This document provides an overview of the UNIX operating system, including its history, features, basic structure, and commands. UNIX was created in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Labs and has undergone several revisions. It is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system that runs on various hardware platforms. The kernel allocates resources and the shell acts as the interface between the user and kernel. Common UNIX commands allow users to navigate the file system, view and edit files, and manage the operating system.
It is a Unix like operating system.
It can run on 32 bit and 64 bit hardware.
Linux OS, is a freely distributable, cross-platform
Supports multiple processors.
True multi-tasking, multi-user OS.
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
It is a simple powerpoint presentation on Linux Operating System of its brief and simplified introduction of this Operating System.
This is based on Ubuntu version of Linux.
This ppt contains basic commands of UNIX operating system. This ppt is prepared by Dr. Rajiv Srivastava who is a director of SIRT, Bhopal which is a Best Engineering College in Central. India
It is a Unix like operating system.
It can run on 32 bit and 64 bit hardware.
Linux OS, is a freely distributable, cross-platform
Supports multiple processors.
True multi-tasking, multi-user OS.
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
It is a simple powerpoint presentation on Linux Operating System of its brief and simplified introduction of this Operating System.
This is based on Ubuntu version of Linux.
This ppt contains basic commands of UNIX operating system. This ppt is prepared by Dr. Rajiv Srivastava who is a director of SIRT, Bhopal which is a Best Engineering College in Central. India
This slide explores the basics of UNIX operating system - What's UNIX? What are different types of UNIX OS? What is difference between UNIX and Linux? and much more..
differences between unix and linux:
Some people think Unix and Linux as synonyms, but that's not true. Many operating systems were developed to be like Unix but none of them got the popularity as Linux. Linux is the clone of Unix. It has several features similar to Unix, still have some key differences let us see in the presentation..
This ppt discusses the history of both the operating systems & compares both of them in terms of Kernel, memory management, GUI and application support.
Here, you can learn all information about Shell Script.
1. What is Shell Script?
2. Types of Shell Script.
3. Use of Shell Script.
4. Command line of Shell Script.
5. Example of Shell Script.
This slide explores the basics of UNIX operating system - What's UNIX? What are different types of UNIX OS? What is difference between UNIX and Linux? and much more..
differences between unix and linux:
Some people think Unix and Linux as synonyms, but that's not true. Many operating systems were developed to be like Unix but none of them got the popularity as Linux. Linux is the clone of Unix. It has several features similar to Unix, still have some key differences let us see in the presentation..
This ppt discusses the history of both the operating systems & compares both of them in terms of Kernel, memory management, GUI and application support.
Here, you can learn all information about Shell Script.
1. What is Shell Script?
2. Types of Shell Script.
3. Use of Shell Script.
4. Command line of Shell Script.
5. Example of Shell Script.
Basic of and Unix and Command. More presentation you can find on www.scmGalaxy.com.
scmGalaxy.com is dedicated to software configuration, build and Release management. This covers CVS, VSS (Visual Source Safe),Perforce, SVN(Subversion) MKS Integrity, ClearCase,TFS,CM Synergy, Best Practices ,AnthillPro, Apache Ant, Maven, Bamboo, Cruise Control and many more tools.
I Am Linux-Introductory Module on LinuxSagar Kumar
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User and Operating-System Interface We mentioned earlier that there ar.docxStewartyUMGlovern
User and Operating-System Interface We mentioned earlier that there are several ways for users to interface with the operating system. Here, we discuss two fundamental approaches. One provides a command-line interface, or command interpreter, that allows users to directly enter commands to be performed by the operating system. The other allows users to interface with the operating system via a graphical user interface, or GUI. 2.2.1 Command Interpreters Some operating systems include the command interpreter in the kernel. Others, such as Windows and UNIX, treat the command interpreter as a special program that is running when a job is initiated or when a user first logs on (on interactive systems). On systems with multiple command interpreters to choose from, the interpreters are known as shells. For example, on UNIX and Linux systems, a user may choose among several different shells, including the Bourne shell, C shell, Bourne-Again shell, Korn shell, and others. Third-party shells and free user-written shells are also available. Most shells provide similar functionality, and a user's choice of which shell to use is generally based on personal preference. Figure 2.2 shows the Bourne shell command interpreter being used on Solaris 10. The main function of the command interpreter is to get and execute the next user-specified command. Many of the commands given at this level manipulate files: create, delete, list, print, copy, execute, and so on. The MS-DOS and UNIX shells operate in this way. These commands can be implemented in two general ways. In one approach, the command interpreter itself contains the code to execute the command. For example, a command to delete a file may cause the command interpreter to jump to a section of its code that sets up the parameters and makes the appropriate system call. In this case, the number of commands that can be given determines the size of the command interpreter, since each command requires its own implementing code. An alternative approach - used by UNIX, among other operating systems - implements most commands through system programs. In this case, the command interpreter does not understand the command in any way; it merely uses the command to identify a file to be loaded into memory and executed. Thus, the UNIX command to delete a file rm file.txt would search for a file called rm, load the file into memory, and execute it with the parameter f i l e . t x t . The function associated with the rm command would 2.2 User and Operating-System Interface 59 Figure 2.2 The Bourne shell command interpreter in Solrais 10. be defined completely by the code in the file rm. In this way, programmers can add new commands to the system easily by creating new files with the proper names. The command-interpreter program, which can be small, does not have to be changed for new commands to be added. 2.2.2 Graphical User Interfaces A second strategy for interfacing with the operating system is through a userfriendly .
