Control of eukariyotic genes
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
4 likes•324 views
This document summarizes the key points of control in gene regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses how gene expression is regulated at multiple stages, including DNA packing, transcription, mRNA processing and transport, translation, and protein processing. Regulation can occur through mechanisms like histone modification, DNA methylation, alternative splicing, RNA interference, and protein degradation. The complex gene regulation in eukaryotes allows for specialization of cells and long-term processes, compared to the simpler prokaryotic system.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
1) Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, chromatin structure, post-transcriptional processing, and translation.
2) Regulation allows for adaptation and tissue-specific gene expression during development. Key differences from prokaryotes include the lack of operons and more complex regulation in eukaryotes.
3) Gene expression can be regulated short-term through transcriptional control, as seen in yeast galactose-utilizing genes, or long-term for development through mechanisms like chromatin remodeling.
Transposons: the jumping genes
Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within a genome and sometimes cause mutations. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in maize plants while studying how transposition affected kernel color, work for which she later won a Nobel Prize. There are two main types of transposons: retrotransposons, which copy and paste via an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase; and DNA-only transposons, which cut and paste directly using a transposase enzyme without an RNA intermediate. Transposons can cause target repeats when they insert into new locations in the genome and can contain their own transposase gene, making them self-sufficient. Some transposons contain additional genetic material flanked by insertion
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotics
This document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes. It begins by introducing the concept of gene regulation and how only a fraction of genes are expressed at any given time. It then discusses several key examples of gene regulation in prokaryotes, including the lac, trp, and arabinose operons. The lac operon regulates lactose metabolism in E. coli in response to glucose and lactose availability. The trp operon regulates tryptophan synthesis using both repression and attenuation. The arabinose operon regulates arabinose metabolism using both positive and negative regulation by the AraC protein. The document also briefly discusses the SOS response, stringent response, and gene regulation in bacteriophage lambda.
Site directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to generate specific mutations in DNA at predetermined locations. It involves using a synthetic oligonucleotide primer containing the desired mutation to introduce changes into the DNA sequence during in vitro DNA replication or PCR. This allows researchers to study the effects of mutations and engineer proteins with improved or customized properties. Common methods for site-directed mutagenesis include using single or double primers, cassette mutagenesis by replacing DNA fragments, and PCR-based mutagenesis. The technique has various applications in investigating protein function and developing proteins for commercial uses.
Recombinase cre lox and flp-frt
Introduction
Cre-lox recombination
Cre-lox system- Cre recombinase , loxP site
FLP-FRT recombination
FLP-FRT system- FLP recombinase , FRT site
Mechanism of Cre-lox and FLP-FRT recombination
Binding
Synapsis , cleavage and strand exchange
Three type of arrangement
Inversion
Translocation/ Insersion
Deletion
Application of Cre-lox and FLP-FRT recombination
Disadvantage of FLP-FRT
Advantage and disadvantage of Cre-lox
Conclusion
References
Protein Localization
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
Significance of shine dalgarno sequence
The shine dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal site in the prokaryotic bacterial mRNA which helps in protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome with the start codon. It's significance deals with it's effect and importance during the translation process within an mRNA.
Genes, Genomics and Proteomics
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
Recommended
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
1) Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, chromatin structure, post-transcriptional processing, and translation.
2) Regulation allows for adaptation and tissue-specific gene expression during development. Key differences from prokaryotes include the lack of operons and more complex regulation in eukaryotes.
3) Gene expression can be regulated short-term through transcriptional control, as seen in yeast galactose-utilizing genes, or long-term for development through mechanisms like chromatin remodeling.
Transposons: the jumping genes
Transposons are segments of DNA that can move within a genome and sometimes cause mutations. They were first discovered by Barbara McClintock in maize plants while studying how transposition affected kernel color, work for which she later won a Nobel Prize. There are two main types of transposons: retrotransposons, which copy and paste via an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase; and DNA-only transposons, which cut and paste directly using a transposase enzyme without an RNA intermediate. Transposons can cause target repeats when they insert into new locations in the genome and can contain their own transposase gene, making them self-sufficient. Some transposons contain additional genetic material flanked by insertion
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotics
This document discusses gene regulation in prokaryotes. It begins by introducing the concept of gene regulation and how only a fraction of genes are expressed at any given time. It then discusses several key examples of gene regulation in prokaryotes, including the lac, trp, and arabinose operons. The lac operon regulates lactose metabolism in E. coli in response to glucose and lactose availability. The trp operon regulates tryptophan synthesis using both repression and attenuation. The arabinose operon regulates arabinose metabolism using both positive and negative regulation by the AraC protein. The document also briefly discusses the SOS response, stringent response, and gene regulation in bacteriophage lambda.
