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1. Graphics display technologies
• They include:
o cathode ray tube
o Plasma
o LCD
o Raster graphics

2. • Cathode Ray Tube

3. Control grid – determines the rate at which
the electron will pass thro.
Electron beam- electrons travel without
any hindrance from the air/dust as the tube
is a vacuum.
Phosphor coated screen – It glows when
struck by electrons.
conductive coating - to soak up the
electrons that pile up at the screen-end of
the tube.
Focusing anode – It attracts scattered
electron to a focal point.
Accelerating anode – It gives the anode a
high velocity so that we can use the
velocity/momentum to give the light we
want.

4. • A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red,
green, and blue phosphor dots that glow when
struck by an electron beam that travels across
the screen to create a visible image.
• In a cathode ray tube, the "cathode" is a heated
filament. The heated filament is in a vacuum
created inside a glass "tube." The "ray" is a
stream of electrons generated by an electron gun
that naturally pour off a heated cathode into the
vacuum. Electrons are negative. The anode is
positive, so it attracts the electrons pouring off
the cathode. This screen is coated with
phosphor, an organic material that glows when
struck by the electron beam.
• There is a conductive coating inside the tube to
soak up the electrons that pile up at the screen-
end of the tube.

5. • There are three ways to filter the electron
beam in order to obtain the correct image
on the monitor screen: shadow mask,
aperture grill and slot mask. These
technologies also impact the sharpness of
the monitor's display. They are:
• 1. Shadow – mask
• 2. Aperture Grill
• 3. Slot mask

6. • Advantages of phosphor
• electron r easily knocked off to give light
• once electrons starts losing energy,
phosphor stay glowing for some time –
persistence

7. • Persistence is defined as the time it takes
for the emitted light from the screen to
decay to 1/10th of its origin in intensity.
Lower persistence phosphor require higher
refresh rates to maintain a picture on the
screen w/o flicker. The phosphor with low
persistence is useful for animation. A high
persistence phosphor is useful for
displaying high complex static pictures

8. • Resolution.
• The max No. of points that can b displayed on the
screen on a CRT w/o overlap is called resolution.
• Typical resolution of high definition system is 1280
by 1024.
• Screen size.
• The physical size of a graphics monitor is given by
the length on the screen diagonally n normally
quoted in inches.
• Aspect Ratio
• It gives the ratio of vertical points to horizontal
points necessary to produce equal length lines in
both direction of the screen.

10. • In a raster scan display system the electron
beam is swept across the screen one row
at a time from top to bottom and from left to
right. As the elec beam moves across each
row, the beam intensity is turned on or off to
create a pattern of illuminated spots.
• The spots to be turned on are dependent
on the picture to be drawn. The definition of
this picture is stored in a memory area
called the refresh buffer or frame buffer.

11. • Rasterization
• The term rasterization can in general be applied
to any process by which vector information can
be converted into a raster format.
• In normal usage, the term refers to the popular
rendering algorithm for displaying three-
dimensional shapes on a computer.
Rasterization is currently the most popular
technique for producing real-time
3D computer graphics.
• Compared to other rendering techniques such as
ray tracing, rasterization is extremely fast.

12. • Interlacing
• Its a method of encoding a bitmap image such
that a person who has partially received it sees a
degraded copy of the entire image. When
communicating over a slow communications link,
this is often preferable to seeing a perfectly clear
copy of one part of the image, as it helps the
viewer decide more quickly whether to abort or
continue the transmission.
• Interlacing is supported by the following formats:
• GIF
• PNG
• JPEG

13. FLAT PANEL DISPLAY
• PLASMA PANEL
• The basic idea of a plasma display is to
illuminate tiny, colored fluorescent lights to form
an image. Each pixel is made up of three
fluorescent lights -- a red light, a green light and
a blue light.
• What is Plasma?
The central element in a fluorescent light is a
plasma, a gas made up of free-flowing ions
(electrically charged atoms) and electrons
(negatively charged particles).

14. • Under normal conditions, a gas is mainly made up
of uncharged particles. That is, the individual gas
atoms include equal numbers of protons
(positively charged particles in the atom's nucleus)
and electrons. The negatively charged electrons
perfectly balance the positively charged protons,
so the atom has a net charge of zero.
• If you introduce many free electrons into the gas
by establishing an electrical voltage across it,
negatively charged particles rush toward the
positively charged area of the plasma, and
positively charged particles rush toward the
negatively charged area.
• In this mad rush, particles are constantly bumping
into each other. These collisions excite the gas
atoms in the plasma, causing them to release
photons of energy

15. How the system works
• Its composed of 2 glass plates.
• The 1st plate is brought to the 2nd plate until the
space btn them is small. The edges are sealed
off and space is left with air. The air inside is
then removed and replaced with the plasma gas
(e.g neon).
• Properties of the gas
– Must produce light when ionized
– Must be easily ionized
– Produce the correct color of gas when ionized.

16. LIQUID CRYATAL DISPLAY.
• In a LCD display, there are 2 polarizers i.e vertical and
horizontal polariszer.
• A polarizer is a component that filters light. A vertical
polarizer filters vertical component of light and allow
horizontal component of light thro.
• As light strikes the first filter, it is polarized. The molecules
in each layer of the liquid crstal then guide the light they
receive to the next layer. As the light passes through the
liquid crystal layers, the molecules also change the light's
plane of vibration to match their own angle. When the light
reaches the far side of the liquid crystal substance, it
vibrates at the same angle as the final layer of molecules.
If the final layer is matched up with the second polarized
glass filter, then the light will pass through

17. • For a particular voltage the liquid material at that
intersection of electrons changes the orientation
of that liquid crystal of that intersection. The
horizontal component is converted to a vertical
component hence transmit light.
• If we apply an electric charge to liquid crystal
molecules, they untwist. When they straighten
out, they change the angle of the light passing
through them so that it no longer matches the
angle of the top polarizing filter. Consequently,
no light can pass through that area of the LCD,
which makes that area darker than the
surrounding areas.

18. INTERACTIVE DEVICES
• They are devices that help in input of data in the
system and also help in giving out the processed
information.
• They include:
• Mouse
• Space balls – right handed co-ordinate system.
The space ball doesn’t move. It has a strain
gauge that measure the amount of pressure
applied to the space ball to provide input.
• Trackball – it’s an upside down mouse
• Touch pad
• Touch panel

19. LOGICAL INPUT DEVICES
• The need for interactive comp graphics sys has resulted
in the dev of diff kinds of physical interactive devices
which function differently from each other.
• Locator – it’s a device for specifying a co-rdinate
position x,y, in world co-ord input to the graphics
package by the user selecting a point.
• stroker – a device for specifying a series of cor-ord
positions
• string – a device for specifying input text
• valuater – a device for specifying scaler values.
• choice – a device for selecting menu options
• pic – a device for