ABSTRACT: The memory blocks testing is a separate testing procedure followed in VLSI testing. The memory block testing involves writing a specific bit sequences in the memory locations and reading them again. This type of test is called March test. A particular March test consists of a sequence of writes followed by reads with increasing or decreasing address. For example the March C- test has the following test pattern. There are several test circuits available for testing the memory chips. However no test setup is developed so far for testing the memory blocks inside the FPGA. The BRAM blocks of FPGA are designed to work at much higher frequency than the FPGA core logic. Hence testing the BRAMs at higher speed is essential. The conventional memory test circuits cannot be used for this purpose. Hence the proposed work develops a memory testing tool based on March tests for FPGA based BRAM (block RAM testing). The code modules for March test generator shall be developed in VHDL and shall be synthesized for Xilinx Spartan 3 Family device. A PC based GUI tool shall send command to FPGA using serial port for selecting the type of test. The FPGA core gets the command through UART and performs the appropriate and sends the test report back to PC. The results shall be verified in simulation with Xilinx ISE simulator and also in hardware by using Chip scope. Xilinx Spartan 3 family FPGA board shall be used for hardware verification of the developed March test generator
Power minimization of systems using Performance Enhancement Guaranteed CachesIJTET Journal
Caches have long been an instrument for speeding memory access from microcontrollers to center based ASIC plans. For hard ongoing frameworks however stores are tricky because of most pessimistic scenario execution time estimation. As of late, an on-chip scratch cushion memory (SPM) to decrease the force and enhance execution. SPM does not productively reuse its space while execution. Here, an execution improvement ensured reserves (PEG-C) to improve the execution. It can likewise be utilized like a standard reserve to progressively store guidelines and information in view of their runtime access examples prompting attain to great execution. All the earlier plans have corruption of execution when contrasted with PEG-C. It has a superior answer for equalization time consistency and normal case execution
An application specific reconfigurable architecture for fault testing and dia...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Now a day’s many VLSI designers are implementing different applications on real time with the use of FPGAs. Although they are
working efficiently, they are not achieving their expected goals. This is only because of the faults which are occurring in the
FPGA at the runtime of the application. Those faults are remaining in the circuitry as there is no provision for removal of those
faults at application level. So there is a great need of detection & removal of faults. Mainly Interconnect faults, Logical Faults
and Delay are the faults which reduces the performance of FPGA. Although the manufacturers are trying to decrease the fault
present in the FPGA, it is very necessary to remove those faults at run time of the particular application. This paper includes the
brief discussion about the occurrence of different faults and various methods to remove those faults.
Key Words: Fault diagnosis, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), testing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Power minimization of systems using Performance Enhancement Guaranteed CachesIJTET Journal
Caches have long been an instrument for speeding memory access from microcontrollers to center based ASIC plans. For hard ongoing frameworks however stores are tricky because of most pessimistic scenario execution time estimation. As of late, an on-chip scratch cushion memory (SPM) to decrease the force and enhance execution. SPM does not productively reuse its space while execution. Here, an execution improvement ensured reserves (PEG-C) to improve the execution. It can likewise be utilized like a standard reserve to progressively store guidelines and information in view of their runtime access examples prompting attain to great execution. All the earlier plans have corruption of execution when contrasted with PEG-C. It has a superior answer for equalization time consistency and normal case execution
An application specific reconfigurable architecture for fault testing and dia...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Now a day’s many VLSI designers are implementing different applications on real time with the use of FPGAs. Although they are
working efficiently, they are not achieving their expected goals. This is only because of the faults which are occurring in the
FPGA at the runtime of the application. Those faults are remaining in the circuitry as there is no provision for removal of those
faults at application level. So there is a great need of detection & removal of faults. Mainly Interconnect faults, Logical Faults
and Delay are the faults which reduces the performance of FPGA. Although the manufacturers are trying to decrease the fault
present in the FPGA, it is very necessary to remove those faults at run time of the particular application. This paper includes the
brief discussion about the occurrence of different faults and various methods to remove those faults.
Key Words: Fault diagnosis, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), testing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper investigates the leakage current, static noise margin (SNM), delay and energy consumption of a 6 transistor FinFET based static random-access memory (SRAM) cell due to the variation in design and operating parameters of the SRAM cell. The SRAM design and operating parameters considered in this investigation are transistor sizing, supply voltage, word-line voltage, temperature and PFET and NFET back gate biasing. This investigation is performed using a 11nm FinFET shorted gate and low power technology models. Based on the investigation results, we propose a robust 6 transistor SRAM cells with optimized performance using shorted gate and independent gate low power FinFET models. By optimizing the design parameters of the cell, the shorted-gate design shows an improvement of read SNM of 261.56mV and an improvement of hold SNM of 87.68mV when compared to a shorted-gate cell with standard design parameters. The low-power design shows an improvement of read SNM of 146.18mV and a marginal decrease in hold SNM of 22.84mV when compared to a low-power cell with standard design parameters. Both the cells with the new optimized design parameters are shown to improve the overall SNM of the cells with minimal impact on the subthreshold leakage currents, performance and energy consumption.