Site directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a technique used to generate specific mutations in DNA at predetermined locations. It involves using a synthetic oligonucleotide primer containing the desired mutation to introduce changes into the DNA sequence during in vitro DNA replication or PCR. This allows researchers to study the effects of mutations and engineer proteins with improved or customized properties. Common methods for site-directed mutagenesis include using single or double primers, cassette mutagenesis by replacing DNA fragments, and PCR-based mutagenesis. The technique has various applications in investigating protein function and developing proteins for commercial uses.
Recombinase cre lox and flp-frt
Introduction
Cre-lox recombination
Cre-lox system- Cre recombinase , loxP site
FLP-FRT recombination
FLP-FRT system- FLP recombinase , FRT site
Mechanism of Cre-lox and FLP-FRT recombination
Binding
Synapsis , cleavage and strand exchange
Three type of arrangement
Inversion
Translocation/ Insersion
Deletion
Application of Cre-lox and FLP-FRT recombination
Disadvantage of FLP-FRT
Advantage and disadvantage of Cre-lox
Conclusion
References
Protein Localization
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
Significance of shine dalgarno sequence
The shine dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal site in the prokaryotic bacterial mRNA which helps in protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome with the start codon. It's significance deals with it's effect and importance during the translation process within an mRNA.
Genes, Genomics and Proteomics
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
Translational proofreading
this slide explains the importance of proof reading in translation and what is translational proofreading
Operon
This document provides an overview of gene regulation in prokaryotes using the lac operon in E. coli as an example. It explains that genes are regulated to control which proteins are expressed at different times. The lac operon consists of structural genes that encode enzymes for lactose metabolism, as well as a regulatory gene that produces a repressor protein. In the absence of the lactose inducer, the repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription.
Site directed mutagenesis by pcr
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique used to make specific changes to DNA sequences. It involves using a primer containing the desired mutation in a PCR reaction to introduce the mutation into the gene of interest. There are different approaches for site-directed mutagenesis using PCR, including using a mutated primer in normal PCR or a primer extension method. The technique is used for applications like protein engineering to study the impact of sequence changes or insert restriction sites. However, it can be difficult to replicate the mutated DNA and screening mutations requires sequencing.
Transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of gene expression
Gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Transcriptional regulation involves proteins binding to promoter and enhancer sequences to control RNA polymerase recruitment and initiation of transcription. Eukaryotic gene expression requires transcription factors, coactivators, and basal transcription factors to assemble the transcription initiation complex. Post-transcriptional regulation influences RNA processing, transport, translation, and degradation.
Regulatory RNA
RNA is a polymer made of ribonucleotides linked together. There are three main classes of RNA - transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and messenger RNA. In eukaryotes, primary transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being transported to the cytoplasm for translation. MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs are types of small regulatory RNAs that cause inhibition of gene expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing. Both miRNAs and siRNAs have potential applications as therapeutic targets in humans.
Post translational modification
This document discusses post-translational modifications (PTMs), which are enzymatic modifications of proteins after translation. It describes various types of PTMs like trimming, covalent attachments through phosphorylation, glycosylation, sulfation, methylation, and hydroxylation. The importance of PTMs in regulating protein function and cellular processes is highlighted. Detection methods for PTMs like mass spectrometry and fluorescent staining are also mentioned.
Expression vectors
The document discusses different expression vectors and systems used for recombinant protein expression. It describes key elements required for an expression vector including an origin of replication, selective marker, promoter, multiple cloning site, and terminator. It provides details on commonly used expression systems in E. coli such as the lac, tac, lambda PL, and T7 promoters. It also summarizes protein expression in yeast using the galactose-inducible GAL promoter system.
Nuclear export of mRNA
This document summarizes the process of nuclear export of messenger RNA (mRNA). It begins with an introduction describing how mRNA must be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to be translated into protein. It then discusses the importance of nuclear export and describes the nuclear pore complex that facilitates transport. The document outlines the roles of Ran GTPase and transport receptors in nuclear export. It provides details on the adaptor-receptor system and multistep process of mRNA export, including recruitment of export factors, translocation through the nuclear pore, and release into the cytoplasm. The summary concludes with sections on regulation and quality control of mRNA export.
5’ capping
This document discusses RNA processing in eukaryotes. It begins by explaining that in eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different cellular compartments, while in prokaryotes they occur simultaneously. It then focuses on 5' capping, which is a key part of eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing. 5' capping involves the addition of a 7-methylguanosine residue to the 5' end of nascent mRNA by capping enzymes. This capping protects the mRNA from degradation and aids in transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and binding of ribosomes for translation. The capping can involve one or more methylation steps, producing cap0, cap1 or cap2 structures
Transcriptome analysis
The document provides an overview of the history and techniques of transcriptome analysis. It discusses how RNA was separated from DNA with the formulation of the central dogma in 1958. Key developments include the discoveries of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA in the 1960s. The document outlines techniques such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) that allow comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns. It provides details on the basic steps and advantages of SAGE and describes how next generation sequencing revolutionized transcriptome analysis through massive parallel sequencing.
