The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
I am working as a Assistant Professor in ITS, Ghaziabad. This is very useful to U.P.Technical University,Uttrakhand Technical University students. Give feedback to friendly_rakesh2003@yahoo.co.in
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
I am working as a Assistant Professor in ITS, Ghaziabad. This is very useful to U.P.Technical University,Uttrakhand Technical University students. Give feedback to friendly_rakesh2003@yahoo.co.in
Micro operations
Fetch, Indirect, Interrupt, Execute, Instruction Cycle
Control Unit
Hardwired Control Unit
Microprogrammed Control Unit
Wilkie's Microprogrammed Control Unit
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
MICROPROGRAMMED
-> CONTROL UNIT IMPLEMENTATION
-> What Is Control Unit ??
-> Hardwire
-> Microprogrammed
-> Hardwire Vs Microprogrammed
-> Microprogrammed Control Unit
-> Micro-Operations
-> Control Memory
-> Microprogrammed Control Organization
-> Microprogram Routines
-> Conditional Branching
-> Mapping Of Instruction
-> Address Sequencing
-> Micro-Program Example
-> Micro-Instruction Format
-> Microinstruction Fields
-> Symbolic Microinstruction
Micro operations
Fetch, Indirect, Interrupt, Execute, Instruction Cycle
Control Unit
Hardwired Control Unit
Microprogrammed Control Unit
Wilkie's Microprogrammed Control Unit
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
MICROPROGRAMMED
-> CONTROL UNIT IMPLEMENTATION
-> What Is Control Unit ??
-> Hardwire
-> Microprogrammed
-> Hardwire Vs Microprogrammed
-> Microprogrammed Control Unit
-> Micro-Operations
-> Control Memory
-> Microprogrammed Control Organization
-> Microprogram Routines
-> Conditional Branching
-> Mapping Of Instruction
-> Address Sequencing
-> Micro-Program Example
-> Micro-Instruction Format
-> Microinstruction Fields
-> Symbolic Microinstruction
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Processor Organization ( 1 )
• The aims of the processor are to
– Fetching an instruction from memory
(through the bus);
– Fetch the instruction (fetch);
– Fetch the instruction (fetch);
– Execute the instruction (execute);
– identify the next instruction ready to be
fetched and executed
3. Processor Organization ( 2 )
• The three components of the processor :
(1) The Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
• Made up of circuits that perform the arithmetic and logical
execution within the processor.
execution within the processor.
• It has no internal storage.
(2) The Control Unit (CU)
• It contains circuits that direct and coordinate proper
sequence, interpret each instruction and apply the proper
signals to the ALU and registers.
4. Processor Organization ( 3 )
(3) The Registers
• Registers are high speed temporary data storage area
within the processor to support execution activities.
• Both instructions or data can be stored in registers for
processing by the ALU.
• All processors have a certain number of registers, the
exact number varies between different CPUs.
5. Processor Organization ( 4 )
• The advantages of using registers:
– Reducing instruction (program) length
• Memory address usually requires many bits,
referencing registers requires only a few bits.
– Cutting down execution time
• Using register in complex expressions and storing
results instead of writing back to memory, the number
of CPU clock cycle (time) can be reduced.
6. Processor Organization ( 5 )
– Ease of programming
• In processing a block of data consecutively in memory, one
can store starting address of block in register. To retrieve
can store starting address of block in register. To retrieve
data item, one can simply increment the address in register,
corresponding to consecutive data in data block. In doing so,
fewer number of instructions are needed.
7. Types of Registers ( 1 )
– Instruction Register (IR)
• It holds the instruction that is currently being executed.
• Its output is available to the control unit which
•
generated the timing signals that control the various
processing elements involved in executing the
instruction.
8. Types of Registers ( 2 )
– Program Counter (PC)
• It holds the address of the instruction to be fetched and
executed.
• During the execution of an instruction, its contents are
• During the execution of an instruction, its contents are
updated to point to the next instruction to be executed.