An integrated approach for designing and testing specific processorsVLSICS Design
This paper proposes a validation method for the des
ign of a CPU on which, in parallel with the
development of the CPU, it is also manually describ
ed a testbench that performs automated testing on t
he
instructions that are being described. The testbenc
h consists of the original program memory of the CP
U
and it is also coupled to the internal registers, P
ORTS, stack and other components related to the pro
ject.
The program memory sends the instructions requested
by the processor and checks the results of its
instructions, progressing or not with the tests. Th
e proposed method resulted in a CPU compatible with
the
instruction set and the CPU registers present into
the PIC16F628 microcontroller. In order to shows th
e
usability and success of the depuration method empl
oyed, this work shows that the CPU developed is
capable of running real programs generated by compi
lers existing on the market. The proposed CPU was
mapped in FPGA, and using Cadence tools, was synthe
sized on silicon.
In the project#1, IBM 130nm process is used to design and manual layout a 128 word SRAM, with word size 10bits. Cadence's Virtuoso is applied for layout editing, DRC and LVS running and circuit simulation.
SYNTHESIS OPTIMIZATION FOR FINITE STATE MACHINE DESIGN IN FPGASVLSICS Design
Synthesis optimization plays a vital role in modern FPGAs in order to achieve high performance, in terms of resource utilization and reducing time consuming test process. Cell-based design techniques, such as standard-cells and FPGAs, together with versatile hardware synthesis are rudiments for a high productivity in ASIC design. As the capacity of FPGAs increases, synthesis tools and efficient synthesis methods for targeted device become more significant to efficiently exploit the resources and logic capacity. The synthesis tool provides the selection of different constraint to optimize the circuit. This paper presents the design and synthesis optimization constraints in FPGA for Finite state machine. The primary goal of this sequential logic design is to optimize the speed and area by choosing the proper options available in the synthesis tool. More over the work focuses the design of FSM with more processes operates at a faster rate and the number of slices utilized in an FPGA is also reduced when compare to single process. The module functionality are described using Verilog HDL and performance issues like slice utilized, simulation time, percentage of logic utilization, level of logic are analyzed at 90 nm process technology using SPARTAN6 XC6SLX150 XILINX ISE12.1 tool.
MODIFIED MARCH C- WITH CONCURRENCY IN TESTING FOR EMBEDDED MEMORY APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
March algorithms are known for memory testing because March-based tests are all simple and possess good fault coverage hence they are the dominant test algorithms implemented in most modern memory BIST. As March algorithms are well known algorithms for testing embedded RAMS, out of which March Cis known for finding all SAF, SOF, CF. This March C- is used frequently in the industry also. The proposed march algorithm is modified march c- algorithm which uses concurrent technique. Using this modified march c- algorithm the complexity is reduced to 8n as well as the test time is reduced greatly. Because of concurrency in testing the sequences the test results were observed in less time than the traditional March tests. This technique is applied for a memory of size 256x8 and can be extended to any memory size.
Complex test pattern generation for high speed fault diagnosis in Embedded SRAMIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This paper investigates the leakage current, static noise margin (SNM), delay and energy consumption of a 6 transistor FinFET based static random-access memory (SRAM) cell due to the variation in design and operating parameters of the SRAM cell. The SRAM design and operating parameters considered in this investigation are transistor sizing, supply voltage, word-line voltage, temperature and PFET and NFET back gate biasing. This investigation is performed using a 11nm FinFET shorted gate and low power technology models. Based on the investigation results, we propose a robust 6 transistor SRAM cells with optimized performance using shorted gate and independent gate low power FinFET models. By optimizing the design parameters of the cell, the shorted-gate design shows an improvement of read SNM of 261.56mV and an improvement of hold SNM of 87.68mV when compared to a shorted-gate cell with standard design parameters. The low-power design shows an improvement of read SNM of 146.18mV and a marginal decrease in hold SNM of 22.84mV when compared to a low-power cell with standard design parameters. Both the cells with the new optimized design parameters are shown to improve the overall SNM of the cells with minimal impact on the subthreshold leakage currents, performance and energy consumption.
An integrated approach for designing and testing specific processorsVLSICS Design
This paper proposes a validation method for the des
ign of a CPU on which, in parallel with the
development of the CPU, it is also manually describ
ed a testbench that performs automated testing on t
he
instructions that are being described. The testbenc
h consists of the original program memory of the CP
U
and it is also coupled to the internal registers, P
ORTS, stack and other components related to the pro
ject.
The program memory sends the instructions requested
by the processor and checks the results of its
instructions, progressing or not with the tests. Th
e proposed method resulted in a CPU compatible with
the
instruction set and the CPU registers present into
the PIC16F628 microcontroller. In order to shows th
e
usability and success of the depuration method empl
oyed, this work shows that the CPU developed is
capable of running real programs generated by compi
lers existing on the market. The proposed CPU was
mapped in FPGA, and using Cadence tools, was synthe
sized on silicon.
In the project#1, IBM 130nm process is used to design and manual layout a 128 word SRAM, with word size 10bits. Cadence's Virtuoso is applied for layout editing, DRC and LVS running and circuit simulation.