Protein degradation(molecular biology)
description of protein degradation pathways in lysosomes and ubiquitin mediated pathway and n-end rule in different organisms
Gene regulation in eukaryotes
Gene regulation in eukaryotes in a nutshell covering all the important stages of gene regulation in eukaryotes at transcriptional level, translation level and post-translational level.
Alternative splicing : mechanism and regulation
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitors
Translation proofreading is often the final stage of a translation process.
Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
Presence of nucleus and complexity of eukaryotic organism demands a well controlled gene regulation in eukaryotic cell. Tissue specific gene expression is essential as they are multicellular organisms in which different cells perform different functions. This PPT deals with various control points for the gene regulation and expression within a cell.
Dna methylation
DNA methylation is a biological process where methyl groups are added to DNA, changing gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. It is essential for normal development in mammals and is associated with processes like genomic imprinting and carcinogenesis. DNA methyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of methyl groups to DNA from S-adenosyl methionine. DNA methylation plays important roles in gene silencing, X-chromosome inactivation, and suppressing viral genomes and repetitive elements incorporated into the host genome. Abnormal DNA methylation is also associated with cancer by transcriptionally silencing tumor suppressor genes.
Extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix and cell-cell interaction
Animal systems: Extracellular components
– cell matrix adhesion, collagens
– types of collagens, elastins, basal lamina and its components,
connective tissues, proteoglycans and laminin.
– Cell - cell adhesion, cadherins, CAMS (NCAMS), selectins, integrins,
desmosomes, hemidesmosomes,
– tight and gap junction,
Catenins, actins, Tubulins, intermediate filaments,
– glycosaminoglycans.
Gene silencing
Overview of Gene silencing, how it's works. its pros and cons to the future aspects of genetic engineering.
Mutagenesis
Mutagenesis is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. It can also be
achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures.
In nature mutagenesis can lead to cancer and
various heritable diseases, but it is also a driving force of evolution.
repetitive and non repetitive dna.pptx
1. Eukaryotic DNA contains repetitive and non-repetitive segments. Repetitive DNA makes up around 50% of the human genome and consists of sequences that are present in copies numbering over a million.
2. Repetitive DNA is divided into highly, moderately, and uniquely repetitive sequences based on copy number. Highly repetitive sequences are present in over 100,000 copies and include satellite and centromeric DNA. Moderately repetitive sequences have between 100-10,000 copies, like ribosomal RNA genes.
3. Non-repetitive or unique sequences make up around 50% of the human genome and contain protein-coding genes and other sequences required for gene expression that generally exist in only
Eukaryotic gene regulation models (by np mendez)
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple stages including initiation of transcription, post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA, and post-translational modification of proteins. Initiation of transcription involves promoter and enhancer elements recruiting transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Pre-mRNA is processed through 5' capping, splicing, 3' polyadenylation and nuclear export. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. Post-translational modifications like phosphorylation and cleavage further regulate protein function. Together these complex mechanisms allow precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Gene Expression.pptx
The document discusses gene expression and its regulation in eukaryotic cells. It states that while all somatic cells contain the same genetic information, differential gene expression gives rise to different cell types through the control of which genes are expressed. Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated at multiple levels, including epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Cancer arises due to mutations that modify cell cycle control genes, causing uncontrolled cell growth. Gene expression changes in cancer can be caused by mutations, epigenetic alterations, or changes in transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation.
More Related Content
What's hot
Translational proofreading
this slide explains the importance of proof reading in translation and what is translational proofreading
Operon
This document provides an overview of gene regulation in prokaryotes using the lac operon in E. coli as an example. It explains that genes are regulated to control which proteins are expressed at different times. The lac operon consists of structural genes that encode enzymes for lactose metabolism, as well as a regulatory gene that produces a repressor protein. In the absence of the lactose inducer, the repressor binds to the operator region and prevents transcription. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription.
Site directed mutagenesis by pcr
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology technique used to make specific changes to DNA sequences. It involves using a primer containing the desired mutation in a PCR reaction to introduce the mutation into the gene of interest. There are different approaches for site-directed mutagenesis using PCR, including using a mutated primer in normal PCR or a primer extension method. The technique is used for applications like protein engineering to study the impact of sequence changes or insert restriction sites. However, it can be difficult to replicate the mutated DNA and screening mutations requires sequencing.
Transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of gene expression
Gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Transcriptional regulation involves proteins binding to promoter and enhancer sequences to control RNA polymerase recruitment and initiation of transcription. Eukaryotic gene expression requires transcription factors, coactivators, and basal transcription factors to assemble the transcription initiation complex. Post-transcriptional regulation influences RNA processing, transport, translation, and degradation.
Regulatory RNA
RNA is a polymer made of ribonucleotides linked together. There are three main classes of RNA - transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and messenger RNA. In eukaryotes, primary transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being transported to the cytoplasm for translation. MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs are types of small regulatory RNAs that cause inhibition of gene expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing. Both miRNAs and siRNAs have potential applications as therapeutic targets in humans.
Post translational modification
This document discusses post-translational modifications (PTMs), which are enzymatic modifications of proteins after translation. It describes various types of PTMs like trimming, covalent attachments through phosphorylation, glycosylation, sulfation, methylation, and hydroxylation. The importance of PTMs in regulating protein function and cellular processes is highlighted. Detection methods for PTMs like mass spectrometry and fluorescent staining are also mentioned.
Expression vectors
The document discusses different expression vectors and systems used for recombinant protein expression. It describes key elements required for an expression vector including an origin of replication, selective marker, promoter, multiple cloning site, and terminator. It provides details on commonly used expression systems in E. coli such as the lac, tac, lambda PL, and T7 promoters. It also summarizes protein expression in yeast using the galactose-inducible GAL promoter system.
Nuclear export of mRNA
This document summarizes the process of nuclear export of messenger RNA (mRNA). It begins with an introduction describing how mRNA must be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to be translated into protein. It then discusses the importance of nuclear export and describes the nuclear pore complex that facilitates transport. The document outlines the roles of Ran GTPase and transport receptors in nuclear export. It provides details on the adaptor-receptor system and multistep process of mRNA export, including recruitment of export factors, translocation through the nuclear pore, and release into the cytoplasm. The summary concludes with sections on regulation and quality control of mRNA export.
5’ capping
This document discusses RNA processing in eukaryotes. It begins by explaining that in eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different cellular compartments, while in prokaryotes they occur simultaneously. It then focuses on 5' capping, which is a key part of eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing. 5' capping involves the addition of a 7-methylguanosine residue to the 5' end of nascent mRNA by capping enzymes. This capping protects the mRNA from degradation and aids in transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and binding of ribosomes for translation. The capping can involve one or more methylation steps, producing cap0, cap1 or cap2 structures
Transcriptome analysis
The document provides an overview of the history and techniques of transcriptome analysis. It discusses how RNA was separated from DNA with the formulation of the central dogma in 1958. Key developments include the discoveries of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA in the 1960s. The document outlines techniques such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) that allow comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns. It provides details on the basic steps and advantages of SAGE and describes how next generation sequencing revolutionized transcriptome analysis through massive parallel sequencing.
Protein degradation(molecular biology)
description of protein degradation pathways in lysosomes and ubiquitin mediated pathway and n-end rule in different organisms
Gene regulation in eukaryotes
Gene regulation in eukaryotes in a nutshell covering all the important stages of gene regulation in eukaryotes at transcriptional level, translation level and post-translational level.
Alternative splicing : mechanism and regulation
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitors
Translation proofreading is often the final stage of a translation process.
Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function.
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
Presence of nucleus and complexity of eukaryotic organism demands a well controlled gene regulation in eukaryotic cell. Tissue specific gene expression is essential as they are multicellular organisms in which different cells perform different functions. This PPT deals with various control points for the gene regulation and expression within a cell.
Dna methylation
DNA methylation is a biological process where methyl groups are added to DNA, changing gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. It is essential for normal development in mammals and is associated with processes like genomic imprinting and carcinogenesis. DNA methyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of methyl groups to DNA from S-adenosyl methionine. DNA methylation plays important roles in gene silencing, X-chromosome inactivation, and suppressing viral genomes and repetitive elements incorporated into the host genome. Abnormal DNA methylation is also associated with cancer by transcriptionally silencing tumor suppressor genes.
Extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix and cell-cell interaction
Animal systems: Extracellular components
– cell matrix adhesion, collagens
– types of collagens, elastins, basal lamina and its components,
connective tissues, proteoglycans and laminin.
– Cell - cell adhesion, cadherins, CAMS (NCAMS), selectins, integrins,
desmosomes, hemidesmosomes,
– tight and gap junction,
Catenins, actins, Tubulins, intermediate filaments,
– glycosaminoglycans.
Gene silencing
Overview of Gene silencing, how it's works. its pros and cons to the future aspects of genetic engineering.
