This document discusses various topics related to crime and deviance. It defines crime as behavior that breaks formal laws and deviance as behavior that does not comply with social norms. It discusses theories such as functionalist theories, which see deviance arising from structural tensions, and labeling theory, which argues that deviance is determined by the labels applied to people. Left realism and right realism are contrasted in their views of the causes of crime. Statistics on gender differences in crime rates and youth crime are presented. Different types of crimes like white-collar crime, organized crime, and cyber crime are also defined and examples are given.

1. Crime and Deviance
Janer, Kristoffer P.
Olaco, Clint Jerome
A206-A
Lyceum of the Philippines Manila

2. Crime
• Is a behavior that breaks the formal written
laws of a society. If someone commits a
crime they can be arrested, charged and
prosecuted. Actions can be illegal but not
deviant.

3. Deviance
• Is behavior which does not comply with
dominant norms of a specific society. It is
considered abnormal. Deviant behavior is
considered unacceptable but depending on the
context it may be viewed differently by some.

4. Legal Deviant
Anna, talkloudly on his
mobile phone while in the
library.
This is legally deviant
as she is not breaking
any law, she just
acting socially
unacceptable.

5. Illegal Deviant
A Man punched a
pregnant lady on the
face.
This is illegally deviant as
he committed an assault,
the fact that he punched a
pregnant lady also makes
the mater worse.

6. Functionalist theories
See crime and deviance resulting from structural
tensions and a lack of moral regulation within
society. If the aspirations held by individuals and
groups in society do not coincide with available
rewards, this disparity between desires and
fulfillment will be felt in the deviant motivations of
some of its members.

7. Functionalist theories
Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sociological_Theory/Structural_Functionalism

8. Labelling Theory
Labeling theory is the theory of how the self-
identity and behavior of individuals may be
determined or influenced by the terms used to
describe or classify them.

9. Labelling Theory
Is this unconventional dresser more likely to be labelled ‘deviant’ than the
bungee jumper?

10. Howard Becker
‘Deviant behaviour is behaviour that
people so label’

11. Howard Becker
"so cialg ro ups cre ate de viance by m aking rule s
who se infractio n cre ate s de viance , and by
applying those roles to particular people and
labeling them as outsiders. From this point of
view, deviance is no t a quality of the act the
person commits, but rather a consequence of
the application by other of rules and sanctions to
an 'offender.' The deviant is one to whom that
label has been successfully applied; deviant
behavior is behavior that people so label."
Source: Becker, H. 1963 (revised 1973). O utside rs. New York: Free Press

12. Labelling Theory

13. Labelling Theory

14. Left Realism
Idea to tackle the inadequacies of other
perspectives in explaining crime and to
counter the influence of Right Realism on
government policy.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/mattyp99/left-realism-26771714

15. Neo-Marxist Left Realism
The crime by the working classes is
understandable and is a political act – revenge
and redistribution of wealth.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/mattyp99/left-realism-26771714

16. Left Realism 3 Cause of Crime
Crime is the result of the interweaving of factors
which differ according to the type of crime.
Known as MULTIPE AETIOLOGY
AETIOLOGY is the word for search for causes of
crime.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/mattyp99/left-realism-26771714

17. 1. Relative Deprivation
Poverty will only
cause crime if
people feel deprived
in relation to other
groups. The feeling
of resentment is
more important than
the actual poverty.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/mattyp99/left-realism-26771714

18. 2. Subculture
If people feel they can’t
achieve mainstream goals
through blocked
opportunities subculture
are the collective solution.
Absorb American dream
and fulfill it with crime.
Working class Subculture –
the lifestyles chosen by
some to solve their
problems of living in a
capitalist society often
emphasize antagonism
towards the police and
authority in general.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/mattyp99/left-realism-26771714

19. 3. Marginalization
Poverty and
unemployment can
make people feel on
the margins.
Marginalized groups
are prone to use
violence and rioting
to express their
frustration because
they lack other
outlets.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/mattyp99/left-realism-26771714

20. Control Theories
Posits that the
crime occurs as a
result of an
imbalance
between
impulses towards
criminal activity
and the social or
physical controls
that deter it.
Left Realist accept that the way crime is
constructed may be the product of unequal power
relations in society, but emphasize its very real
and harmful effects, often for the very poorest
people and communities.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/mattyp99/left-realism-26771714

21. Travis Hirschi
has argued that humans are
fundamentally selfish beings who
make calculated decisions about
whether or not to engage in criminal
activity by weighing the potential
benefits and risks of doing so.

