This document lists and describes over 60 anatomical openings, canals, and foramina of the human skull. Key structures mentioned include:
- The foramina of the cribriform plate which transmit the olfactory nerves.
- The superior and inferior orbital fissures which transmit nerves and vessels to the orbit, including the oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves.
- The foramen ovale, rotundum, and spinosum which transmit vessels and nerves like the mandibular and maxillary nerves.
- The foramen magnum, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal which allow passage of structures like the spinal cord, cranial nerves
Fifth cranial nerve
Have a large sensory root and a small motor root.
Motor root arises – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (cranially) the motor root cross the apex of the petrous temporal bone beneath the superior petrosal sinus, to enter the middle cranial fossa.
Sensory root – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (caudally).
RELATIONS
Medially
(a) internal carotid artery
(b) posterior part of cavernous sinus
Laterally - middle meningeal artery
Superiorly - parahippocampal gyrus
Inferiorly
motor root of trigeminal nerve
(b) greater petrosal nerve
(c) apex of the petrous temporal bone
(d) foramen lacerum.OPTHALIMIC DIVISION
Terminal branches of Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, are
1. Frontal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
2. Nasociliary
Branch of ciliray ganglion
2-3 long ciliary nerves
Posterior ethmoidal
Infratrochlear
Anterior ethmoidal
3. Lacrimal
Branches
From main trunk
Meningeal branch
Nerve to medial pterygoid
From the anterior trunk
Sensory branch
Buccal nerve
Motor branch
Masseteric
Deep temporal nerve
Nerve to lateral pterygoid
From the posterior trunk
Auriculotemporal
Lingual
Inferior alveolar nerves
Fifth cranial nerve
Have a large sensory root and a small motor root.
Motor root arises – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (cranially) the motor root cross the apex of the petrous temporal bone beneath the superior petrosal sinus, to enter the middle cranial fossa.
Sensory root – arises from the lateral aspect of lower pons (caudally).
RELATIONS
Medially
(a) internal carotid artery
(b) posterior part of cavernous sinus
Laterally - middle meningeal artery
Superiorly - parahippocampal gyrus
Inferiorly
motor root of trigeminal nerve
(b) greater petrosal nerve
(c) apex of the petrous temporal bone
(d) foramen lacerum.OPTHALIMIC DIVISION
Terminal branches of Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, are
1. Frontal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
2. Nasociliary
Branch of ciliray ganglion
2-3 long ciliary nerves
Posterior ethmoidal
Infratrochlear
Anterior ethmoidal
3. Lacrimal
Branches
From main trunk
Meningeal branch
Nerve to medial pterygoid
From the anterior trunk
Sensory branch
Buccal nerve
Motor branch
Masseteric
Deep temporal nerve
Nerve to lateral pterygoid
From the posterior trunk
Auriculotemporal
Lingual
Inferior alveolar nerves
For the sake of organization, this presentation has been divided into implants failure associated with the diagnosis, treatment planning, placement, restoration, and maintenance of implants.
من أجل تنظيم بنود هذا العرض تم تقسيم أنواع الفشل إلى المرتبطة بالتشخيص، وضع خطة العلاج، وضع الغرسة الجراحي، التعويض فوق الغرسة والمحافظة على الغرسة.
أسباب فشل الزرعات السنية
Todd Snyder's Provisionalization Technique طريقة لصنع التعويض المؤقت Ahmad Amro Baradee
لا يقل إلصاق التعويضات المؤقتة أهمية عن التعويضات الدائمة فمن الضروري استخدام اسمنت إلصاق بكمية كافية وإزالة جميع الزوائد بشكل حذر لضمان صحة فموية جيدة وحماية اللثة من التخريش.
لتسهيل تشذيب حواف التعويض المؤقت.
Mandibular Growth & Development
يكون حجم الفك السفلي صغيرًا عند الولادة حيث يتألف من جزأين متناظرين يفصل بينهما عند الخط الأوسط للذقن نسيج غضروفي فتي يمثل الدرز الارتفاقي الذي يشكل أحد أجزاء الدروز السهمية المتوسطة التي تفصل بين الأجزاء العظمية المتناظرة لجمجمة الوليد.