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
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Speakers:
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
2. • What is UNIX.
• History of UNIX.
• Why we use UNIX.
• Features of UNIX.
• Basic Structure of UNIX.
• Accessing a UNIX system.
• Advantages & Disadvantages of UNIX.
• Difference between UNIX & DOS.
• UNIX Commands-Internal & External.
3. UNIX is an operating system.
An operating system is the program that controls all the
other parts of a computer system, both the hardware and the
software. It allocates the computer‟s resources and schedules
tasks. It allows us to make use of the facilities provided by the
system. Every computer requires an operating system.
4. The first version of UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing
System) was created in 1969 by Kenneth Thompson and
Dennis Ritchie, system engineers at AT&T's Bell Labs.And in summer
1969 UNIX was developed.
In 1973 they rewrote the Unix kernel in C to make operating system
“portable” to other computers systems.
In 1977 it released the first Berkeley Software Distribution, which became
known as BSD.
The 1978 release of Version 7 included the Bourne Shell for the first time.
By 1983 commercial interest was growing and Sun Microsystems produced
a UNIX workstation. System V appeared, directly descended from the
original AT&T UNIX and the prototype of the more widely used variant
today.
UNIX released Ten editions between 1971-1989.
5. One of the biggest reasons for using Unix is networking
capability.
Unix is ideal for such things as world wide e-mail and
connecting to the Internet.
Because Unix was developed different people with
different needs it has grown to an operating system that is
both flexible and easy to adapt for specific needs.
Unix is more secure than Windows.
6. UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system.
Multiple users may have multiple tasks running
simultaneously.
UNIX is a machine independent operating system.
Not specific to just one type of computer hardware.
Designed from the beginning to be independent of the
computer hardware.
UNIX is a software development environment. Was born in
and designed to function within this type of environment.
7.
8. THE KERNEL
The Kernel of UNIX is the hub of the
operating system.
It allocates time and memory to
programs and handles the file store and
communications in response to system
calls.
9. The SHELL
The shell acts as an interface between the user
and the kernel . When a user logs in, the login
programs checks the username and password, and
then starts another program called the shell. The shell
is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the
commands the user types in and arranges for them to
be carried out. The commands are themselves
programs: When they terminate, the shell gives the
user another prompt (%,on our systems).
10. BOURNE SHELL(Sh)
This is the original UNIX shell written by Steve
Bourne of Bell Labs. It is available on all UNIX
systems.
This shell does not have the interactive facilities
provided by modern shells such as the C shell
and Korn shell. The Bourne shell does provide
an easy to use language with which you can
write shell scripts.
11. There are many ways that we can access a UNIX system. The
main mode of access to UNIX machine is through a terminal,
which usually includes a keyboard , and a video monitor. For
each terminal connected to the UNIX system, the Kernel runs a
process called a tty that accepts input from the terminal, and
sends output to the terminal. Tty processes are general
programs, and must be told the capabilities of the terminal in
order to correctly read form, and write to, the terminal. If the
tty process receives incorrect information about the terminal
type, unexpected results can occur.
12. CONSOLE
Every UNIX system has a main console that is
connected directly to the machine. The console is a
special type of terminal that is recognized when the
system is started. Some UNIX system operations
must be performed at the console. Typically, the
Console is only accessible by the system operators,
and administrators.
13. LOGGING IN
Logging in to a UNIX system requires two pieces of information:
A user name, and a password. When we sit down for a UNIX
session, we are given a login prompt that looks like this-
login:
Type your username at the login prompt, and press the return key.
The system will then ask you for your password. When you type
your password, the screen will not display what you type.
14. LOGGING OUT
When we are ready to quit, type the command exit.
