motor root (nerve of wrisberg)
3. FuNCTIONAL COMpONENTs
Funcional
components
Nucleus and its location Functions
Special visceral
efferent
Motor nucleus at lower part of
pons
•Muscle of facial expression
•Elevation of hyoid bone
General visceral
efferent
•Superior salivatory nucleus at
lower part of pons.
•Lacrimatory nucleus overlapped
by sup. salivatory nucleus
•Secretomotor to
a) Submandibular
b) Sublingual salivary glands.
c)Lacrimal gland
d)Glands of nose, palate, pharynx
Special visceral
afferent
Nucleus of tractus solitarius at
junction of pons and medulla.
•Taste sensation from anterior
2/3rd
of tongue except from vallate
papillae and palate.
General somatic
afferent
Sensory nucleus at rostral end of
nucleus solitarius
•General sensation from skin of
concha of external ear
•Proprioceptive sensation from
muscle s supplied by nerve.
4.
5.
6. COuRsE ANd RELATIONs
• The facial nerve is attached to the brainstem by
two roots-motor & sensory.
• The two roots of the facial nerve are attached to the
lateral part of the lower border of the pons just
medial to eighth cranial nerve.
• The two roots run laterally & forwards,with eighth
nerve to reach internal accoustic meatus
7. Course and relations…
• In the meatus,the motor root lies in a
groove on the eighth nerve.
• Here seventh & eighth nerves are
accompanied by the labyrinthine vessels.
• At the bottom or fundus of the meatus, the
two roots sensory & motor fuse to form a
single trunk,which lies in the petrous
temporal bone.
• Within the canal, the course can be divided
into three parts by two bends.
8. Course and relations…
• The first part is directed laterally above the
vestibule.
• The second part runs backward in relation to
the medial wall of the middle ear,above the
promontory.
• The third part is directed vertically downwards
behind the promontory
• The first bend at the junction of the first &
second part is sharp.
• It lies over the anterosuperior part of the
promontor,& is also called the genu.
9. Course and relations…
• The second bend is gradual & lies between
promontory & aditus to the mastoid antrum.
• The facial nerve leaves the skull through the
stylomastoid foramen.
• In the extra cranial course,the facial nerve
crosses the lateral side of the base of the
parotid gland crossing the retromandibular
vein & external carotid artery.
• Behind the neck of mandible it divides into its
five terminal branches which emerge along the
anterior border of the parotid gland.
10. Branches and distriBution
1. WITHIN THE FACIAL CANAL :
• Greater petrosal neve
• The nerve to the stapedius &
• The chorda tympani
2. AT ITS EXIT FROM STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN
• Posterior auricular
• Diagastric
• Stylohyoid
12. MuscLes suPPLied
• The nerve to the stapedius arises opposite
pyramid of middle ear and supplies stapedius
muscle
staPedius MuscLe
• The stapedius lies in a bony canal that is related to
the posterior wall of the middle ear.
• It carries:Preganglionic secretomotor fibres to the
submandibular salivary ganglion for supply of
submandibular & sublingual salivary glands &
taste fibres from the anterior two-thirds of the
tongue.
13. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
• Posterior auricular nerve supplies :
1. Auricularis posterior.
2. Occipitalis
3. Intrinsic muscle on the back of the auricle.
Muscle Origin Insertion Action
Auricularis
posterior
Galeal
aponeurosis
Front of helix,cranial
surface of middle ear
Underdeveloped
in human
(wiggle of ears)
Occipitalis Two occipital
bellies & two
frontal bellies
galeal aponeurosis Raises eyebrow,
wrinkles forehead.
15. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
• Diagasric branch supplies posterior belly of
digastric.
Muscle Origin insertion Nerve
supply
Action
Posterior
belly of
digasric
Mastoid
notch of
temporal
bone
Thyroid
bone.
Facial nerve • Depresses
mandible when
mouth is widely
opened or
against
resistance
• Elevates hyoid
bone.
digasric
16. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
• Stylohyoid branch supplies stylohyoid muscle.
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve
Supply
Action
stylohyoid
muscle.
Posterior
surface of
styloid
process
Junction of
body &
greater
cornua of
hyoid bone
Facial nerve •Pulls hyoid
bone upwards
& backwards
•It fixes the
hyoid bone.
stylohyoid
muscle.
17. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
• Temporal branches supply:
1. Auricularis anterior
2. Auricularis superior
3. Intrinsic muscle on the lateral side of ear.
4. Frontalis
5. Orbicularis oculi
6. Corrugator supercilii
18. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve
supply
Action
Auricularis
anterior and
auricularis
superior
Galeal
aponeurosis
Front of
helix,cranial
surface of
middle ear
Facial nerve Undeveloped in
humans
Frontalis Galeal
aponeurosis
skin of
eyebrows and
nose
Facial nerve Raises eyebrows
and wrinkles
forehead
Orbicularis
oculi
•Medial and
lateral part of
medial
palpebral
ligament.
•Lacrimal fascia
and bone
Upper and
lower eyelids
Facial nerve Closes lids
tightly,wrinkling,pro
tects eye from
bright light,blinking.
Corrugator
supercilii
Medial end of
superciliary
arch.
Skin of mid eye
brow
Facial nerve Frowning
20. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
• Zygomatic branches supply orbicularis oculi.
• The buccal branches are two in number.The upper buccal
branch runs above the parotid gland & the lower buccal
branch below the duct.
• Upper buccal branch supplies:
1) Zygomatic major and minor
2) Levator labii superioris
3) Levator anguli oris
4) Nasalis
• Lower buccal branch supplies:
1) Buccinator
2) Orbicularis oris
21.
22. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
• The marginal mandibular branch runs below the
angle of mouth deep to platysma and supplies
risorius muscle.
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve
supply
Action
Risorius Fascia over
masseter
Skin over
angle of
mouth
Facial nerve Draws angle
of mouth
laterally
23. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
• The cervical branch emerge from apex of the
parotid gland & supply to the platysma.
Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve supply Action
Platysma Pectoralis and
deltoid fascia.
Lower border
of mandible
Facial nerve Depresses
mandible and
draws angle of
the mouth
downward.
24. MUSCLE SUPPLIED…
• Communicating branches: for coordination
between the movements of the muscles of the first,
second and third branchial arches. The motor
nerves of the three arches communicate with each
other.