تحصل أكبر زيادة في حجم الفك السفلي خلال الستة أشهر الأولى بعد الولادة. ثم ينخفض معدل النمو بالتدريج.
يتيح الدرز الارتفاقي الفرصة للفك السفلي للنمو العرضي السريع حتى يتكلس في النصف الثاني من السنة الأولى. وعند الولادة تكون الشعبتين الصاعدتين للفك السفلي قصيرتين.
وخلال السنة الأولى بعد الولادة ينمو الفك السفلي بشكل يتيح بزوغ الأسنان اللبنية مع وجود فراغات بينها بالإضافة إلى زيادة حجم العظم الداعم للأسنان في جميع الاتجاهات
Why do these remnants proliferate?
The origin of epithelial odontogenic neoplasms, hamartomas and cysts is inextricably bound up with a discussion of the parent cells of these lesions.
Epithelial Remnants may develop into Cysts, Tumors, and Hamartomas.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Foramina of the Skull and the Structures that Pass Through
1. Ahmad Amro Baradee
ContentsForamina & Openings
1- Nasal emissary vein (to superior sagittal sinus)
2- Prolongation of dura mater
Foramen Cecum
Olfactory nerve bundles
Foramina Of Cribriform
Plate
On each side of crista galli formed by the cribriform plate ,
it helps to attach the olfactory lobe to the cribriform plate
Olfactory Incisure
Prolongation of dura materEthmoidal Hiatus
Anterior ethmoid nerve & arteryAnterior Ethmoid Foramen
1- Posterior ethmoid nerve & artery ( sphenoethmoidal
nerve) (Luschka nerve) innervates the ethmoidal cells and
the sphenoid sinus
2- Orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion to
innervate the sphenoid sinus and the posterior ethmoidal
cells , and they innervate the periorbita and muscles of eye
by their sympathetic fibers
Posterior Ethmoid Foramen
1- Optic nerve
2- Ophthalmic artery(and the central retinal artery branch of the ophthalmic
artery)
Optic Canal
1- Lacrimal nerve
2- Frontal nerve
3- Trochlear nerve
4- Superior ophthalmic vein (to the cavernous sinus)
The Superior Narrow Lateral
Part Of The Superior Orbital
Fissure
5- Abducent nerve
6- Nasocilliary nerve
7- Oculomotor nerve
8- Sympathetic branches of the cavernous plexus to the
ciliary ganglion
The Inferior Wide Medial
Part Of The Superior Orbital
Fissure
9- Orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery
10- Recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal artery
11- One of the two branches of inferior ophthalmic vein
(the other is the infraorbital vein) the inferior ophthalmic
vein ends in the cavernous sinus with the superior
ophthalmic vein
Superior Orbital Fissure
2. Ahmad Amro Baradee
Surrounds the optic canal and the inferior part of the
superior orbital fissure , formed by the tendons of the eye's
muscles , pass through it:
1- Optic nerve
2- Ophthalmic artery
3- Abducent nerve
4- Nasocilliary nerve
5- Oculomotor nerve
Zinn's Ring
(Common Tendinous Ring)
1- Infraorbital nerve
2- Zygomatic nerve
3- Orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion to
innervate the sphenoid sinus and the posterior ethmoidal
cells , and they innervate the periorbita and muscles of eye
by their sympathetic fibers
4- Infraorbital artery
5- Infraorbital vein to connect with the pterygoid plexus
(infraorbital vein is a branch of inferior ophthalmic vein)
6- Terminal branches of the deep anterior temporal artery
which is branch of maxillary artery
Inferior Orbital Fissure
(Lies in the sphenoid bone , medial to the foramen ovale by
an internal aspect of the base of the skull , lateral to the
scaphoid fossa by an external aspect ( exists in 17% of the
skulls )
A small emissary vein passes through this foramen (it
connects the extracranial pterygoid plexus with the
intracranial cavernous sinus )
Foramen Vesalii (Canaliculus
Sphenoidalis)
Maxillary nerveForamen Rotundom
1- Mandibular nerve