Before we leave our terminal, make sure that we see the
login prompt, indicating that we have successfully logged
out. If we have left any unresolved processes, the UNIX
system will require us to resolve them before it will let us
log out. Some shells will recognize other commands to log
you out, like “logout” or even “bye”.
15. Full multitasking with protected memory. Multiple users can run
multiple programs each at the same time without interfering with
each other or crashing the system.
Very efficient virtual memory, so many programs can run with a
modest amount of physical memory.
Access controls and security. All users must be authenticated by a
valid account and password to use the system at all. All files are
owned by particular accounts. The owner can decide whether others
have read or write access to his files.
Available on a wide variety of machines - the most truly portable
operating system.
Ability to string commands and utilities together in unlimited ways
to accomplish more complicated tasks.
16. The traditional command line shell interface is user hostile designed
for the programmer, not the casual user.
Commands often have cryptic names and give very little response to
tell the user what they are doing. Much use of special keyboard
characters - little typos have unexpected results.
To use Unix well, we need to understand some of the main design
features. Its power comes from knowing how to make commands
and programs interact with each other, not just from treating each as
a fixed black box.
17. UNIX
•UNIX can have a GUI.
•UNIX is more secure.
•UNIX is multitasking.
•UNIX is case sensitive.
•UNIX uses forward slashes.
•UNIX is mainly used in servers.
DOS
•DOS cannot have a GUI.
•DOS in not more secure.
•DOS is not multitasking.
•DOS is not case sensitive.
•DOS is backward slashes.
•DOS is used in embedded
systems.
18. To ... UNIX MS-DOS
display list of files ls OR ls -l dir/w dir
display contents of file cat type
display file with pauses more type <filename> | more
copy file cp copy
find string in file grep OR fgrep find
compare files diff comp
rename file mv rename OR ren
delete file rm erase OR del
delete directory rmdir rmdir OR rd
change file protection chmod attrib
create directory mkdir mkdir OR md
change working directory cd chdir OR cd
get help man OR apropos help
display date and time date date, time
display free disk space df chkdsk
print file lpr print
display print queue lpq print
19. A command is an instruction given by a user telling
a computer to do something, such as run a single program or
a group of linked programs. Commands are generally issued
by typing them in at the command line (i.e., the all-text display
mode) and then pressing the ENTER key, which passes them
to the shell.
• TYPES OF UNIX COMMANDS
i. Internal Commands.
ii. External Commands.
20. I. INTERNAL COMMAND
These are the frequently used commands and are inbuilt into the
shell. These commands are loaded at the time of booting.The shell
has a whole set of internal commands that can be strung together as
a language(known as shell programs). The shell doesn‟t start a
separate process to run internal commands.
For example : „mkdir‟ is an internal command so when we type
„mkdir‟ , the shell won‟t look in its PATH to locate it.Rather it will
execute it from its own set of built in commands that are not stored
as seperate files.
21. II. EXTERNAL COMMAND
These commands are stored as a seperate program. A
command with an independent existence in the form of a
separate file is called an external command.
For example: programs for the commands such as ‟cat‟ and ‟ls‟
exist independently in a directory called the /bin directory. When
such commands are given, the shell reaches these command files
with the help of a system variable called the PATH variable and
executes them. Most of the Unix commands are external
commands.
22. mkdir
This command is used to create a directory.
% mkdir MBA(FT) I
cd (change directory)
The command cd directory means change the current working
directory to new directory.
% cd MBA(FT) I
23. cp (copy)
cp file1 file2 is the command which makes a copy of file1 in the current
working directory and calls it file2.
% cp [options] <source> <destination>
% cp file1 file2
% cp file1 [file2] … /directory
mv (move)
mv file1 file2 moves file1 to file2. To move a file from one place to another,
use the mv command. This has the effect of moving rather than copying the file, so
we end up with only one file rather than two.
% mv <source> <destination>
– The <source> gets removed
% mv file1 dir/
% mv file1 file2
24. rm (remove)
To delete (remove) a file, we use the rm command.
We should enter this command with the -i option, so that we
will be asked to confirm each file deletion. To remove a file
named MBA(FT) I, enter:
rm –i MBA(FT) I
25. cat (concatenate)
The command ‘cat’ can be used to display the contents of a file
on the screen. Type:
% cat science.txt
head
The „head’ command writes the first ten lines of a file to the
screen.
First clear the screen then type
% head science.txt
26. tail
This command shows the bottom N lines of one or more
text files.
tail -# file [file ...]
more
Shows the contents of one or more text files
interactively. Have a lot of viewing options and search
capability.
more file [file ...]
27. grep
shows lines in one or more text files that match a
given regular expression.
grep regular-expression file [file ...]