22. Travis Hirschi
In causes of Delinquency(1961), Hirschi claimed
that there are four types of bond which link
people to society and law-abiding behaviour:
Attachment, Commitment, involvement and
Belief. If these bonds with society are weak,
however, delinquency and deviance may result.

23. Travis Hirschi 4 types of Bonds

24. Travis Hirschi
Hirschi suggest that
delinquents are
often individuals
whose low levels of
self-control are a
result of
inadequate
socialization at
home or school
(Gottfredson and
Hirshi 1990)

25. Right Realism
Right Realism is an extreme of the functionalist approach,
and again accepts official statistics.
It considers the phenomenon of crime from the perspective
of Political Conservatism and asserts that it takes a more
realistic view of the causes of crime and deviance, and
identifies the best mechanism for its control.
The rise to power of Margaret Thatcher in Britain and
Ronald Reagan in the United States in the late 1970s led
to vigorous ‘LAW AND ORDER’
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Realism

26. Right Realist View
To Right Realist, deviance was portrayed as an
individual pathology – a set of destructive
lawless behaviours actively chosen and
perpetrated by individual selfishness, a lack of
self-control and morality.

27. Crime Statistics

28. Gender And Crime
Females have lower
arrest rates than
males for virtually all
crime categories
except prostitution.
Females have even
lower representation
than males do in
serious crime
categories.
Source: http://law.jrank.org/pages/1250/Gender-Crime-Differences-between-male-female-
offending-patterns.html
Women are more likely to commit
theft, usually from shops, than
violent crimes.

29. Gender and Crime
Males more likely to be
repeat offenders, to
have longer criminal
careers and commit
more serious crimes.
Males more likely to be
convicted of violence
or sexual offences.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/smccormac7/gender-and-crime-16584617?qid=bfe74ee2-c059-
4cae-8c5b-d5badcfb0311&v=default&b=&from_search=1

30. Male and Female Crime Rates

31. Male and Female Crime Rates

32. Youth and Crime
Popular fear about crime centres on offences such
as theft, burglary, assault and rape – ‘street
crimes’ that are largely seen as the domain of
young working-class males.

33. Youth and Crime

34. Youth and Crime

35. Youth and Crime
A 2003 survey of more than
10,000 school children aged
between eleven and fifteen
for the Department of Health
revealed that 9% were
regular smokers 25% had
drunk alcohol, 21% had
taken drugs, 4% used ‘Class
A’ drugs, such as cocaine
and heroin.

36. White Collar Crime
Crime that is carried out by
those in the more affluent
sectors of society. The
term covers many types of
criminal activity, including
Tax frauds, Illegal sales
practices, securities and
land frauds,
embezzlement, the sale of
dangerous products as well
as straightforward theft.

37. Corporate Crime
Describe the types of
offence which are
committed by large
corporation in society,
Pollution, mislabeling
and violations of health
and safety regulations.

38. Organized Crime
Refers to forms of
activity that have
many of the
characteristics of
orthodox business,
but are illegal.
Organized crime
embraces smuggling,
illegal gambling, the
drug trade,
prostitution, large-
scale theft and
protection rackets,
among other
activities.
Drug trafficking

39. Cyber Crime
Criminal acts committed that involves a computer
and a network.
Computer crime encompasses a broad range of
activities.

40. Cyber Crime example
September 22, 2014,
‘LulzSec Pilipinas
and Phantom
Hackers.PH’ greeted
Aegis Malaysia in a
seemingly innocent
Facebook post.
Source:http://kickerdaily.com/pinoy-hackers-hit-aegis-global-website-sensitive-information-leaked/

41. The hackers were able to enter the
website’s database last
Wednesday, September 24,
reports ‘2ngaw’. A message
was posted on the site, to serve
both as warning and challenge
against the Aegis.
The Hackers were, according
to reports, able to get the
source code, gleefully posting
their progress on Facebook.
Source:http://kickerdaily.com/pinoy-hackers-hit-aegis-global-website-sensitive-information-leaked/

42. Close to midnight Aegis
Malaysia Private Files
were available for
download on ‘LulzSec
Pilipinas’ website.
The download was later
spread on other
downloading websites.
Source:http://kickerdaily.com/pinoy-hackers-hit-aegis-global-website-sensitive-information-leaked/

43. September 25 it
appeared that the
hackers’ site
(lulzsec.com) was
seized by ICE –
Homeland Security
Investigations of the
US.
Source:http://kickerdaily.com/pinoy-hackers-hit-aegis-global-website-sensitive-information-leaked/

44. Sources
General Sociology 5th
edition (2006)
Chapter 19: Crime and Deviance
By: Anthony Giddens
Internet Sources are included bellow.