Computer graphics - colour crt and flat-panel displaysVishnupriya T H
CRT monitors displays colour pictures by using a combination of phosphors that emit different colored light.
There are two types - Beam penetration method and shadow mask method
Computer graphics - colour crt and flat-panel displaysVishnupriya T H
CRT monitors displays colour pictures by using a combination of phosphors that emit different colored light.
There are two types - Beam penetration method and shadow mask method
Video Display Devices, Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Working of CRT, Construction of CRT, Types Of Deflection:, CRT Color Monitor, Shadow Mask,Properties of the CRT
A cathode ray oscilloscope is abbreviated as CRO. It is a versatile lab instrument. It can measure ac/dc voltage, ac/dc current, resistance, frequency, wavelength, phase etc.
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Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
APPLY them in real business,
Visit Daroko blog for real IT skills applications,androind, Computer graphics,Networking,Programming,IT jobs Types, IT news and applications,blogging,Builing a website, IT companies and how you can form yours, Technology news and very many More IT related subject.
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• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
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This Presentation can be used by the Students of Engineering who Deals with the Subject Measurement and Instrumentation and use it for Refrence (Anyways you Guys will Copy Paste or Download it) ;) .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. S.
N.
Raster Scan Display Random Scan Display
1 In this method, Bitmap method of character
generation is used.
In this method, stroke method of character
generation is used.
2 Picture definition stored in memory called, “refresh
buffer” / ”frame buffer”.
Picture definition stored in memory called
“refresh display file”.
3 Lower resolution than random scan display. Higher resolution than raster scan display.
4 It requires higher refresh rate. It requires lower refresh rate.
5 It can display realistic and shaded scene. It cannot display realistic and shaded scene.
6 No commands are used. Command are used.
7 Order of refreshing is horizontal retraceand vertical
retrace.
Order of refreshing is random.
8 Speed is low. Speed is high.
9 Low clarity High clarity.
10 Use more memory. Use less memory.
11 Each and every pixels stores in frame buffer. Only endpoints stores in memory.
12 Refreshing all pixels whether it is a part of picture
or not a part of picture.
Refreshing only picture part and endpoints of
that picture elements.
13 Shadow mask color display technique used. Beam Penetration color display technique
used.
14 E.g. CRT E.g. DVST, Plotter
4. CRT – Cathode Ray Tube
• CRT is a example of raster display device.
• CRT is mostly used because it is reliable,
relatively inexpensive (cheap), and capable of
displaying rapidly changing pictures.
• The problem in CRT is the high voltage
required, its bulkiness and its weight.
5. Construction and Working of CRT
• At the narrow end of sealed conical glass tube is an electron gun
that emits high velocity, finely focused beam of electrons.
• The other end i.e. face of CRT is more or less flat and is coated on
inside phosphor, which glows when electron beam strikes it.
• The energy of the beam can be controlled so as to vary the intensity
of light output and when necessary to cut off the light.
• A yoke or system of electromagnetic coil is mounted on the outside
of the tube.
• It deflects the electron beam to different parts of tube face when
currents pass through coils.
• A light output of the CRT phosphor falls off rapidly after the
electron beam has passed by and a steady picture is maintain by
tracing it out rapidly and repeatedly, generally this refresh process is
performed at least 60 times a second.
• The basic arrangement of the CRT as shown in fig.
7. Elements of the CRT with Functions
a) Electron Gun:
• The electron gun makes use of electrostatic fields to focus
and accelerate the electron beam. The purpose of the
electron gun in the CRT is to produce an electron beam.
• A beam of electrons (Cathode rays), emitted by a electron
gun passes through focusing and deflection systems that
direct the beam toward specified positions on the phosphor
coated screen.
• The phosphor then emits a small spot of light at each
position contacted by the electron beam. Because the light
emitted by the phosphor fades very rapidly, some method is
needed for maintaining the screen picture.
• One way to keep the phosphor glowing is to redraw the
picture repeatedly by quickly directing the electron beam
back over the same points. This type of display is called,
“refresh CRT”.