Mutagenesis
Mutagenesis is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. It can also be
achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures.
In nature mutagenesis can lead to cancer and
various heritable diseases, but it is also a driving force of evolution.
repetitive and non repetitive dna.pptx
1. Eukaryotic DNA contains repetitive and non-repetitive segments. Repetitive DNA makes up around 50% of the human genome and consists of sequences that are present in copies numbering over a million.
2. Repetitive DNA is divided into highly, moderately, and uniquely repetitive sequences based on copy number. Highly repetitive sequences are present in over 100,000 copies and include satellite and centromeric DNA. Moderately repetitive sequences have between 100-10,000 copies, like ribosomal RNA genes.
3. Non-repetitive or unique sequences make up around 50% of the human genome and contain protein-coding genes and other sequences required for gene expression that generally exist in only
What's hot (20)
Transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of gene expression
Transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of gene expression
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitors
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitors
Similar to Control of eukariyotic genes
Eukaryotic gene regulation models (by np mendez)
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at multiple stages including initiation of transcription, post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA, and post-translational modification of proteins. Initiation of transcription involves promoter and enhancer elements recruiting transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Pre-mRNA is processed through 5' capping, splicing, 3' polyadenylation and nuclear export. Alternative splicing allows one gene to code for multiple proteins. Post-translational modifications like phosphorylation and cleavage further regulate protein function. Together these complex mechanisms allow precise spatial and temporal control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Gene Expression.pptx
The document discusses gene expression and its regulation in eukaryotic cells. It states that while all somatic cells contain the same genetic information, differential gene expression gives rise to different cell types through the control of which genes are expressed. Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated at multiple levels, including epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Cancer arises due to mutations that modify cell cycle control genes, causing uncontrolled cell growth. Gene expression changes in cancer can be caused by mutations, epigenetic alterations, or changes in transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation.
Genetic control
This document discusses genetic control and regulation at the molecular level. It covers DNA and RNA structure, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and cell division. The central dogma of molecular genetics is described involving DNA transcription to RNA and translation to protein. The types of RNA are defined including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. Transcription and translation processes are explained in detail. Gene regulation mechanisms like promoters, transcription factors, and feedback systems are covered. Finally, the document discusses cell reproduction through DNA replication and cell mitosis.
Genetic control
Covers the flow of information from DNA to Protein synthesis, Transcription, Types of RNA, Genetic code, Protein Synthesis, Cell Function and cell reproduction
Braj
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes can occur at multiple levels:
(1) The genome level through chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, and gene amplification or rearrangement.
(2) The transcription level where transcription factors and cis-acting elements like promoters, enhancers, and silencers regulate RNA polymerase binding and activity.
(3) Post-transcriptional processing of transcripts through RNA editing, alternative splicing, and transcript degradation which expands proteomic complexity.
Bacterial Genetics.PPTX
This document discusses the genetic structure and processes of bacteria. It covers the following key points:
- Bacterial DNA is organized into a circular chromosome that contains all the genes necessary for life functions. Plasmids and transposons can also contain genes.
- Replication of DNA ensures accurate copying of genetic information when bacteria multiply. Transcription and translation follow to produce proteins from DNA instructions. Various mechanisms regulate and control gene expression.
- Genetic variation arises via mutation, recombination and gene transfer between bacteria through transformation, transduction and conjugation. These exchanges contribute to bacterial adaptation and diversity.
DNA Presentation
This document covers DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene expression. It discusses how DNA is copied through semi-conservative replication involving enzymes like DNA polymerase and how genes are expressed through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins. It also summarizes control of gene expression in prokaryotes through operons and in eukaryotes at multiple stages. Finally, it briefly touches on gene mutations, cancer and genetic modification of plants.
Gene expression and regulation
Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including changes to DNA, transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, translation, protein activity, and protein stability. Regulation occurs through factors that activate or repress expression, altering chromatin structure, controlling transcription initiation, splicing mRNA, degrading mRNA, regulating translation, modifying proteins, and marking proteins for degradation. Understanding gene regulation is important for development, differentiation, and cellular adaptation to environmental conditions.
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistry
lucid explanation about gene transcription, translation and the latter part elaborates on gene therapy and its various application in dentistry
Gene mutation and Regulation of Gene expression
1) Gene mutation and regulation of gene expression involve changes to DNA sequences and control over which genes are expressed. Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication or from environmental factors and can have beneficial, harmful, or no effects depending on their location and type.
2) There are several types of mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and changes in single nucleotide bases that can change amino acid sequences and alter protein function.
3) Gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, operons control groups of genes in response to environmental signals. In eukaryotes, chromatin structure and many
Regulation
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs at multiple levels and differs from prokaryotes in several key ways. It involves control at the transcriptional level via promoter regions, transcription factors, and chromatin structure. Gene expression can also be regulated post-transcriptionally through RNA processing mechanisms like alternative splicing and polyadenylation. Transcription factors and enhancer regions further modulate gene expression levels. Overall, eukaryotic gene regulation is a complex process that occurs at DNA, RNA, and protein levels.
Gene_Expression.pptx
Regulation of gene expression allows organisms to benefit from efficiency, conserving energy and cell size. In prokaryotes, operons regulate groups of genes, turned on or off by repressors, activators, or inducers. Eukaryotes separate transcription and translation, introducing many regulatory mechanisms. These include epigenetic modifications, transcription factors, RNA processing, stability, and translation factors. Cancer arises from dysregulation of genes controlling cell growth, especially tumor suppressors and oncogenes.
Gene regulation
This document discusses gene expression and regulation. It explains that gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional gene product, usually a protein. It then discusses various mechanisms that regulate gene expression, including repressor proteins that block transcription, allosteric regulators of operons like tryptophan and lactose, positive regulation through cAMP, and control of eukaryotic genes through DNA packing, transcription initiation, post-transcriptional control like alternative splicing, and protein processing and degradation. Videos and examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
Revised- Gene regulatiion Eukaryotics.pdf
Gene regulation allows eukaryotic cells to control which genes are expressed and when. It occurs at multiple levels, including epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational control. Epigenetic gene regulation involves DNA methylation and histone modification, which influence chromatin structure and accessibility. Transcriptional control involves transcription factors binding to promoters and enhancers to regulate RNA polymerase recruitment and transcription initiation. Post-transcriptional mechanisms include alternative splicing of pre-mRNA and regulation by microRNAs. Gene regulation enables cellular differentiation and response to environmental changes.
SHS-363-Lec-05.pptx hjhtuijgffffjkkkknwwex
This document provides information about the Molecular Biology and Genetics course CODE 363 taught by Dr. Atika Hashmi. The course reviews RNA types and eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene structure. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes include eukaryotic genes having introns and exons, as well as promoter and enhancer sequences. Eukaryotic genes undergo RNA splicing and modification through capping and polyadenylation. The genetic code is also discussed, noting its degeneracy and universality across organisms.
Gene silencing and its significance
Gene silencing is a molecular process that down regulates gene expression at the transcriptional or translational level. It allows researchers to study essential genes and provides insight into disease development since many diseases are associated with reduced gene expression. Gene silencing occurs through various mechanisms including histone modification, DNA methylation, and small RNA pathways. It has applications in research areas like producing virus resistant plants and modifying food quality and plant traits.
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic gene regulation involves complex organization and packaging of DNA into chromatin. Gene expression is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin modification, transcription initiation, and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Transcription factors play a key role in regulating transcription by binding to enhancer and promoter elements to recruit RNA polymerase and initiate transcription of specific genes.
gene expression traditional methods
Gene regulation, History and Evolution , Traditional Methods:
Northern blot
quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRTPCR)
serial analysis of gene expression(SAGE) and
DNA microarrays.
DNA Chip
presentation gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes.pptx
Gene expression in eukaryotes involves two main steps: transcription and translation. Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression depends on regulatory elements like promoters and enhancers as well as transcription factors. Gene expression can be regulated at multiple steps, including chromatin modification, transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, translation, and protein degradation. Chromatin modification like DNA methylation and histone acetylation can regulate unpacking of DNA and transcription. Transcription factors activate or repress transcription by binding to regulatory elements. Post-transcriptional processes like RNA processing and degradation can also influence gene expression levels.
Similar to Control of eukariyotic genes (20)
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistry
Regulation of gene expression and gene therapy in dentistry
Group 4 - Gene Regulation in Prokayryotes and Eukaryotes.pptx
Group 4 - Gene Regulation in Prokayryotes and Eukaryotes.pptx
presentation gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes.pptx
presentation gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes.pptx
More from KAUSHAL SAHU
Post translation modification in protein
This document discusses post-translational modifications in proteins. It begins with an introduction explaining that proteins undergo folding and modifications after translation to become functional. It then covers various types of post-translational modifications like the role of chaperones in protein folding, enzymes that catalyze folding like protein disulfide isomerase, and protein cleavage involved in maturation. Other modifications discussed are glycosylation, the addition of carbohydrates, and attachment of lipids. The document concludes that post-translational modifications are important for protein maturation and function.
Biosynthesis of protein in eukariotes
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
MECHANISM OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSCRIPTION
INITIATION
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
AMINOACYLATION OF tRNA
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
ELONGATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Protein synathesis in eukariyotes
Introduction.