2- Accessory meningeal artery (branch of maxillary to
nourish gasser's ganglion)
3- Lesser petrosal nerve (occasionally)
4- An emissary vein connects the extracranial pterygoid
plexus with the intracranial cavernous sinus
Foramen Ovale
1- Middle meningeal artery & vein
2- Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
Foramen Spinosum
Lesser petrosal nerve (occasionally)Sphenotemporal Fissure
3. Ahmad Amro Baradee
The foramen is occluded by cartilage , the internal carotid
artery travels superiorly to the cartilage. However , some
nerves,arteries and veins do pass through the cartilage:
1- Greater petrosal nerve (the deep & superficial then they combine in
the entrance of the pterygoid canal forming the nerve of pteryoid canal)
2- The artery of pterygoid canal
3- Meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery
4- Emissary veins connect the extracranial pterygoid plexus
with the intracranial cavernous sinus
Foramen Lacerum
Nerve and blood vessels of pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve)
Pterygoid Canal(Vidian
Canal)
1- Internal carotid artery
2- Carotid sympathetic plexus
3- Venous plexus
Carotid Canal
1- Greater petrosal nerve
2- Petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery
Greater Petrosal Groove
Lesser petrosal nerveLesser Petrosal Groove
1- Medulla oblongata surrounded by meninges
2- Two vertebral arteries
3- Meningeal branches of vertebral arteries
4- Anterior spinal artery
5- Two posterior spinal arteries
6- Spinal root of accessory nerve
7- Ascending sympathetic branches
8- Emissary veins of basilar plexus
9- Apical ligament and tectorial membrane
Foramen Magnum
1- Anterior part: Glossopharyngeal nerve + inferior petrosal
sinus
2- Middle part: Vagus and accessory nerve + branch of posterior
meningeal artery (which is branch of ascending pharyngeal
artery ) + meningeal branch of occipital artery
3- Posterior part: Sigmoid sinus + superior bulb of jugular vein
Jugular Foramen
Located on the lateral wall of jugular foramen (on the
tympanomastoid fissure ) passes through it: The auricular branch of
vagus nerve
Mastoid Canaliculus
1- In the superior part: Facial nerve and it's branch , the
intermediate nerve >> pass together through the facial
canal (Fallopii canal)
2- In the inferior part: Vestibulocochlear nerve ( the
cochlear nerve runs antero-inferiorly & the vestibular nerve
runs postero-inferiorly )
Internal Auditory Meatus
4. Ahmad Amro Baradee
3- Labyrinthine artery
1- Endolymphatic duct
2- Vestibular vessels
3- Prolongation of dura mater
External Aperture Of The
Vestibular Aqueduct
Prolongation of dura mater with a small veinSubarcuate Fossa
Divided by an osteoid septum into two canals:
1- The superior canal: For the tensor muscle of the
tympanic membrane
2- The inferior canal: Is the auditory tube (Eustachian tube)
(which presents the osteoid part of auditory tube , the other
is chondroitic )
Musculotubal Canal
1- Exit: Chorda tympani nerve
2- Enter: Anterior tympanic artery (branch of maxillary) +
posterior tympanic artery (branch of stylomastoid)
Glasser Fissure
(Petrotympanic Fissure)
1- Posterior meningeal artery
2- Occipital emissary vein
Condylar Canal
1- Hypoglossal nerve
2- Meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery
3- Emissary vein of basilar plexus
Hypoglossal Canal (Anterior
Condyloid Canal )
Gives origion to the posterior belly of the digastric muscleMastoid Notch
For the occipital artery
Notch Medial To Mastoid
Notch
Gives origin to the tensor veli palatini muscleScaphoid Fossa
1- Parietal emissary vein
2- Branch of occipital artery
Parietal Foramen
1- Mastoid emissary vein (to sigmoid sinus)