SYNTHESIS OPTIMIZATION FOR FINITE STATE MACHINE DESIGN IN FPGASVLSICS Design
Synthesis optimization plays a vital role in modern FPGAs in order to achieve high performance, in terms of resource utilization and reducing time consuming test process. Cell-based design techniques, such as standard-cells and FPGAs, together with versatile hardware synthesis are rudiments for a high productivity in ASIC design. As the capacity of FPGAs increases, synthesis tools and efficient synthesis methods for targeted device become more significant to efficiently exploit the resources and logic capacity. The synthesis tool provides the selection of different constraint to optimize the circuit. This paper presents the design and synthesis optimization constraints in FPGA for Finite state machine. The primary goal of this sequential logic design is to optimize the speed and area by choosing the proper options available in the synthesis tool. More over the work focuses the design of FSM with more processes operates at a faster rate and the number of slices utilized in an FPGA is also reduced when compare to single process. The module functionality are described using Verilog HDL and performance issues like slice utilized, simulation time, percentage of logic utilization, level of logic are analyzed at 90 nm process technology using SPARTAN6 XC6SLX150 XILINX ISE12.1 tool.
MODIFIED MARCH C- WITH CONCURRENCY IN TESTING FOR EMBEDDED MEMORY APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
March algorithms are known for memory testing because March-based tests are all simple and possess good fault coverage hence they are the dominant test algorithms implemented in most modern memory BIST. As March algorithms are well known algorithms for testing embedded RAMS, out of which March Cis known for finding all SAF, SOF, CF. This March C- is used frequently in the industry also. The proposed march algorithm is modified march c- algorithm which uses concurrent technique. Using this modified march c- algorithm the complexity is reduced to 8n as well as the test time is reduced greatly. Because of concurrency in testing the sequences the test results were observed in less time than the traditional March tests. This technique is applied for a memory of size 256x8 and can be extended to any memory size.
Complex test pattern generation for high speed fault diagnosis in Embedded SRAMIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Implementation of FSM-MBIST and Design of Hybrid MBIST for Memory cluster in ...Editor IJCATR
In current scenario, power efficient MPSoC’s are of great demand. The power efficient asynchronous MPSoC’s with
multiple memories are thought-off to replace clocked synchronous SoC, in which clock consumes more than 40% of the total power. It
is right time to develop the test compliant asynchronous MpSoC. In this paper, Traditional MBIST and FSM based MBIST schemes
are designed and applied to single port RAM. The results are discussed based on the synthesis reports obtained from RTL Complier
from Cadence. FSM based MBIST is power and area efficient method for single memory testing. It consumes 40% less power when
compared with traditional MBIST. But, in case of multiple memory scenarios, separate MBIST controllers are required to test each
individual memories. Thus this scheme consumes huge area and becomes inefficient. A novel technique for testing different memories
which are working at different frequencies is in need. Therefore, an area efficient Hybrid MBIST is proposed with single MBIST
controller to test multiple memories in an Asynchronous SoC. It also includes multiple test algorithms to detect various faults. An
Asynchronous SoC with DWT processor and multiple memories is discussed in this paper, which will used as Design under Test
[DUT] and Hybrid MBIST is built around it to test the heterogeneous memories. The design is coded in Verilog and Validated in
Spartan-3e FPGA kit.
Dominant block guided optimal cache size estimation to maximize ipc of embedd...ijesajournal
Embedded system software is highly constrained from performance, memory footprint, energy consumption and implementing cost view point. It is always desirable to obtain better Instructions per Cycle (IPC). Instruction cache has major contribution in improving IPC. Cache memories are realized on the same chip where the processor is running. This considerably increases the system cost as well. Hence, it is required to maintain a trade-off between cache sizes and performance improvement offered. Determining the number of cache lines and size of cache line are important parameters for cache designing. The design space for cache is quite large. It is time taking to execute the given application with different cache sizes on an instruction set simulator (ISS) to figure out the optimal cache size. In this paper, a technique is proposed to identify a number of cache lines and cache line size for the L1 instruction cache that will offer best or nearly best IPC. Cache size is derived, at a higher abstraction level, from basic block analysis in the Low Level Virtual Machine (LLVM) environment. The cache size estimated from the LLVM environment is cross validated by simulating the set of benchmark applications with different cache sizes in SimpleScalar’s out-of-order simulator. The proposed method seems to be superior in terms of estimation accuracy and/or estimation time as compared to the existing methods for estimation of optimal cache size parameters (cache line size, number of cache lines).
Dominant block guided optimal cache size estimation to maximize ipc of embedd...ijesajournal
Embedded system software is highly constrained from performance, memory footprint, energy consumption
and implementing cost view point. It is always desirable to obtain better Instructions per Cycle (IPC).
Instruction cache has major contribu
tion in improving IPC. Cache memories are realized on the same chip
where the processor is running. This considerably increases the system cost as well. Hence, it is required to
maintain a trade
-
off between cache sizes and performance improvement offered.