History.
Central dogma.
Mechanism of protein synthesis.
Transcription.
Process of transcription
translation
Step of translation
Activation of amino acid.
Transfer of amino acid to tRNA.
Initiation of polypeptide chain
Elongation of polypeptide chain
Translocation
Termination of polypeptide chain
processing of released polypeptide chain
Main difference between protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukryotes
Conclusion
Reference
Development in Arobidopsis thaliyana
Introduction
History
Geographical distribution
Genome Structure
Anatomy and Life Cycle
Significance of Arabidopsis in Plant Genetics
Conclusion
References.
Development in drosophila
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT DROSOPHILA
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
CELL BIOLOGY OF DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
THE DROSOPHILA GENOME
UNUSAL FEATURES OF DROSOPHILA
SEX DETERMINATION
GENETIC MARKERS
DEVELOPMENT IN DROSOPHILA
CLEAVAGE
THE ORIGINS OF ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR POLORITY {GENES}
CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Development in arabidopsis
Introduction And Classification
Anatomy Of Flower
Life Cycle Of Arabidopsis
Early Flower Development
Embryogenesis-
A. Formation Of Microspores
B. Formation Of Megaspores
Embryonic Development Starts By Establishing A Root-shoot Axis And Then Halts Inside The Seed
Arabidopsis Genome Is Rich In Developmental Control Genes.
Control Of Carpel & Fruit Development
Arabidopsis Thaliana A Model Plant
Conclusion
References
Development of drosophila
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Molecular event during fertilization
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
GAMETES
STRUCTURE OF GAMETES
SPERM
OVUM
RECOGNITION OF EGG AND SPERM
CAPACITATION
ACROSOME REACTION
SPECIES-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION
GAMETE BINDING AND RECOGNITION
GAMETE FUSION
PREVENTION OF POLYSPERMY
ACTIVATION OF GAMETE METABOLISM
FUSION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Cellular response to environmental signals in plant
INTRODUCTION
CELL SIGNALING:-
I) Unicellular and multicellular organism cell signaling.
II) Classification of intercellular communication.
RESPONSE TO STUMULI:-
(a) Plants
(b) Animals
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY LINK INTERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNAL:
(a) Reception
(b) Signal transduction
(c) Response
HORMONE
CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN PLANTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Signal transduction process
ntroduction
2. Definition
3. Steps Of Signal Transduction
A) Reception
B) Transduction
C) Induction
4. Important component used in Signal Transduction
A) Calcium ion as second messenger
B) Protein Kinase
Types of Signal Transduction
A) Extra cellular Signal Transduction
B) Intra cellular Signal Transduction
C) Inter cellular Signal Transduction
6. Mechanism of Signal Transduction
A) GPCR pathway
B) RTK pathway
7. Example of Signal Transduction
A) In plants
B) In animals
8. Conclusion
9. Reference…
Signal transduction mechanism
Introduction
Definition
History
Basic element in signal transduction
Basic Pathway of signal transduction
Types of signal transduction
Second messenger
Pathway of signal transduction
Conclusion
References
cell motility
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE OF CELL
MOVEMENT PART OF CELL
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
MOVEMENTS OF PARTS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
biology of cancer
Introduction
Tumours
Types of Tumours
Formation of Tumours
How cancer cell differ from normal cells
Classification of cancer
The causes of cancer
Viruses and Cancer
Cancer and Gene: A. Oncogene
B. Tumours suppressor gene
Detection and Diagnosis
Therapy of cancer
How can cancer are prevented
Conclusion
References
Cancer genetics
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
GENES INVOLVED IN CANCER
ONCOGENES
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES
ONCOGENE
INTRODUCTION
TYPES
ACTIVATION OF PROTO ONCOGENES
FUNCTION
TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLE
RB GENE
TP53 GENE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Control of cell cycle
INTRODUCTION
Definition
history
DIFFERENT PHASE
G0 PHASE
INTERPHASE
M PHASE
CHECKPOINT
HOW DOES IT WORK
Inhibitors
Mechanism of action
Function
CONCLUSION
references
Signal transduction
GENERAL IDEA OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
DEFINATION
WHAT DOES THE TERM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MEANS
HISTORY
BASIC ELEMENTS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
SIGNALLING MOLECULE
RECEPTOR MOLECULE
MODES OF CELL CELL SIGNALING
SECOND MESSENGER
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
SOME SIGNALING PATHWAYS
SIGNIFICANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Cell cycle check point By KK Sahu Sir
CELL CYCLE
CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
PHASES IN CELL CYCLE CHECK POINT
ROLE OF CYLINE AND CDKS
MUTURATIONAL PROMOTING FACTOR
FUNCTION OF MPR
CONCLUSION
REFRENCE
ion channel and carrier protein By KK Sahu Sir
