A computer system consists of a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices connected via buses. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform calculations, registers to store data and instructions, a control unit to coordinate operations, and a program counter. The memory stores programs and data and comes in read-only (ROM) and random-access (RAM) varieties. Early microprocessors evolved from 4-bit to 64-bit designs and introduced features like accumulators, condition code registers, and stack pointers. Common 8-bit microprocessors included the Intel 8085 and Zilog Z80, while early 16-bit processors included the Intel 8086 and Motorola 6800.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors, including:
- The basic components of a computer system using block diagrams including the CPU, memory, and input/output units.
- The evolution of microprocessor sizes from 4 to 64 bytes and data sizes such as nibble, byte, word, and longword.
- The internal structure and basic operation of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, register sets, accumulator, condition code register, program counter, and stack pointer.
- Examples of microprocessors such as the Intel 8086, Motorola 6800, and Zilog Z80.
A microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer system. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logic operations, a control unit that controls the flow of data and coordinates other units, and register sets that temporarily store data. It communicates with memory and input/output devices via buses. Early microprocessors had 4-bit, 8-bit, then increasingly larger data widths up to today's 64-bit designs. Common microprocessors include the 8085 and 8086 from the 1970s-80s era.
The document provides an introduction to microprocessors, including:
1. The basic components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, and input/output units.
2. The evolution of microprocessors from 4-bit to 64-bit sizes.
3. An overview of the internal structure of a microprocessor, including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, register sets, accumulator, program counter, and condition code register.
4. A description of the bus system including the data bus, address bus, and control bus that allow communication between the microprocessor and other computer components.
The document provides an introduction to microprocessors, including:
- The basic components of a computer system using block diagrams including the CPU, memory, and input/output units.
- The evolution of microprocessors from 4 to 64 bytes.
- The internal structure and basic operation of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, register sets, accumulator, condition code register, program counter, and stack pointer.
- Examples of microprocessors such as the Intel 8085 and 8086.
The document discusses the basic internal structure and operation of a microprocessor. It describes the main components including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, register set, accumulator, condition code register, program counter, stack pointer, and bus systems. The control unit coordinates the other components to execute instructions. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on data from the registers and memory. Example microprocessors discussed include the Intel 8085 and MIPS.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors, including what they are, their basic components and functions. It discusses how a microprocessor:
- Acts as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to provide computational control
- Can be programmed to perform functions on data by writing instructions into its memory
- Has components like an arithmetic logic unit, registers, cache memory and bus interfaces to transfer data and addresses
This document provides an overview of the 8085 microprocessor architecture and programming. It describes the internal architecture including the control unit, ALU, registers, flags, program counter, and stack pointer. It then discusses the 8085 system bus including the address bus, data bus, and control bus. Next, it lists the pin descriptions of the 8085 microprocessor and provides a functional description. Finally, it briefly mentions the status information available from the 8085.
Here are the steps to determine the status of the C, H, and Z flags after adding 0x38 and 0x2F:
1. 0x38 + 0x2F = 0x67
2. The addition does not generate a carry, so the C flag remains unset.
3. The addition results in a half carry, so the H flag is set.
4. The result 0x67 is non-zero, so the Z flag is unset.
Therefore, after adding 0x38 and 0x2F, the status flags would be:
C flag = 0
H flag = 1
Z flag = 0
The document provides an overview of microprocessors, including:
- The basic components of a computer system using block diagrams including the CPU, memory, and input/output units.
- The evolution of microprocessor sizes from 4 to 64 bytes and data sizes such as nibble, byte, word, and longword.
- The internal structure and basic operation of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, register sets, accumulator, condition code register, program counter, and stack pointer.
- Examples of microprocessors such as the Intel 8086, Motorola 6800, and Zilog Z80.
A microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer system. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logic operations, a control unit that controls the flow of data and coordinates other units, and register sets that temporarily store data. It communicates with memory and input/output devices via buses. Early microprocessors had 4-bit, 8-bit, then increasingly larger data widths up to today's 64-bit designs. Common microprocessors include the 8085 and 8086 from the 1970s-80s era.
The document provides an introduction to microprocessors, including:
1. The basic components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, and input/output units.
2. The evolution of microprocessors from 4-bit to 64-bit sizes.
3. An overview of the internal structure of a microprocessor, including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, register sets, accumulator, program counter, and condition code register.
4. A description of the bus system including the data bus, address bus, and control bus that allow communication between the microprocessor and other computer components.