– Stack Pointer (SP)
• It contains the address of a section of memory known
as stack which may be used for temporary storage of
data or addresses.
9. Types of Registers ( 3 )
– Memory Address Register (MAR)
• It holds the address in memory to or from which data are
to be transferred.
to be transferred.
– Memory Data Register (MDR)
• It contains the data to be written into or read out of the
addressed memory location.
10. Types of Registers ( 4 )
– Status Register (SR) / Conditional Code Register
(CCR) / Status Flags
• A register with individual bits (flags) to indicate condition of
the processor as a result of an arithmetic/logical operations.
• Common status flags:
• Common status flags:
– Carry (C)
– Positive result (P)
– Zero result (Z)
– Negative result (N)
– arithmetic oVerflow (V)
11. Program Execution
Fetch and Execute Cycle (1)
• A sequence of instructions (program) to be executed by a
computer are first loaded into consecutive memory locations
through the input unit.
• Execution of the program starts when the Program Counter
• Execution of the program starts when the Program Counter
(PC) is set to point to the first instruction.
• The CPU fetches one instruction at a time and performs the
specified operation.
• The CPU must keep track of the memory address of the next
instruction by the PC.
• The cycle is repeated for the next instruction.
12. Fetch and Execute Cycle (2)
• The processor executes a program in memory is equivalent to
execute the program in a series of fetch/execute operations for
individual instruction as :
– (i) At the start of the instruction, the PC contains the address of the
– (i) At the start of the instruction, the PC contains the address of the
instruction to be executed.
– (ii) Fetch the instruction pointed to by the PC from memory into
Instruction Register (IR).
– (iii) Update PC to point to the following instruction.
– (iv) Decode the instruction by the control unit (CU).
Fetch phase ends here.
13. Fetch and Execute Cycle (3)
– (v) If the instruction uses data in memory, determine where they are.
– (vi) Fetch data, if any, into registers.
• (it may be necessary to repeat fetching data,
depending on the instruction)
depending on the instruction)
– (vii) Execute the instruction.
– (viii) Store the results in place as specified by the instruction.
– (ix) Go to (i) and execute next instruction.
14. Fetch and Execute Cycle (4)
• The fetch cycle (to fetch & decode instruction)
is the same for all types of instructions
• The execute cycle is determined by the
• The execute cycle is determined by the
instruction fetched from memory in the fetch
cycle.
15. Single Bus
Organization
inside a
Processor ( 1 )
lines
Data
Address
lines
bus
Memory
PC
MAR
MDR
Y
bus
IR
Control signals
Instruction
decoder and
Internal processor
control logic
Single-bus organization
Carry-in
ALU
Y
Z
Add
XOR
Sub
TEMP
R0
control
ALU
lines
R n 1
-
( )
A B
MUX
Select
Constant 4
Single-bus organization
General-
purpose
registers
16. Single Bus
Organization ( 2 )
• The data and address lines of the external memory bus are
connected to the internal processor bus via the memory data
register, MDR, and the memory address register, MAR,
respectively.
respectively.
• The MUX selects either the output of register Y or a constant
value 4 (it is assumed that each instruction is 4 bytes and this
constant is used to increment the contents of the PC) to be
provided as input A of the ALU.
17. Single Bus Organization ( 3 )
Functions of the CPU
• Most of the operations needed to execute an instruction can
be carried out by performing the following functions in some
specified sequence.
– Transfer a word of data from one register to another or to the ALU.
– Perform an arithmetic or logic operation and store the result in a
register.
– Fetch the contents of a given memory location and load them into a
register.
– Store a word of data from a register into a given memory location.
18. Single Bus Organization ( 4 )
Register Transfers
• To transfer the contents of R1 to R4,
the following actions are needed.
– Enable the output of R1 by setting R1out
to 1. This places the contents of R1 on
Riin
Ri
bus
Internal processor
to 1. This places the contents of R1 on
the CPU bus.
