related to sociology

2. CONCEPTIONS OF
CRIME AND DEVIANCE
PREPARED BY
UMAIR

3. CONCEPTIONS OF
CRIME AND DEVIANCE
All known human societies have norms
(i.e., generally accepted ways of doings
things) about appropriate behaviour
Deviance involves breaking a norm
Crime involves breaking a law

4. NORMS AND ENFORCEMENT
Norms
enforced in
two ways
FORMALLY INFORMALLY

5. NORMS AND ENFORCEMENT
At the formal level, norms are enforced with
laws regulated by a criminal justice system
that includes police, courts, prisons, etc.
At the informal level, norms may be enforced
with shaming, communal pressure, etc.

6. DEVIANCE
Deviance is a behaviour which does not comply
with the dominant norms of the specific
society.

7. CRIME
Crime is a behaviour that breaks the formal
written laws of a society. If someone commits
a crime they can be arrested, charged and
prosecuted. Actions can be illegal but not
deviant

8. ELEMENT OF CRIMES

9. ACTUS REUS and MENS REA
= two elements needed to prove that action
by accused is indeed a CRIME
ACTUS REUS = “guilty act/deed”
MENS REA = “guilty mind”
Without both proven, courts cannot find an
accused to be guilty of a crime

10. REASONS PEOPLE COMMIT CRIMES

11. REASONS PEOPLE COMMIT CRIMES

12. Types of Crime
Types of
Crime
Public
order
crime Crime
against
morality
Modern
crime
Property
crime
White
collar
crime
Corporate
crime
Organized
crime
Economic
crime

13. CORPORATE CRIMES
Large scale crimes based on companies . May
be comitted against employees, consumer the
general public or the environment

14. White collar crime
Middle class crime that is mainly invisible
which means many are not caught.
An example would be a fraud

15. Public-order crime
Gambling
Drug abuse
Drunkenness
Vagrancy
Disorderly conduct
Traffic violation

16. Public-order crime
Most of these crimes are often called
victimless crimes because they cause no harm
to anyone but the offenders themselves.

17. Organized crime
Groups may organize initially to carry on a
particular crime such as drug trafficking,
extortion, or prostitution.

18. Organized crime
Later they may seek to control this activity
within a given city or neighborhood,
destroying or absorbing the competition

19. Organized crime
Eventually they may expand to other types of
crime, protecting their members from arrest
though intimidation or bribery of public
officials.

20. Violent personal crime
This category of crime includes assault,
robbery, and the various types of homicide-
acts in which physical injury is inflicted or
threatened.

21. Property crime
Often unsophisticated in nature offenders lack
the skills of the professional criminals

22. Crimes against morality
 Bigamy: Marrying another person while once
spouse is still living
Incest: Two people either marry or have
sexual relation when they are so closely
related

23. Modern crimes

24. Economic crimes
Wide range of crimes that damage, or result in
loss of, another person’s property
Include
Crimes against property
White collar crimes

25. What causes crime

26. What causes crime

27. History of sociological theory
The field of sociology itself and sociological
theory by extension is relatively new
The oldest sociological theories deal with
broad historical processes related to
urbanization and industrialization
Since then, sociological theories have come to
encompass most aspects of society ,
including communities, organizations and
relationships

28. Three main sociological theories

29. The strain theory
The theory suggests that people engage in
criminal activity as a means to escape for the
strain of a bad experience
For example :
A person who is having financial difficulty may
engage in stealing to reduce their financial
problem

30. Cause – lead to criminal behavior
Failure to achieve certain goals such as respect,
money leads to criminality
For Example:
When a person is in a position that is causing
them strain, they will tend to feel bad, which in
turn will generate anxiety . This will then cause a
response that will result in criminal behavior.

31. Social learning theory
Social learning theory simply states people
learn through the observation of others.
These observations can be through other's
attitudes and behavior.
Criminals learn to engage in crime, simply
from learning such behavior from associating
with other criminals.

32. There are three methods in which an
individual discover criminal behavior

33. Social learning theory
A good example of such behavior would be a
juvenile in a poverty stricken neighborhood in
which he is exposed to drug dealing activities.
He sees the drug dealers flashing a lot of
money, driving fine cars and wearing the latest
gear. Selling drugs becomes desirable to him.
He began to sell drugs himself, which is
obviously criminal activity.

34. Self control theory
This theory basically states that people will
engage in any self-indulgent behavior simply
because it gratifies them.
Engaging in such behavior can result into
criminal activity.

35. Self control theory
For example :
A person who decides to steal a car to joy ride
in. This person is considered to be selfish and
steals simply for the sake of his/her own
pleasure.
Individuals who lack self-control will generally
be insensitive, impulsive, nonverbal risk-
takers.

36. conclusion
All of the three theories mentioned are capable
of utilizing cognitive restructuring as a means to
changing criminal thinking and preventing future
crimes.
Cognitive restructuring is a confirmed method
that can help correct criminal thinking . Using this
method, criminals can change their
unreasonable thoughts into a more practical
thought process