The document provides an introduction to microprocessors, including:
- The basic components of a computer system using block diagrams including the CPU, memory, and input/output units.
- The evolution of microprocessors from 4 to 64 bytes.
- The internal structure and basic operation of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, register sets, accumulator, condition code register, program counter, and stack pointer.
- Examples of microprocessors such as the Intel 8085 and 8086.
The document discusses the basic internal structure and operation of a microprocessor. It describes the main components including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, register set, accumulator, condition code register, program counter, stack pointer, and bus systems. The control unit coordinates the other components to execute instructions. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on data from the registers and memory. Example microprocessors discussed include the Intel 8085 and MIPS.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors, including what they are, their basic components and functions. It discusses how a microprocessor:
- Acts as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to provide computational control
- Can be programmed to perform functions on data by writing instructions into its memory
- Has components like an arithmetic logic unit, registers, cache memory and bus interfaces to transfer data and addresses
This document provides an overview of the 8085 microprocessor architecture and programming. It describes the internal architecture including the control unit, ALU, registers, flags, program counter, and stack pointer. It then discusses the 8085 system bus including the address bus, data bus, and control bus. Next, it lists the pin descriptions of the 8085 microprocessor and provides a functional description. Finally, it briefly mentions the status information available from the 8085.
Here are the steps to determine the status of the C, H, and Z flags after adding 0x38 and 0x2F:
1. 0x38 + 0x2F = 0x67
2. The addition does not generate a carry, so the C flag remains unset.
3. The addition results in a half carry, so the H flag is set.
4. The result 0x67 is non-zero, so the Z flag is unset.
Therefore, after adding 0x38 and 0x2F, the status flags would be:
C flag = 0
H flag = 1
Z flag = 0
This document provides an overview of the internal architecture and programming of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of the 8085 including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, flags, program counter, stack pointer, and buses. It also covers the 8085 pin descriptions and functional details. The document is intended as a tutorial on understanding the 8085 architecture and programming model.
This document provides an overview of the internal architecture and programming of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of the 8085 including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, flags, program counter, stack pointer, and buses. It also covers the 8085 pin descriptions and functional details. The document is intended as a tutorial on understanding the 8085 architecture and programming model.
This document provides an overview of the internal architecture and programming of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of the 8085 including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, flags, program counter, stack pointer, and buses. It also covers the 8085 pin descriptions and functional details. The document is an introduction to understanding the 8085 architecture and programming model.
This document provides an overview of the internal architecture and programming of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of the 8085 including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, flags, program counter, stack pointer, and buses. It also covers the 8085 pin descriptions and functional details. The document is intended as a tutorial on understanding the 8085 architecture and programming model.
The document describes the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It has three main busses: the address bus, data bus, and control bus. The address bus is 16-bits wide and allows the microprocessor to access up to 64K memory locations. The data bus is 8-bits wide and allows the microprocessor to read and write 8-bit values to memory and I/O devices. The control bus uses individual control signal lines to coordinate memory read and write operations. The microprocessor can initiate read and write operations to memory and I/O devices. It also has internal registers and operations.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
The document is a presentation on an introduction to microprocessors. It defines a microprocessor as an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It then discusses the main components and architecture of a microprocessor, including the timing and control unit, arithmetic logic unit, interface section, and register section. It provides examples of the 8085 microprocessor pin diagram and block diagram to illustrate these sections.
The document discusses the hardware architecture and components of the 8085 microprocessor including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, accumulator, flags, program counter, stack pointer, instruction register, memory address register, and pin diagram. It also covers memory interfacing, timing diagrams, and interrupts of the 8085 microprocessor.
A microcontroller (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple central processing unit (CPU) combined with peripheral devices such as memories, I/O devices, and timers.
By some accounts, more than half of all CPUs sold worldwide are microcontrollers
The document describes a microprocessor, which is an integrated circuit that contains the logic circuitry of a central processing unit on a single chip. It discusses the main components of a microprocessor, including the arithmetic logic unit, register array, control unit, and how they function together. It provides examples of applications for microprocessors across various fields like electronics, mechanical, electrical, medical, computers, and domestic devices. It also includes detailed diagrams and explanations of the architecture, bus structure, registers, flags, and pin descriptions of the specific 8085 microprocessor.