– Enable the input of R4 by setting R4in to
1. This loads data from the CPU bus
into register R4.
Riout
19. Single Bus Organization ( 5 )
Performing Operation
• To add the contents of R1 to that of R2
and store the result in R3 may be as
follows. (Names are given for those signals to
be activated.)
Yin
Y
Riin
Ri
Riout
bus
Internal processor
Constant 4
be activated.)
– 1. R1out, Yin
– 2. R2out, SelectY, Add, Zin
– 3. Zout, R3in
B
A
Z
ALU
Zin
Zout
Constant 4
MUX
Select
20. Single Bus Organization ( 6 )
Fetching from Memory
• To load the data pointed by R1 into R2.
• Assume that MARout is enabled all the time.
R1 , MAR , Read
Memory-b us
data lines
Internal processor
bus
MDR
MDR
– R1out, MARin, Read
– MDRinE, WMFC
– MDRout, R2in
MDR
data lines bus
MDRout
MDRout E
MDRin
MDRinE
21. Single Bus Organization ( 7 )
Fetching from Memory
• During memory Read and Write operations, the timing must
be coordinated with the (different) response of the addressed
device on the memory bus.
• The WMFC (Wait for Memory-Function-Completed) signal
•
causes the processor waits for the arrival of the MFC signal.
• The MFC signal is set by the addressed device when the
contents of the specified location have been read and are
available on the data lines of the memory bus.
22. Single Bus Organization ( 8 )
Storing in Memory
• To store the contents of R2 into the memory location specified
by R1.
– R1out, MARin
– R2 , MDR , Write
– R2out, MDRin, Write
– MDRoutE, WMFC
23. Execution of a Complete Instruction
Step Action
1 PCout, MARin , Read,Select4,
Add, Zin
2 Zout, PCin , Yin , WMFC
Data
Address
lines
bus
Memory
PC
MAR
MDR
bus
Control signals
Instruction
decoder and
Internal processor
control logic
Add (R3), R1
3 MDRout, IRin
4 R3
out , MARin , Read
5 R1
out , Yin , WMFC
6 MDRout, SelectY,
Add, Zin
7 Zout, R1in , End
lines
Data
Carry-in
ALU
Y
Z
Add
XOR
Sub
IR
TEMP
R0
control
ALU
lines
R n 1
-
( )
A B
MUX
Select
Constant 4
24. Execution of Branch Instructions
• A branch instruction replaces the contents of
PC with the branch target address, which is
usually obtained by adding an offset X given in
the branch instruction.
the branch instruction.
• The offset X is usually the difference between
the branch target address and the address
immediately following the branch instruction.
• Conditional branch
25. Execution of Unconditional Branch
Instruction
Step Action
1 PCout , MAR in , Read, Select4,Add, Zin
2 Zout, PCin , WMFC
3 MDRout , IRin
4 Offset-field-of-IR
out, Add, Zin
5 Zout, PCin , End
Control sequence for an unconditional branch instruction.
26. Execution of Conditional Branch
Instruction – Branch on Negative (BN)
Step Action
1 PCout , MAR in , Read, Select4,Add, Zin
2 Zout, PCin , WMFC
3 MDRout , IRin
4 Offset-field-of-IR
out, Add, Zin
5 Zout, PCin , End
Control sequence for an conditional branch instruction.
, If N=0, End
27. Multiple-Bus Organization
Bus A Bus B Bus C
PC
Re
gister
file
Constant 4
Incrementer
Memory b
us
data lines
Instruction
decoder
ALU
MDR
A
B
R
MUX
Address
lines
MAR
IR
28. Multiple-Bus Organization
• Add R4, R5, R6
Step Action
1 PCout, R=B, MAR in , Read, IncPC
1 PCout, R=B, MAR in , Read, IncPC
2 WMFC
3 MDRoutB, R=B, IRin
4 R4outA, R5outB, SelectA, Add, R6in, End
Control sequence for the instruction. Add R4,R5,R6,
for the three-bus organization