Determining the number
of cache lines and size of cache line are important parameters for cache designing. The design space for
cache is quite large. It is time taking to execute the given application with different cache sizes on an
instruction set simula
tor (ISS) to figure out the optimal cache size. In this paper, a technique is proposed to
identify a number of cache lines and cache line size for the L1 instruction cache that will offer best or
nearly best IPC. Cache size is derived, at a higher abstract
ion level, from basic block analysis in the Low
Level Virtual Machine (LLVM) environment. The cache size estimated from the LLVM environment is cross
validated by simulating the set of benchmark applications with different cache sizes in SimpleScalar’s out
-
of
-
order simulator. The proposed method seems to be superior in terms of estimation accuracy and/or
estimation time as compared to the existing methods for estimation of optimal cache size parameters (cache
line size, number of cache lines).
Robust Fault Tolerance in Content Addressable Memory InterfaceIOSRJVSP
With the rapid improvement in data exchange, large memory devices have come out in recent past. The operational controlling for such large memory has became a tedious task due to faster, distributed nature of memory units. In the process of memory accessing it is observed that data written or fetched are often encounter with fault location and faulty data are written or fetched from the addressed locations. In real time applications, this error cannot be tolerated as it leads to variation in the operational condition dependent on the memory data. Hence, It is required to have an optimal controlling fault tolerance in content addressable memory. In this paper, we present an approach of fault tolerance approach by controlling the fault addressing overhead, by introducing a new addressing approach using redundant control modeling of fault address unit. The presented approach achieves the objective of fault controlling over multiple fault location in different dimensions with redundant coding.
Please do ECE572 requirementECECS 472572 Final Exam Project (W.docxARIV4
Please do ECE572 requirement
ECE/CS 472/572 Final Exam Project (Whole question is attached in word file)
Remember to check the errata section (at the very bottom of the page) for updates.
Your submission should be comprised of two items:
a
.pdf
file containing your written report and a
.tar
file containing a directory structure with your C or C++ source code. Your grade will be reduced if you do not follow the submission instructions.
All written reports (for both 472 and 572 students) must be composed in MS Word, LaTeX, or some other word processor and submitted as a PDF file.
Please take the time to read this entire document. If you have questions there is a high likelihood that another section of the document provides answers.
Introduction
In this final project you will implement a cache simulator. Your simulator will be configurable and will be able to handle caches with varying capacities, block sizes, levels of associativity, replacement policies, and write policies. The simulator will operate on trace files that indicate memory access properties. All input files to your simulator will follow a specific structure so that you can parse the contents and use the information to set the properties of your simulator.
After execution is finished, your simulator will generate an output file containing information on the number of cache misses, hits, and miss evictions (i.e. the number of block replacements). In addition, the file will also record the total number of (simulated) clock cycles used during the situation. Lastly, the file will indicate how many read and write operations were requested by the CPU.
It is important to note that your simulator is required to make several significant assumptions for the sake of simplicity.
1. You do not have to simulate the actual data contents. We simply pretend that we copied data from main memory and keep track of the hypothetical time that would have elapsed.
2. Accessing a sub-portion of a cache block takes the exact same time as it would require to access the entire block. Imagine that you are working with a cache that uses a 32 byte block size and has an access time of 15 clock cycles. Reading a 32 byte block from this cache will require 15 clock cycles. However, the same amount of time is required to read 1 byte from the cache.
3. In this project assume that main memory RAM is always accessed in units of 8 bytes (i.e. 64 bits at a time).
When accessing main memory, it's expensive to access the first unit. However, DDR memory typically includes buffering which means that the RAM can provide access to the successive memory (in 8 byte chunks) with minimal overhead. In this project we assume an
overhead of 1 additional clock cycle per contiguous unit
.
For example, suppose that it costs 255 clock cycles to access the first unit from main memory. Based on our assumption, it would only cost 257 clock cycles to access 24 bytes of memory.
4. Assume that all caches utilize a "fetch-.
ECECS 472572 Final Exam ProjectRemember to check the errata EvonCanales257
ECE/CS 472/572 Final Exam Project
Remember to check the errata section (at the very bottom of the page) for updates.
Your submission should be comprised of two items: a .pdf file containing your written report and a .tar file containing a directory structure with your C or C++ source code. Your grade will be reduced if you do not follow the submission instructions.
All written reports (for both 472 and 572 students) must be composed in MS Word, LaTeX, or some other word processor and submitted as a PDF file.
Please take the time to read this entire document. If you have questions there is a high likelihood that another section of the document provides answers.
Introduction
In this final project you will implement a cache simulator. Your simulator will be configurable and will be able to handle caches with varying capacities, block sizes, levels of associativity, replacement policies, and write policies. The simulator will operate on trace files that indicate memory access properties. All input files to your simulator will follow a specific structure so that you can parse the contents and use the information to set the properties of your simulator.
After execution is finished, your simulator will generate an output file containing information on the number of cache misses, hits, and miss evictions (i.e. the number of block replacements). In addition, the file will also record the total number of (simulated) clock cycles used during the situation. Lastly, the file will indicate how many read and write operations were requested by the CPU.
It is important to note that your simulator is required to make several significant assumptions for the sake of simplicity.
1. You do not have to simulate the actual data contents. We simply pretend that we copied data from main memory and keep track of the hypothetical time that would have elapsed.