Computer engineering - overview of microprocessorsEkeedaPvtLtd
ย
Computer engineering is a part of the Engineering and Technology course that deals with software and computers. It integrates different fields of computer and electronic engineering in order to develop computer software and hardware. The computer engineers are trained with both software and hardware related subjects so that they can understand and implement their knowledge in the real world too. The computer engineers have various opportunities when it comes to their career. The advancement in technology and the requirement of various software has paved a glorious path for computer engineers. From big MNCs to small startups, everyone is in need of a computer genius. Computer engineering mainly deals with microcontrollers and processors, circuit designing, designing personal as well as supercomputers, etc. This stream completely focuses on providing knowledge about both software and hardware for students.
Introduction to 8085 Microprocessor.pptxVishalGaur54
ย
The document provides an introduction and overview of microprocessors and computer organization. It defines the microprocessor as a programmable, clock-driven electronic device that takes numeric input, performs arithmetic and logical operations according to a stored program, and produces numeric output. A microprocessor combined with memory and input/output devices forms a basic computer. The document outlines the basic components of a microcomputer including the microprocessor, memory, ports, and buses. It also discusses computer languages from machine code to assembly and high-level languages.
The document provides an introduction to microprocessors. It defines a microprocessor as an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational control. It then discusses the key components of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers, cache memory, bus interface, and address and data buses. The microprocessor reads instructions from memory, performs operations specified by those instructions on data, and stores results back to memory or outputs devices.
The primary purpose of memory interfacing is to facilitate the transfer of da...Sindhu Mani
ย
The document discusses memory interfacing concepts. It begins by outlining key concepts in memory interfacing such as the address bus, data bus, control signals, and memory decoding. It then discusses microprocessor interfacing, specifically I/O addressing using port-based and bus-based approaches. The document also covers interrupts, direct memory access (DMA), and the universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) component.
The document discusses the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the three categories of operations performed by microprocessors - microprocessor initiated operations, internal data operations, and externally initiated operations. It details the registers of the 8086 including the accumulator, flags, program counter, and stack pointer. It provides block diagrams of the 8086 architecture and pin details. It also gives an overview of the instruction set categories.
This document provides information about the Intel 8085 microprocessor, including its architecture, components, and pin descriptions. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address up to 64KB of memory. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for performing computations, a register array for data storage, and a control unit that provides timing and control signals. The document describes the functions of the program counter, stack pointer, flags register, and interrupt handling. It also provides details on the address bus, data bus, control bus and serial I/O lines. Memory interfacing examples with EPROM are given.
Overview of microcontroller and microprocessor Mrunal Deshkar
ย
This document provides information about microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses that a microprocessor is the central processing unit of a microcomputer that performs functions like fetching instructions from memory and performing arithmetic/logic operations. Internally, a microprocessor consists of an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, and input/output units. It also contains details about the components of a microcontroller like timers, counters, internal memory, and I/O ports. The key differences between a microprocessor and microcontroller are that microcontrollers are designed to perform dedicated tasks, have lower power consumption, and are integrated with memory and I/O ports, while microprocessors are used to design general purpose computers and require external components.
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to function as the CPU of a microcomputer. It reads instructions from memory, decodes and executes them, and processes data as required. The microprocessor incorporates various functional units like an ALU, registers, instruction decoder, and control unit. It communicates with external memory and I/O devices via address, data, and control buses. Memory is used to store both instructions and data, and comes in RAM and ROM varieties. Interfaces are needed to connect peripherals to the microprocessor and handle functions like buffering, addressing decoding, and timing/control of data transfers. Software for microprocessors includes machine language programs and programs written in assembly/high-level languages which are
The document discusses the architecture and features of the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It can address up to 64KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus. It has an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and six 8-bit general purpose registers that can be combined into register pairs. The control unit provides timing and control signals. The 8085 has interrupt capabilities and can perform serial I/O communication. It requires a single +5V power supply and operates at speeds up to 3MHz.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the microprocessor as an integrated circuit containing logic circuits to perform computing functions. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform operations, registers to store data temporarily, and a control unit that provides timing and control signals. The microprocessor resembles a central processing unit (CPU) but includes all logic circuitry on a single chip. It communicates with memory via address and data buses to read instructions and transfer data. It also has pins to interface with input/output devices.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
This document provides an overview of the internal architecture and programming of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of the 8085 including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, flags, program counter, stack pointer, and buses. It also covers the 8085 pin descriptions and functional details. The document is intended as a tutorial on understanding the 8085 architecture and programming model.
This document provides an overview of the internal architecture and programming of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of the 8085 including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, flags, program counter, stack pointer, and buses. It also covers the 8085 pin descriptions and functional details. The document is intended as a tutorial on understanding the 8085 architecture and programming model.
