Classification Of Mechanisms, Ligand Substitution In Octahedral Complexes Without Breaking Metal-ligand Bond, Substitution Reaction In Square Planar Complexes, Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution, Trans Effect (Labilizing Effect), Theories and applications Of Trans Effect
Classification Of Mechanisms, Ligand Substitution In Octahedral Complexes Without Breaking Metal-ligand Bond, Substitution Reaction In Square Planar Complexes, Factors Which Affect The Rate Of Substitution, Trans Effect (Labilizing Effect), Theories and applications Of Trans Effect
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
Labile & inert and substitution reactions in octahedral complexesEinstein kannan
The first part includes a definition of labile and inert. lability and inertness on the basis of VB theory and CFT and also factors affecting inertness and lability of the complexes.
And also the second part includes Substitution Reactions in Octahedral Complexes like mechanisms and their evidence.
1. What is the steady state approximation
2.Definition of Steady state approximation
3. In Chemical kinetics in steady state state approximation
4. Mechanism involving in steady state approximation
5. rate of formation, using steady state approximation plot
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
Labile & inert and substitution reactions in octahedral complexesEinstein kannan
The first part includes a definition of labile and inert. lability and inertness on the basis of VB theory and CFT and also factors affecting inertness and lability of the complexes.
And also the second part includes Substitution Reactions in Octahedral Complexes like mechanisms and their evidence.
1. What is the steady state approximation
2.Definition of Steady state approximation
3. In Chemical kinetics in steady state state approximation
4. Mechanism involving in steady state approximation
5. rate of formation, using steady state approximation plot
Introductory PPT on Metal Carbonyls having its' classification,structure and applications.This is a basic level PPT specially prepared for UG/PG Chemistry students.
How do we describe the bonding between transition metal (ions) and their ligands (like water, ammonia, CO etc) ?
The Crystal Field Model gives a simple theory to explain electronic spectra.
Properties of coordination compounds part 1 (2018)Chris Sonntag
Using the crystal field theory, different properties of transition metal compounds can be explained, such as Ionic radii, hydration and lattice energies and spinel types
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
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sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...
Crystal field stabilization energy
1. Prepared By
Dr. Krishnaswamy. G
Faculty
DOS & R in Organic Chemistry
Tumkur University
Tumakuru
Crystal Field Stabilization Energy
2. The CSFE will depend on :
Number of factors that affect the extent to which metal d-orbitals are split by
ligands. The most important factors are listed below
(1) Oxidation state
(2) Number of d-electrons
(3) Nature of metal ion
(4) Spin pairing energy
(1) Ligand character
(2) Number and Geometry of the Ligands
Metal factors Ligand factors
3. (1)Oxidation state
Higher the oxidation state of metal ion causes the ligands to approach more
closely to it and therefore, the ligands causes more splitting of metal d-orbitals.
Ligand orbitals Ligand orbitals
eg
t2g
M2+
M3+
o = 9200 cm-1[Co(H2O)6]2+
o = 20760 cm-1[Co(H2O)6]3+
4. (2) Number of d-electrons
For a given series of transition metal, complexes having metal cation with
same oxidation state but with different number of electrons in d-orbitals, the
magnitude of ∆ decreases with increase in number of d-electrons.
1
Number of d-electrons
[Co(H2O)6]2+
o = 8500 cm-1
(3d8
)[Ni(H2O)6]2+
o = 9200 cm-1
(3d7
)
Mn+
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
Mn+
e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
Ligand
Greater
shielding
and less
attraction
between
metal and
ligand
Less shielding and
greater attraction
between metal and
ligand
5. (3) Nature of metal ion
In complexes having the metal cation with same
oxidation state, same number of d-electrons and the
magnitude ∆ for analogues complexes within a given
group increases about 30% to 50% from 3d to 4d
and same amount from 4d to 5d.
(i) On moving 3d to 4d and 4d to 5d, the size of d-
orbitals increases and electron density
decreases therefore, ligands can approach metal
with larger d-orbital more closely.
(ii) There is less steric hindrance around metal.
[Co(NH3)6]3+
o = 34100 cm-1[Rh(NH3)6]3+
o = 2300 cm-1
[Ir(NH3)6]3+ o = 41200 cm-1
Mn+
e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
Mn+
e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
e-
Mn+
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
3d
4d
5d
6. (4) Spin pairing energy
Metal ion with higher pairing energy will have lower ∆ whereas metal ion with
lower pairing energy will have higher ∆.
7. (1) Ligand character
The ligands are classified as weak and strong field lignds.
Ligand which cause a small degree of splitting of d-orbital are called weak field
ligands.
Ligand which cause large splitting of d-orbital are called strong field ligands.
The common ligands have been arranged in order of their increasing crystal field
splitting power to cause splitting of d-orbitals from study of their effects on
spectra of transition metal ions. This order usually called as spectrochemical
series.