2. Accessing a sub-portion of a cache block takes the exact same time as it would require to access the entire block. Imagine that you are working with a cache that uses a 32 byte block size and has an access time of 15 clock cycles. Reading a 32 byte block from this cache will require 15 clock cycles. However, the same amount of time is required to read 1 byte from the cache.
3. In this project assume that main memory RAM is always accessed in units of 8 bytes (i.e. 64 bits at a time).
When accessing main memory, it's expensive to access the first unit. However, DDR memory typically includes buffering which means that the RAM can provide access to the successive memory (in 8 byte chunks) with minimal overhead. In this project we assume an overhead of 1 additional clock cycle per contiguous unit.
For example, suppose that it costs 255 clock cycles to access the first unit from main memory. Based on our assumption, it would only cost 257 clock cycles to access 24 bytes of memory.
4. Assume that all caches utilize a "fetch-on-write" scheme if a miss occurs on a Store operation. This means that you must always fetch ...
ECECS 472572 Final Exam ProjectRemember to check the errat.docxtidwellveronique
ECE/CS 472/572 Final Exam Project
Remember to check the errata section (at the very bottom of the page) for updates.
Your submission should be comprised of two items:
a
.pdf
file containing your written report and a
.tar
file containing a directory structure with your C or C++ source code. Your grade will be reduced if you do not follow the submission instructions.
All written reports (for both 472 and 572 students) must be composed in MS Word, LaTeX, or some other word processor and submitted as a PDF file.
Please take the time to read this entire document. If you have questions there is a high likelihood that another section of the document provides answers.
Introduction
In this final project you will implement a cache simulator. Your simulator will be configurable and will be able to handle caches with varying capacities, block sizes, levels of associativity, replacement policies, and write policies. The simulator will operate on trace files that indicate memory access properties. All input files to your simulator will follow a specific structure so that you can parse the contents and use the information to set the properties of your simulator.
After execution is finished, your simulator will generate an output file containing information on the number of cache misses, hits, and miss evictions (i.e. the number of block replacements). In addition, the file will also record the total number of (simulated) clock cycles used during the situation. Lastly, the file will indicate how many read and write operations were requested by the CPU.
It is important to note that your simulator is required to make several significant assumptions for the sake of simplicity.
1. You do not have to simulate the actual data contents. We simply pretend that we copied data from main memory and keep track of the hypothetical time that would have elapsed.
2. Accessing a sub-portion of a cache block takes the exact same time as it would require to access the entire block. Imagine that you are working with a cache that uses a 32 byte block size and has an access time of 15 clock cycles. Reading a 32 byte block from this cache will require 15 clock cycles. However, the same amount of time is required to read 1 byte from the cache.
3. In this project assume that main memory RAM is always accessed in units of 8 bytes (i.e. 64 bits at a time).
When accessing main memory, it's expensive to access the first unit. However, DDR memory typically includes buffering which means that the RAM can provide access to the successive memory (in 8 byte chunks) with minimal overhead. In this project we assume an
overhead of 1 additional clock cycle per contiguous unit
.
For example, suppose that it costs 255 clock cycles to access the first unit from main memory. Based on our assumption, it would only cost 257 clock cycles to access 24 bytes of memory.
4. Assume that all caches utilize a "fetch-on-write" scheme if a miss occurs on a Store operation. This means that .
ECECS 472572 Final Exam ProjectRemember to check the err.docxtidwellveronique
ECE/CS 472/572 Final Exam Project
Remember to check the errata section (at the very bottom of the page) for updates.
Your submission should be comprised of two items:
a
.pdf
file containing your written report and a
.tar
file containing a directory structure with your C or C++ source code. Your grade will be reduced if you do not follow the submission instructions.
All written reports (for both 472 and 572 students) must be composed in MS Word, LaTeX, or some other word processor and submitted as a PDF file.
Please take the time to read this entire document. If you have questions there is a high likelihood that another section of the document provides answers.
Introduction
In this final project you will implement a cache simulator. Your simulator will be configurable and will be able to handle caches with varying capacities, block sizes, levels of associativity, replacement policies, and write policies. The simulator will operate on trace files that indicate memory access properties. All input files to your simulator will follow a specific structure so that you can parse the contents and use the information to set the properties of your simulator.
After execution is finished, your simulator will generate an output file containing information on the number of cache misses, hits, and miss evictions (i.e. the number of block replacements). In addition, the file will also record the total number of (simulated) clock cycles used during the situation. Lastly, the file will indicate how many read and write operations were requested by the CPU.
It is important to note that your simulator is required to make several significant assumptions for the sake of simplicity.
1. You do not have to simulate the actual data contents. We simply pretend that we copied data from main memory and keep track of the hypothetical time that would have elapsed.
2. Accessing a sub-portion of a cache block takes the exact same time as it would require to access the entire block. Imagine that you are working with a cache that uses a 32 byte block size and has an access time of 15 clock cycles. Reading a 32 byte block from this cache will require 15 clock cycles. However, the same amount of time is required to read 1 byte from the cache.
3. In this project assume that main memory RAM is always accessed in units of 8 bytes (i.e. 64 bits at a time).
When accessing main memory, it's expensive to access the first unit. However, DDR memory typically includes buffering which means that the RAM can provide access to the successive memory (in 8 byte chunks) with minimal overhead. In this project we assume an
overhead of 1 additional clock cycle per contiguous unit
.