This document provides an overview of the internal architecture and programming of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of the 8085 including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, flags, program counter, stack pointer, and buses. It also covers the 8085 pin descriptions and functional details. The document is an introduction to understanding the 8085 architecture and programming model.
This document provides an overview of the internal architecture and programming of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the main components of the 8085 including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, flags, program counter, stack pointer, and buses. It also covers the 8085 pin descriptions and functional details. The document is intended as a tutorial on understanding the 8085 architecture and programming model.
The document describes the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It has three main busses: the address bus, data bus, and control bus. The address bus is 16-bits wide and allows the microprocessor to access up to 64K memory locations. The data bus is 8-bits wide and allows the microprocessor to read and write 8-bit values to memory and I/O devices. The control bus uses individual control signal lines to coordinate memory read and write operations. The microprocessor can initiate read and write operations to memory and I/O devices. It also has internal registers and operations.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
The document is a presentation on an introduction to microprocessors. It defines a microprocessor as an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It then discusses the main components and architecture of a microprocessor, including the timing and control unit, arithmetic logic unit, interface section, and register section. It provides examples of the 8085 microprocessor pin diagram and block diagram to illustrate these sections.
The document discusses the hardware architecture and components of the 8085 microprocessor including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, accumulator, flags, program counter, stack pointer, instruction register, memory address register, and pin diagram. It also covers memory interfacing, timing diagrams, and interrupts of the 8085 microprocessor.
A microcontroller (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple central processing unit (CPU) combined with peripheral devices such as memories, I/O devices, and timers.
By some accounts, more than half of all CPUs sold worldwide are microcontrollers
The document describes a microprocessor, which is an integrated circuit that contains the logic circuitry of a central processing unit on a single chip. It discusses the main components of a microprocessor, including the arithmetic logic unit, register array, control unit, and how they function together. It provides examples of applications for microprocessors across various fields like electronics, mechanical, electrical, medical, computers, and domestic devices. It also includes detailed diagrams and explanations of the architecture, bus structure, registers, flags, and pin descriptions of the specific 8085 microprocessor.
Computer engineering - overview of microprocessorsEkeedaPvtLtd
ย
Computer engineering is a part of the Engineering and Technology course that deals with software and computers. It integrates different fields of computer and electronic engineering in order to develop computer software and hardware. The computer engineers are trained with both software and hardware related subjects so that they can understand and implement their knowledge in the real world too. The computer engineers have various opportunities when it comes to their career. The advancement in technology and the requirement of various software has paved a glorious path for computer engineers. From big MNCs to small startups, everyone is in need of a computer genius. Computer engineering mainly deals with microcontrollers and processors, circuit designing, designing personal as well as supercomputers, etc. This stream completely focuses on providing knowledge about both software and hardware for students.
Introduction to 8085 Microprocessor.pptxVishalGaur54
ย
The document provides an introduction and overview of microprocessors and computer organization. It defines the microprocessor as a programmable, clock-driven electronic device that takes numeric input, performs arithmetic and logical operations according to a stored program, and produces numeric output. A microprocessor combined with memory and input/output devices forms a basic computer. The document outlines the basic components of a microcomputer including the microprocessor, memory, ports, and buses. It also discusses computer languages from machine code to assembly and high-level languages.
The document provides an introduction to microprocessors. It defines a microprocessor as an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational control. It then discusses the key components of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers, cache memory, bus interface, and address and data buses. The microprocessor reads instructions from memory, performs operations specified by those instructions on data, and stores results back to memory or outputs devices.
The primary purpose of memory interfacing is to facilitate the transfer of da...Sindhu Mani
ย
The document discusses memory interfacing concepts. It begins by outlining key concepts in memory interfacing such as the address bus, data bus, control signals, and memory decoding. It then discusses microprocessor interfacing, specifically I/O addressing using port-based and bus-based approaches. The document also covers interrupts, direct memory access (DMA), and the universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) component.
The document discusses the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the three categories of operations performed by microprocessors - microprocessor initiated operations, internal data operations, and externally initiated operations. It details the registers of the 8086 including the accumulator, flags, program counter, and stack pointer. It provides block diagrams of the 8086 architecture and pin details. It also gives an overview of the instruction set categories.
This document provides information about the Intel 8085 microprocessor, including its architecture, components, and pin descriptions. The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address up to 64KB of memory. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for performing computations, a register array for data storage, and a control unit that provides timing and control signals. The document describes the functions of the program counter, stack pointer, flags register, and interrupt handling. It also provides details on the address bus, data bus, control bus and serial I/O lines. Memory interfacing examples with EPROM are given.