INTRODUCTION - DEFINITION OF ION CANALS - HISTORY AND DIVERSITY OF ION CANALS - CARRIER PROTEIN-DEFINITION - CLASSES OF CARRIER PROTEIN - MECHANISM OF ION CANALS AND CARRIER PROTEIN - MEMBRANE TRANSPORT - BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ION CANALS AND CARRIER PROTEIN - CONCLUSION - REFERENCE
Molecular event during Cell cycle By KK Sahu Sir
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
Cell cycle By KK Sahu Sir
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
More from KAUSHAL SAHU (20)
Cellular response to environmental signals in plant
Cellular response to environmental signals in plant
Recently uploaded
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Recently uploaded (20)
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Control of eukariyotic genes
- 1. By KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc) Department of Biotechnology Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )
- 2. Synopsis • Introduction • The big question • Evolution of gene regulation • Gene regulation in eukaryotes • Points of control Packing/unpacking DNA Transcription mRNA processing mRNA transport Translation Protein processing Protein degradation • Difference between eukaryotic & prokaryotic gene expression • Conclusions • References
- 3. Introduction Gene -Regulation • Expression of genetic information by eukaryotic cell is a multi step process, beginning with transcription of DNA, and ending with a protein that perform a particular function. • Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
- 4. The Big Question….? • How are genes turned on & turned off in eukaryotes ? • How do cell with the same genes differentiate to perform completely different, specialized functions ?
- 5. Evolution of gene regulation Eukaryotes Multicellular Evolved to maintain constant internal conditions while facing changing conditions –Homeostasis Regulate body as a whole -Growth and development -Long term processes Specialization -Turn off and on long number of genes
- 7. Points of control The control of gene expression can occur at any step in pathway from gene to functional protein Packing/unpacking DNA Transcription mRNA processing mRNA transport Translation Protein processing Protein degradation
- 8. DNA Packing • How do you fit all that DNA into nucleus ? DNA coiling &folding Double helix Nucleosomes Chromatin fibers Looped domain
- 9. Neucleosomes • “Beads on string ” First level of DNA packing Histone protein o 8 protein molecules o Positively charge amino acid o Bind tightly to negatively charge DNA
- 10. DNA packing as gene control • Degree of packing of DNA regulates transcription Tightly wrapped around histone No transcription Heterochromatin –Darker DNA [Tightly packed ] Genes turned off Euchromatin - Lighter DNA [Loosely packed ]
- 11. DNA methylation Methylation of DNA block transcriptional factors No transcription - genes turned off Attachment of methyl Group to cytosine Nearly permanent activation of gene
- 12. Histone acetylation Acetylation of histones unwind DNA Loosely wrapped around histone • Enable transcription • Genes turned on Attachment of acetyl group to histone • conformational change in histone protein • Transcription factor have easier access to genes
- 13. Transcription initiation Control region on DNA Promoter Nearby control sequence on DNA Binding of RNA polymerase & transcription factor “base” rate of transcription Enhancer Distant control sequence on DNA binding of activator protein “enhanced “ (high level) rate of transcription
- 14. Model for enhancer action
- 16. Post - transcriptional control Alternative RNA splicing Variable processing of exons creates a family of protein
- 17. Regulation of mRNA degradation Life span of mRNA determines amount of protein mRNA can lost from hours to weeks
- 19. RNA interference Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) 1.short segment of RNA (21-28) (a) bind to mRNA (b) create section of double-stranded mRNA (c) “death” tag for mRNA (i) Triggers degradation of mRNA 2.cause gene “silencing” (a)post transcriptional control (b)Turn off gene=no protein produce
- 20. Action of siRNA
- 21. Control of translation Block initiation of translation stage Regulatory protein attach to 5’ end of mRNA (1) Prevent attach of ribosomal subunit & initiator tRNA (2) Block translation of mRNA to protein
- 22. Post - translational modification
- 23. Protein processing and degradation Protein processing Folding cleaving, adding sugar groups, targeting for transport Protein degradation Ubiquitin tagging Proteasome degradation
- 24. Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene regulations • Repetitive DNA • Coding and non coding gene • RNA polymerase • Transcription & translation site
- 25. Conclusions • Regulation of gene expression in eukaryote is complex than prokaryotes and requires many regulatory, transcriptional and translational factors. • The regulation can be seen at many stages – genomic , pre transcriptional, post transcriptional, pre translational and post translational levels.
- 26. References • Cell & molecular biology by- Gerald Karp • The cell ,fourth addition by- Geoffrey M. Cooper Robert E. Hausman • Gene expression first edition by- C.B.Powar • WWW.wikipidia.com.