For example, suppose that it costs 255 clock cycles to access the first unit from main memory. Based on our assumption, it would only cost 257 clock cycles to access 24 bytes of memory.
4. Assume that all caches utilize a "fetch-on-write" scheme if a miss occurs on a Store operation. This means that.
Testing nanometer memories: a review of architectures, applications, and chal...IJECEIAES
Newer defects in memories arising from shrinking manufacturing technologies demand improved memory testing methodologies. The percentage of memories on chips continues to rise. With shrinking technologies (10 nm up to 1.8 nm), the structure of memories is becoming denser. Due to the dense structure and significant portion of a chip, the nanometer memories are highly susceptible to defects. High-frequency specifications, the complexity of internal connections, and the process variation due to newer manufacturing technology further increased the probability of the physical failure of memories to a great extent. Memories need to be defect-free for the chip to operate successfully. Therefore, testing embedded memories has become crucial and is taking significant test costs. Researchers have proposed multiple approaches considering these factors to test the nanometer memories. They include using new fault models, march algorithms, memory built-in self-test (MBIST) architectures, and validation strategies. This paper surveys the methodologies presented in recent times. It discusses the core principles used in them, along with benefits. Finally, it discusses key opens in each and offers the scope for future research.
Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sen...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluid Power is widely employed in applications required high loads such as tractors, cranes, and airplanes. In load sensing hydraulic systems, loads are controlled by adjusting a pump-valve arrangement. In this paper, the swash plate pump hydraulic characteristics will be determined, the pump and its fluid gains will be derived to obtain the pump overall transfer function. Firstly, the swash plate pump mechanism is analyzed and its dynamic model is constructed; the pump pressure and flow rate are plotted and the possible improvement is introduced. The load sensing unit parameters such as orifice width, orifice area, maximum passage area, and piston area at X and Y will be examined to identify their influence on the pump characteristics; and the optimum parameters will be introduced. All results are developed and simulated numerically.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
A New Two-Dimensional Analytical Model of Small Geometry GaAs MESFETIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In this paper, a simple and exact analytical model for Small Geometry GaAs MESFET is developed to determine the potential distribution along the channel of the device. The model is based on the exact solution of two-dimensional Poisson’s equation in the depletion region under the gate. Then the obtained model is used to study the channel potential and threshold voltage of the device. Using the analytical model, the effect of the device parameter and bias conditions on performance of the device is investigated. The obtained results are graphically exhibited and discussed. In order to verification of the analytical results, TCAD device simulator is used and good accordance is observed.
Design a WSN Control System for Filter Backwashing ProcessIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Day by day, there is a higher rate of need for accurate automation system to be used in industries and environment monitoring and control. In water treatment plants during the filtration phase, there is a process called backwashing, which particles suspended in the filter basin are removed. in this process the water are forcedly pumped through the filter in upward direction at enough speed to expand the filter media. Therefore, various types of valves used, which are opened and closed in a time sequencing manner. The paper proposed an automation control system for the backwashing process to be initiated and completed automatically using PLC, level sensors and valves installed inside the filter basin. Practically, a control system has been applied which all valves are opened and closed according to wireless signals coming from PLCs on its suitable time. In summary, the control in the process demonstrated that the proposed system is efficient, effective, and able to be reliable. Besides, the results increase the productivity at a low-cost mode.
Application of Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Dimensions: A Critical ...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT”: Customer relationship management is crucial due to the competitive environment. For this reason, it has become a widely implemented strategy across the hotel industry in retaining customers and maintaining good relationships with them. It also promotes customer satisfaction and loyalty which lead to the achievement of competitive business performance. However, due to the ever-increasing competition and the continuous changing customers’ needs in the hotel industry, the ability to achieve customer satisfaction is becoming a major challenge. Using 40 respondents from 20 hotels, this paper, therefore, explores the managers’ perspective into how the application of CRM dimensions impact on the performance of hotels and also examines the relationships between them since studies evaluating their relationships are limited. It studies CRM from the hotels’ perceptive as Guest Services Managers and Marketing Managers were the respondents. This study employed an exploratory research design and quantitative technique. The survey was conducted in New Delhi and simple random sampling was the sampling technique used to select respondents. With the study’s objectives in mind, the developed research hypotheses constructed were tested using multiple regression analysis as the statistical tool. Through the results, it has been revealed that CRM dimensions are positively related to the performance of hotels. Finally, CRM dimensions are highly recommended as a competitive strategic tool to enhance competitiveness.
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Prom...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Public Private Partnership involves private sector engagement in infrastructural development. Though in the past, the country infrastructure had been experiencing a decline in the system, this is because, government had been the sole contributor to infrastructural finance and had often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. This decline in the system is caused by escalating population growth depending on available infrastructure, decaying of existing power infrastructure, political instability and corruption in the system. The ongoing reform is about bringing the system to a lime light. Hence, Public Private Partnership participation in the infrastructural development in Nigeria, will create favorable environment for an investors, provide job opportunities, long time policy, decision making and efficient use of the available resources. This paper therefore dwells on overview of the public private partnership with regards to energy and other infrastructural development of Nigeria. Challenges of the partnership and possible solutions towards subduing the problems are proffered.