Overview of microcontroller and microprocessor Mrunal Deshkar
ย
This document provides information about microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses that a microprocessor is the central processing unit of a microcomputer that performs functions like fetching instructions from memory and performing arithmetic/logic operations. Internally, a microprocessor consists of an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, and input/output units. It also contains details about the components of a microcontroller like timers, counters, internal memory, and I/O ports. The key differences between a microprocessor and microcontroller are that microcontrollers are designed to perform dedicated tasks, have lower power consumption, and are integrated with memory and I/O ports, while microprocessors are used to design general purpose computers and require external components.
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to function as the CPU of a microcomputer. It reads instructions from memory, decodes and executes them, and processes data as required. The microprocessor incorporates various functional units like an ALU, registers, instruction decoder, and control unit. It communicates with external memory and I/O devices via address, data, and control buses. Memory is used to store both instructions and data, and comes in RAM and ROM varieties. Interfaces are needed to connect peripherals to the microprocessor and handle functions like buffering, addressing decoding, and timing/control of data transfers. Software for microprocessors includes machine language programs and programs written in assembly/high-level languages which are
The document discusses the architecture and features of the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It can address up to 64KB of memory using its 16-bit address bus. It has an 8-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and six 8-bit general purpose registers that can be combined into register pairs. The control unit provides timing and control signals. The 8085 has interrupt capabilities and can perform serial I/O communication. It requires a single +5V power supply and operates at speeds up to 3MHz.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the microprocessor as an integrated circuit containing logic circuits to perform computing functions. It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) to perform operations, registers to store data temporarily, and a control unit that provides timing and control signals. The microprocessor resembles a central processing unit (CPU) but includes all logic circuitry on a single chip. It communicates with memory via address and data buses to read instructions and transfer data. It also has pins to interface with input/output devices.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
ย
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
ย
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
2. CHAPTER OUTLINE
๏ข Block diagram of a computer system
๏ Basic components of a computer system using block
diagrams:
๏ข Cpu
๏ข Memory
๏ข Input and output unit
๏ข Evolution of microprocessor : 4,8,16,32 dan 64 byte
๏ข Nibble, byte, word dan longword
๏ข Fecthing and execution cycles.
๏ข Internal structure and basic operation of a microprocessor
(arithmetic and logic unit, control unit, register sets,
accumulator, condition code register, program counter, stack
pointer)
๏ข Bus system: data bus, address bus and control bus.
๏ข Microprocessor clock system
๏ข Examples of microprocessor: 8085,8086. 2
3. DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and
manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful format.
3
Diagram Of A Computer System
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASIC
COMPUTER SYSTEM
ROM RAM I/O
interface
I/O
devices
CPU
4
Basic computer system consist of a Central processing unit (CPU),
memory (RAM and ROM), input/output (I/O) unit.
Block diagram of a basic computer system
Address bus
Data bus Control
bus
5. BASIC COMPONENT OF MICROCOMPUTER
1. CPU - Central Processing Unit
๏ the portion of a computer system that carries out the
instructions of a computer program
๏ the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. It is
the unit that reads and executes program instructions.
๏ The data in the instruction tells the processor what to do.
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Pentium D dual core processors
6. 2. Memory
๏ physical devices used to store data or programs.
๏ Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties:
random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).
๏ RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it,
but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never
changes, so the CPU can only read from it.
๏ ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up
instructions.
๏ In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to
the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely.
๏ In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the
BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system
from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is
turned on or reset.
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7. 3. I/O Unit
๏ Input/output (I/O), refers to the communication between an
information processing system (such as a computer), and the
outside world possibly a human, or another information
processing system.
๏ Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and
outputs are the signals or data sent from it
๏ Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called
peripherals
๏ On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices
like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the
display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and
optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices.
Computer networking is another form of I/O.
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9. INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND BASIC OPERATION
OF MICROPROCESSOR
ALU Register
Section
Control and timing
section
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus
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Block diagram of a microprocessor
10. ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
๏ข The component that performs the arithmetic and
logical operations
๏ข the most important components in a microprocessor,
and is typically the part of the processor that is
designed first.
๏ข able to perform the basic logical operations (AND,
OR), including the addition operation.
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12. CONTROL UNIT
๏ข The circuitry that controls the flow of information
through the processor, and coordinates the
activities of the other units within it.
