The document discusses the basics of CPU organization and behavior. It explains that the CPU transfers instructions and data between registers and main memory, executes instructions sequentially unless branching occurs, and transfers output data back to memory. It also describes user and supervisor modes, with user programs running applications and supervisor programs managing system routines. The accumulator-based CPU design is shown, including its instruction decoder, arithmetic logic unit, and program control unit. The document provides examples of instruction sets and types.

1. Processor Basics
Prof. Anish Goel

2. CPU Organization
 Fundamentals
 CPU transfers instructions and when necessary, their
input data from main memory to its registers.
 CPU executes the instructions in their stored sequence
except when execution sequence is explicitly altered by
branching instructions.
 When necessary, the CPU transfers the output data from
its registers to the main memory.
Prof. Anish Goel

3. External Communication
Prof. Anish Goel

4. User and Supervisor Modes
 The programs executed by GP computer falls into
two broad groups:
 User Programs
 Supervisor Programs.
 A user program is an application program.
 A supervisor program manages the various routine
aspects of the computer system on behalf of its
users.
 It’s a part of computers operating system.
 The CPU continuously switches between a user
program and a supervisor program.
 Interrupt is one such factor causing the switching
from one mode to another.
Prof. Anish Goel

5. Overview of CPU Behaviour
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6. Accumulator Based CPU
Instruction Decoder
IR AR PC
DR AC
System Bus
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Data Processing
Unit
Program
control
unit
Control Signals
To Memory and IO
devices
Prof. Anish Goel

7. Instruction Set
Prof. Anish Goel
Type Instruction HDL Format Assembly
Format
Narrative
Format
Data Transfer Load AC:=M(X) LD X Load F from
M into AC
Store M(X):=AC ST X Store
contents of
AC in M as X
Move Reg. DR:=AC MOV DR,AC Copy contents
of AC to DR
Move Reg. AC:=DR MOV AC,RD Copy contents
of DR to AC

8. Instruction Set
Prof. Anish Goel
Type Instruction HDL Format Assembly
Format
Narrative
Format
Data
Processing
Add AC:=AC+DR ADD Add DR to AC
Subtract AC:=AC-DR SUB Subtract DR
from AC
And AC:= AC and
DR
AND And bitwise
DR to AC
Not AC:=Not(AC) NOT Complement
the contents
of AC

9. Instruction Set
Prof. Anish Goel
Type Instruction HDL Format Assembly
Format
Narrative
Format
Program
Control
Branch PC:=M(adr) BRA Adr Jump to
Instruction
with address
adr
Branch Zero If AC = 0 then
PC:= M(adr)
BZ adr Jump to
instruction
address adr if
AC = 0

10. Instructions
 X1 : = fi(X1,X2);
 X1 and X2 denotes CPU registers (AC, DR or PC)
 IR.AR := M(PC);
 IR := op, AR := adr
 Load store instructions
 AC := M(adr);
 M(adr) := AC;
Prof. Anish Goel

11. Additional Features
 Architecture extensions
 Multipurpose register set for storing data and addresses.
 Additional data, instruction, and address types.
 Register to indicate computation status.
 Program control stack.
 Pipelining.
Prof. Anish Goel

12. CPU with general register organization
Data
Registe
r
ALU
DPU
PCU
Registe
r File
Status
Registe
r
System Bus
Address
Register
Instruction Register
Address
Generation
Logic
Control Circuits
Program Counter
Stack Pointer
To Memory and IO
devices
Prof. Anish Goel

13. Instruction Pipeline
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14. ALU Design
Prof. Anish Goel
 The various circuits used to execute data-processing
instructions are usually combined in a single circuit
called ALU.
 The complexity of an ALU is determined by the way
in which its arithmetic instructions are realized.
 Simple ALUs that perform fixed-point addition and
subtraction as well as word-based logic operation
can be realized by combinational circuits.
 More extensive data processing and control logic is
necessary to implement floating point arithmetic in
hardware.

15. Combinational ALU: basic n-bit ALU
Prof. Anish Goel
N-bit
logic unit
N-bit
Adder-
Subtracte
r
2 way n-bit
multiplexer
X
Y
Data in
Data OutZ
Mode MCarry InSelect S
Flags