Study of Part Feeding System for Optimization in Fms & Force Analysis Using M...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the development of a flexible and vibratory bowl feeding system which is suitable for use in a flexible manufacturing system. The vibratory bowl feeder for automatic assembly, presents a geometric model of the feeder, and develops force analysis, leading to dynamical modeling of the vibratory feeder. Based on the leaf-spring modeling of the three legs of the symmetrically arranged bowl of the feeder, and equating the vibratory feeder to a three-legged parallel mechanism, the paper reveals the geometric property of the feeder. The effects of the leaf-spring legs are transformed to forces and moments acting on the base and bowl of the feeder. Resultant forces are obtained based upon the coordinate transformation, and the moment analysis is produced based upon the orthogonality of the orientation matrix. This reveals the characteristics of the feeder, that the resultant force is along the z-axis and the resultant moment is about the z direction and further generates the closed-form motion equation.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
Analytical Solutions of simultaneous Linear Differential Equations in Chemica...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Analytical method for solving homogeneous linear differential equations in chemical kinetics and pharmacokinetics using homotopy perturbation method has been proposed. The mathematical model that depicts the pharmacokinetics is solved. Herein, we report the closed form of an analytical expression for concentrations species for all values of kinetic parameters. These results are compared with numerical results and are found to be in satisfactory agreement. The obtained results are valid for the whole solution domain.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
Hybrid Methods of Some Evolutionary Computations AndKalman Filter on Option P...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The search for a better option price continues within the financial institution. In pricing a put option, holders of the underlying stock always want to make the best decision by maximizing profit. We present an optimal hybrid model among the following combinations: Kalman Filter-Genetic Programming(KF-GP), Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) and Evolutionary Strategy -Genetic Programming(ES- GP). Our results indicate that the hybrid method involving Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) is the best model for any investor. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on the model parameters to ascertain the rigidity of the model.
An Efficient Methodology To Develop A Secured E-Learning System Using Cloud C...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Now-a-days, each and every action involved in our life becomes computerized in order to reduce the time, complexity and manual power. The education systems are also being computerized, to train the students in a much efficient way. This system is termed as E-Learning. E-Learning is an Internet-based learning process, in which the Internet technology is used to design, implement, manage and extend learning, which will improve the efficiency of learning. Learning, Teaching and Training are intensely connected components, which are all included in the development of E-Learning system. Cloud Computing provides an efficient platform to support the E-Learning systems, as it can be dramatically changes over time .In this paper, an overview on the new emerging E-Learning system , utilization of the SAAS (Software as a Service) and the methodology to test the efficiency of the person in a secured way are described.
Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy.IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nigeria is endowed with natural resources which are aim at developing the country.The need for alternative energy resources to drive the nation economy cannot be over-emphasized. The incessant power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlement. A robust solution must be found to end the crises. Alternative energy source has the potential of solving power problem in Nigeria as well as providing safer and cleaner environment than the fossil fuel. This paper also examines the socio–economic benefits of the alternative energy (solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal) to the nation economy and the utilization of the resources to meet human needs and the generation yet unborn and to provide sustainable development, thereby improve the standard of living and mitigating climate change.
ABSTRACT: Many writers describe empowerment as a process as opposed to a condition or state of being which is being a key feature of empowerment emphasized by many researchers. As a process empowerment becomes difficult to be measured by standard tools available to social scientists. As case study helps in bringing us to understand a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies also emphasized on detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researcher had made use of this qualitative research method to examine contemporary real-life situations.
Validation of Maintenance Policy of Steel Plant Machine Shop By Analytic Hier...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper the maintenance activities of the Machine shop of Steel plant have been considered. As maintenance is a routine activity to keep a machine at its normal operating condition so that it can deliver its expected performance without causing any loose of time on account of accidental damage or breakdown and maintenance is a recurring activity. So for reduction of maintenance cost and safety of the operator as well as the residents of nearby area it is better to decide which machines should go for which type of maintenance. For this decision AHP is used and the Expert choice software is used for that calculations and this paper is for the validation of results.
li-fi: the future of wireless communicationIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays people and their electronic devices access wireless internet. But, clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. So, Radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can carry our data. We can use “Data through Illumination”. In this process, the data is sent through an LED source that varies in intensity faster than the human eye could follow. The future can be envisioned where the data for laptops, smart phones and all other smart applications is transmitted through the light in our living room. And security would be a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Complex Test Pattern Generation for high speed fault diagnosis in FPGA based memory blocks
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2017 | 5 |
Complex Test Pattern Generation for high speed fault diagnosis
in FPGA based memory blocks
K.Jhansi#1
, V.Balaji*2
# M.Tech Student, ECE-Department, Vizb, Jntuk University Vishakapatnam, A.P, India
Asst.Proffessor & HOD, ECE-Department, Vizb, Jntuk University Vishakapatnam, A.P, India
I. INTRODUCTION
The cost of verification and test for nowadays circuits represents an important part of the total IC
final price. Hence, the domain of test represents a cornerstone for the industry. Recently, the advances in
semiconductor memory technologies have become more complex resulting in a rapidly increasing transistor
per memory design.