๏ข In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it
controls what happens inside the processor, which
in turn controls the rest of the PC.
๏ข On a regular processor, the control unit performs
the tasks of fetching, decoding, managing
execution and then storing results.
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13. REGISTER SETS
๏ข The register section/array consists completely of
circuitry used to temporarily store data or program
codes until they are sent to the ALU or to the
control section or to memory.
๏ข The number of registers are different for any
particular CPU and the more register a CPU have
will result in easier programming tasks.
๏ข Registers are normally measured by the number of
bits they can hold, for example, an "8-bit register" or
a "32-bit register". 13
14. REGISTER IN MOTOROLA 68000
MICROPROCESSOR
SUPERVISOR STACK POINTER
USER STACK POINTER
USER VYTE
SYSTEM BYTE
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A7
PC
SR
31 16 15 8 7 0
31 16 15 8 7 0
15 8 7 0
DATA REGISTERS
ADDRESS REGISTERS
STACK POINTER
PROGRAM CONTER
STATUS REGISTER
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15. ACCUMULATOR
๏ข a register in which intermediate arithmetic and logic
results are stored.
๏ข example for accumulator use is summing a list of
numbers.
๏ The accumulator is initially set to zero, then each
number in turn is added to the value in the accumulator.
๏ Only when all numbers have been added is the result
held in the accumulator written to main memory or to
another, non-accumulator, CPU register.
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16. CONDITION CODE REGISTER (CCR) = FLAGS
๏ข an 8 bit register used to store the status of CPU,
such as carry, zero, overflow and half carry.
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17. Flag Name Description
Z Zero flag Indicates that the result of a mathematical or logical operation was zero.
C Carry flag
Indicates that the result of an operation produced an answer greater
than the number of available bits. (This flag may also be set before a
mathematical operation as an extra operand to certain instructions, e.g.
"add with carry".)
X Extend flag
Masks the XIRQ request when set. It is set by the hardware and
cleared by the software as well is set by unmaskable XIRQ.
N Negative/ Sign flag
Indicates that the result of a mathematical operation is negative. In
some processors, the N and S flags have different meanings: the S flag
indicates whether a subtraction or addition has taken place, whereas
the N flag indicates whether the last operation result is positive or
negative.
V Overflow Flag
Indicates that the result of an operation has overflowed according to the
CPU's word representation, similar to the carry flag but for signed
operations.
I interrupts
Interrupts can be enabled or disabled by respectively setting or clearing
this flag. Modifying this flag may be restricted to programs executing in
supervisor mode
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18. PROGRAM COUNTER (PC)
๏ข a 16 bit register, used to store the next
address of the operation code to be fetched
by the CPU.
๏ข Not much use in programming, but as an
indicator to user only.
๏ข Purpose of PC in a Microprocessor
๏ to store address of tos (top of stack)
๏ to store address of next instruction to be
executed.
๏ count the number of instructions.
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19. STACK POINTER (SP)
๏ข The stack is configured as a data structure
that grows downward from high memory to
low memory.
๏ข At any given time, the SP holds the 16-bit
address of the next free location in the
stack.
๏ข The stack acts like any other stack when
there is a subroutine call or on an interrupt.
ie. pushing the return address on a jump,
and retrieving it after the operation is
complete to come back to its original
location.
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20. DATA BUS
๏ข The data bus is 'bi-directional'
๏ data or instruction codes from memory or
input/output.are transferred into the
microprocessor
๏ the result of an operation or computation is sent
out from the microprocessor to the memory or
input/output.
๏ข Depending on the particular microprocessor,
the data bus can handle 8 bit or 16 bit data.
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21. ADDRESS BUS
๏ข The address bus is 'unidirectional', over which the
microprocessor sends an address code to the
memory or input/output.
๏ข The size (width) of the address bus is specified by
the number of bits it can handle.
๏ข The more bits there are in the address bus, the
more memory locations a microprocessor can
access.
๏ข A 16 bit address bus is capable of addressing
65,536 (64K) addresses.
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22. CONTROL BUS
๏ข The control bus is used by the microprocessor to
send out or receive timing and control signals in
order to coordinate and regulate its operation and
to communicate with other devices, i.e. memory or
input/output.
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23. MICRO PROCESSOR CLOCK
๏ขAlso called clock rate, the speed at
which a microprocessor executes
instructions. Every computer contains
an internal clock that regulates the rate
at which instructions are executed and
synchronizes all the various computer
components.
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