2- Mastoidal branch of occipital artery
Mastoid Foramen
1- Exit: Facial nerve
2- Enter: Stylomastid artery (branch of either occipital
artery 66% or posterior auricular artery 33%)
Stylomastoid Foramen
The inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve (Andersch
ganglion) is situated in this fossula
Petrosal Fossula
Opens in the bottom of tympanic fossula , through it enters
the tympanic nerve (Jacobson's nerve) branch of
glossopharyngeal nerve
Tympanic Canaliculus
(Jacobson Canaliculus)
1- Nasopalatine nerve
2- Nasal nervous branches of pterygopalatine ganglion
3- Sphenopalatine artery
Sphenopalatine Foramen
5. Ahmad Amro Baradee
"Connects the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa"
1- Pharyngeal artery branch of maxillary artery
2- Pharyngeal nerve (bock's nerve) branch of
pterygopalatine ganglion and it carries postsynapatic
parasympathetic fibres to mucus glands of nasopharynx
Palatovaginal Canal
(Pterygopalatine Canal)
(Pharyngeal Canal)
Pharyngeal branch of sphenopalatine arteryVomerovaginal Canal
Greater and lesser palatine nerves and blood vessels
Greater Palatine Canal
(Pterygopalatine Canal)
1- Greater palatine nerve
2- Greater (descending) palatine artery (branch of
maxillary)
Greater Palatine Foramen
1- Lesser palatine nerve
2- Lesser palatine artery (branch of greater palatine artery)
Lesser Palatine Foramen
Greater palatine artery – greater palatine nerve –and
palatine veins .. In this exact order
Two Or Three Grooves In
The Posterior Part Of Hard
Palate
1- Nasopalatine nerve
2- Terminal branch of greater palatine artery
Incisive Foramen
Posterior superior alveolar nerves and arteries
Alveolar Foramina Of
Maxilla
Supraorbital nerve and blood vessels
Supraorbital Foramen
(Notch)
Supratrochlear nerve and blood vessels
Frontal Notch
(Supratrochlear Notch)
Infratrochlear nerve passes by itTrochlear Fossula
Located within the supero-lateral wall of the orbit (of the
frontal bone)
Lacrimal Gland's Fossa
Located within the infero-medial wall of the orbit (of the
lacrimal and maxillary bones)
Lacrimal Sac's Fossa
Carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the inferior meatus
of the nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal Duct (Tear
Duct)
Infraorbital nerve and blood vesselsInfraorbital Foramen
Zygomaticofacial nerveZygomaticofacial Foramen
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Zygomaticotemporal
Foramen
Located infero-medial the inferior border of the orbit ,
through it passes a small artery branch of angular artery to
nourish the canine (exists in 1% of the skulls)
Parinaud Canal
6. Ahmad Amro Baradee
I hope this was helpful
By: Ahmad Amro Baradee
Mental nerve and blood vesselsMental Foramen
Nervous branches of the cervical plexus C1-C4 , innervate
the medial root of the first inferior molar
Foramina Opposite The
Mental Foramen (On The
Lingual Side )
Inferior alveolar nerve and blood vesselsMandibular Canal (Foramen)
Mylohyoid nerve and blood vesselsMylohyoid Groove
This foramen is formed by the free space between the
sphenomandibular ligament and the tympanomandibular
ligament* , through it passes the mylohyoid neurovascular
bundle (*the tympanomandibular ligament: Is a fibrous ligament
strengthens the posterior part of the sphenomandibular ligament)
Mylohyoid Foramen
Located in the intermediate line of the lingual surface of the
mandible , near the mental spines . Small blood vessels exit
through it
Lingual Foramen
Attachment for lateral pterygoid musclePterygoid Fovea
The maxillary artery passes through it to reach the
pterygomaxillary region
Juvara Groove (
Retrocondylar Groove )