I- < Br- < SCN- < Cl- < N3
- < F- < Urea, OH- < Ox, O2- < H2O <
NCS- < Py, NH3 < en < bpy, phen < NO2
- < CH3
-, C6H5
- < CN-
< CO
X = Weak field
O = Middle
N = Strong
C = Very strong
9. (2) Number and Geometry of the Ligands
The magnitude of crystal field splitting increases with increase of the number of
ligands. Hence, the crystal field splitting will follow the order
octsp > > tet
Though the number of ligands in square planar complex is smaller than
octahedral, the magnitude of splitting is greater for square planar than
octahedral because of the fact that square planar complex are formed by much
strong ligands and also the two electrons in dz
2 orbital are stabilized.
dx
2
-y
2
dz
2
dxy dyz dxz
dx
2
-y
2
dz
2
dxy
dyz dxz
Octahedral Square Planar
Energy decreases
10. Crystal Field Stabilization Energy is defined as the difference in the energy of the
electron configuration in the ligand field to the energy of the electronic
configuration in the isotropic field.
CFSE = E ligand field – E isotropic field
E isotropic field
= Number of electrons in degenerate d-orbital + Pairing energy
eg
t2g
Eisotropic field
Eligand field
Crystal Field Stabilization Energy
11. Crystal Field Stabilization Energy of Octahedral complexes will be calculated
using
eg
t2g
o = 10 Dq
- 0.4
+ 0.6
CFSE = [-0.4 n t2g + 0.6 n eg] ∆o + mP
n = number of electron present in t2g and eg orbital respectively
m = number of pair of electrons
12. Crystal Field Stabilization Energy of Tetrahedral complexes will be calculated
using
CFSE = [-0.6 n e+ 0.4 n t2] ∆t
n = number of electron present in e and t2 orbital respectively
o
9
t =
4
w.k.t
CFSE = [-0.6 n e + 0.4 n t2] x o
9
4
CFSE = [-0.27 n e + 0.18 n t2] o
Crystal Field Stabilization Energy of Tetrahedral complexes simplified form in
terms of Octahedral
13. What is CFSE for a high spin d7 octahedral complex
Eisotropic field
= 7 x 0 + 2P = 2P
Eligand field = (-0.4 x 5 + 0.6 x 2) o + 2P = -0.8 o + 2P
CFSE = E ligand field - E isotropic field
-0.8 o + 2P= 2P
-0.8 oCFSE =
So, the CFSE is
eg
t2g
Eisotropic field
Eligand field
-0.4 o
+0.6 o
14. eg
t2g
Eligand field
Eisotropic field
+0.6 o
-0.4 o
What is CFSE for a low spin d7 octahedral complex
Eisotropic field
= 7 x 0 + 2P = 2P
Eligand field = (-0.4 x 6 + 0.6 x 1) o + 3P = -1.8 o + 3P
CFSE = E ligand field - E isotropic field
= 2P
-1.8 o + PCFSE =
So, the CFSE is
-1.8 o + 3P
15. Octahedral CFSEs for dn configuration with pairing energy P
Table has been taken from Inorganic Chemistry by Catherine E. Housecraft and Alan G. Sharpe, 4th Edition
17. Spin pairing energy (P)
Energy required to put two electrons in the same orbital
The electron pairing energy has two terms
(1) Coulombic repulsion
(2) Loss of exchange energy on pairing
(1) Coulombic repulsion is caused by repulsion of electrons and it decreases down
the group.
3d > 4d > 5d
Coulombic repulsion contribute to the destabilizing energy
18. (2) Loss of exchange energy on pairing contributes to the stabilizing energy
associated with two electrons having parallel spin.
Mathematically, exchange energy can be calculated using the following
equation
E exchange =
n(n-1)
2
n = number of pairs of parallel spin electrons
How to calculate the loss of exchange energy for metal ion.
For example, consider Fe2+ (d6) and Mn2+ (d5) in this case Fe prefers low spin
whereas Mn prefer high spin and this is explained by considering the loss of
exchange energy.
19. E exchange =
n(n-1)
2
E exchange =
n(n-1)
2
5(5-1)
2
3(3-1)
2
2X= =
= 10
= 6
Loss of exchange energy = 10 - 6 = 4
High spin Low spin
Degenerate
Fe2+ (d6)
20. E exchange =
n(n-1)
2
E exchange =
n(n-1)
2
5(5-1)
2
3(3-1)
2
= =
= 10
Loss of exchange energy = 10 - 4 = 6
High spin Low spin
Degenerate
2(2-1)
2
= 3 + 1 = 4
From the above calculation reveals that Mn2+ (d5) has greater loss of exchange
energy hence it has higher pairing energy therefore it prefers have high spin
instead of low spin.
Mn2+ (d5)
21. The important result here it is that metal ion will be called
Low spin if ∆o > P
High spin if ∆o < P
For complexes the high spin and low spin will be decided on the basis of ligand
field strength
For Weak field ligands pairing energy will not be
considered with CFSE
Whereas for strong field ligands pairing energy
will be considered along with CFSE
22. Consider for example two complexes [Co(H2O)6]2+ and [Co(CN)6]4-
[Co(H2O)6]2+ [Co(CN)6]4-
Here in the above complexes we need to decide for which complex we need to add
pairing energy along with CFSE will be decided by ligand field strength.
Co2+
Co2+
In both complexes Cobalt is in +2 oxidation state hence both will have same
pairing energy. Hence ligand field strength will be considered.
H2O
Weak ligand
CN-
Strong ligand
23. High spin Low spin
(-0.4 x 5 + 0.6 x 2) oCFSE =
-2.0 + 1.2 o=
= -0.8 o
(-0.4 x 6 + 0.6 x 1) o + 3PCFSE =
-2.4 + 0.6 o + 3P=
= -1.8 o + 3P
CN-
Strong ligand
H2O
Weak ligand