8. • Electron gun contains separate parts:
i) Filament :-
It is also called as, “heater”. It is used to heat the cathode, so it emits
electrons. Heat is supplied to the cathode by directing a current through a
coil of wire, called, “the filament” inside the cylindrical cathode structure.
ii) Cathode :-
Surrounding the cathode is cylindrical metal control grid with a hole at one
end that allows electron to escape. After getting temperature or heat from the
filament, cathode starts electron flow from cathode to final anode or
phosphorus coating. Electron flow from cathode to final anode because
anode having positive 14,000 volts and there is attraction between them.
There is a vacuum or inert gases, not air present there. Function of cathode is
to give or to emit electrons when it will be heated by filament.
iii) Control Grid :-
Intensity of the electron beam is controlled by setting voltage levels on the
control grid, which is a metal cylinder that fits over the cathode. Control grid
is kept as lower potential than cathode by altering the control grid potential.
We can modify the rate of flow of electrons or beam current. Thus, control
the brightness of the image. Control grid is operated with negative logic.
When we will increase the negative voltage on the control grid, it will
reduce the number of electrons travelling/going to the front side of CRT.
Thus, we can control brightness using it.
9. b) Accelerating Grid /Screen Grid:
An accelerating grid or screen grid is combined with the focusing structure.
It consist of two metal plates mounted perpendicular to beam axis with
holes at their centers. Accelerating grid is used to control the speed of
electrons by changing positive voltage on it. Thus, we can control contrast
on the screen.
c) Focusing Grid:
Focusing grid containing two or more cylindrical metal plates at different
potential. It is used to control width of electron beam.
d) Deflection System / Yoke:
A set of coils or yokes mounted at the neck of tube forms part of deflection
system to pairs of coils are use one to control horizontal deflection and
other for vertical deflection.
Vertical yoke and horizontal yokes are used to move electron beam into
horizontal and vertical direction. Deflection of the electron beam can be
controlled either with electric fields or with magnetic fields. Two pairs of
coils are used, with the coils in each pair mounted on opposite sides of the
neck of the CRT. One pair is mounted on the top and bottom of the neck,
and the other pair is mounted on opposite sides of the neck. Horizontal
deflection is accomplished with one pair of coils, and vertical deflection by
the other pair.
10. e) Phosphorus Coating:
When electron beam hits on phosphorus coating, it will emit light on the
front side of picture tube. Spots of light are produced on the screen by the
transfer of the CRT beam energy to the phosphor.
Phosphorous used in graphics displays are P1, P4, P4 which normally
selected for their current characteristic and persistence. Persistence means
time for the brightness of point to drop to one tenth (1/10th ) of its initial
value. or Persistence means how much time the point emits light. Lower
persistence phosphors require higher refresh rates to maintain a picture on
the screen without flicker.
,
11. • Advantages of the CRT :-
• It is reliable
• It is relatively inexpensive (cheap)
• Capable of displaying rapidly changing
pictures
• Disadvantages of CRT :-
• High voltage required
• It is bulky and weighty
13. DVST – Direct View Storage Tube
• A direct view storage tube (DVST) stores the picture information
as a charge distribution just behind the phosphor coated system.
• Two electron guns are used in a DVST. One is the primary gun
which is used to store the picture pattern just behind the screen.
Another is flood gun which maintains picture display.
• The beam is designed not to write on a fine-mesh wire grid,
coated with dielectric and mounted on just behind the screen.
• A pattern of positive (+ ve) charge is deposited on the grid and
this pattern is transferred to phosphor by continuous flood of
electrons issuing from a separate flood gun.
• Just behind the storage mesh is a second grid, the collector,
whose main purpose is to smooth out the flow of flood electrons.
• These electrons passed through the collector at low velocity and
attracted to positively charged positions of storage mesh but
repelled by the rest.
14. • Advantages of DVST :-
Very complex picture can be displayed at very high
resolution without flickers, because no refreshing is
needed.
• Disadvantages of DVST :-
• DVST ordinarily do not display colors and selected parts
of the picture cannot be erased.
• To eliminate the picture section, the entire screen must
be erased and modified picture is redrawn. The erasing
and redrawing process can take several seconds for
complex pictures. For this reasons, storage displays
have not been largely used. They are replaced by the
raster system.
• A line written on the screen will remain visible upto an
hour before it fades from light.