New design techniques enable a higher memory capacity implementation on a fixed die size.
However, larger memory capacities require more extensive testing. Inevitably memory testing time
increases the fault model to effectively model the variety of physical failures that could occur because of
interference between closely packed cells. On the other hand, the more compact size will produces more
defects during chip manufacturing, pushing yields down. Therefore,memory testing and repairing will be
more important in the future memory chips. Testing and diagnosis techniques play a key role in the
advancement of semiconductor memory technologies. The challenge in obtaining reliable failure detection has
created intensive investigation on efficient testing and diagnosis algorithms for better fault coverage and
diagnostic resolution.There are a number of test techniques that have been well studied. Many test
algorithms were proposed based on functional-level fault models using manual technique analysis. Although
March Test Algorithm (MTA) is one of the best solutions and widely use in testing memories, due to the
technology advance there are more new fault models will be introduced. Therefore, to overcome this coming
fault models a new technique is required to develop which can be automatically analyzed and added the new
technique.
This paper aims to propose a new solution for researchers and engineers to find an efficient test and
diagnosis algorithm in shorter time. A combination march-based test algorithm will be implemented for this
purpose. Universities and industry involved in memory Built-in-Self test, Built-in- Self repair and Built-in-
Self diagnose will benefit by saving a few years on research and development due to the fact that the
manual and automatic test procedures developed in this work is compatible an expandable for BRAM memory
testing.
ABSTRACT: The memory blocks testing is a separate testing procedure followed in VLSI testing.
The memory block testing involves writing a specific bit sequences in the memory locations and
reading them again. This type of test is called March test.
A particular March test consists of a sequence of writes followed by reads with increasing or
decreasing address. For example the March C- test has the following test pattern.
There are several test circuits available for testing the memory chips. However no test setup is
developed so far for testing the memory blocks inside the FPGA. The BRAM blocks of FPGA are
designed to work at much higher frequency than the FPGA core logic. Hence testing the BRAMs at
higher speed is essential. The conventional memory test circuits cannot be used for this purpose.
Hence the proposed work develops a memory testing tool based on March tests for FPGA based
BRAM (block RAM testing). The code modules for March test generator shall be developed in VHDL
and shall be synthesized for Xilinx Spartan 3 Family device. A PC based GUI tool shall send
command to FPGA using serial port for selecting the type of test. The FPGA core gets the command
through UART and performs the appropriate and sends the test report back to PC. The results shall be
verified in simulation with Xilinx ISE simulator and also in hardware by using Chip scope. Xilinx
Spartan 3 family FPGA board shall be used for hardware verification of the developed March test
generator.
2. Complex Test Pattern Generation for high speed fault diagnosis in
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2017 | 6 |
II. VERSATILE MARCH TEST GENERATOR
Memory testing may be considered as a full disciplinary subject. Commonly, test sequences or test algorithms
for memories are known under the name of March tests. Every March test has specific capabilities that allow
revealing the typical defects of memories [3]. A typical didactic test bench has to allow not only the
implementation of March tests existing in the literature but also the creating of new test algorithms. A March
test consists of a sequence of March elements. A March element has a certain number of operations (or March
primitive) that must be applied to all memory cells of an array. Thus, ↑(r0;w1) is a March element and r0 and
w1 are March primitives. The addressing order of a March element can be done in an up (↑), down (↓) way or
(↕) if the order is not significant. A March primitive can be a write 1 (w1), write 0 (w0), read 1(r1) and read 0
(r0) that can be performed in a memory cell.
Here, we introduce, for example, the March C- :
{↑(w0);↑(r0,w1);↑(r1,w0);↓(r0,w1);↓(r1,w0);↑(r0)}
This well-known March test allows to detect all the stuck @ and transition fault of a memory cell array, as well
as all address decoder faults and coupling (interaction between two cells) faults.
A way to create a function allowing the implementation of any March test is to use the
Structure described on table 1.
A 274 bits register is needed to memorize the March test data Table 1 gives for example the data -base
implementation of the March test C-.
III. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are a popular choice among VLSI devices, any logical
circuit can be implemented into the FPGA at low cost. It consists of an array of configurable logic
blocks (CLBs), programmable interconnect and programmable Input/output blocks, Block Random
Access Memories (BRAMs), a multiplier, a Digital Clock Manager. Many methods have been proposed
to test FPGAs. In some works, the circuits under consideration are programmed FPGAs, in which logic
circuits have been implemented. Since an FPGA can be programmed in many different ways, this method is
not applicable to manufacturing time testing, as we do not know the final configuration. Testing faults
in general FPGAs has been proposed by many researchers. In these methods, the FPGA under test is
not mapped to a specific logic function. As a result, multiple test sessions are usually required, with each
session dealing with one configuration.
For applications requiring large, on-chip memories, Spartan-3 FPGAs provides plentiful, efficient
BRAMs. All Spartan-3 devices feature multiple block RAM memories, organized in columns. The total
amount of block RAM memory depends on the size of the Spartan-3 device.
Spartan-3E devices incorporate 4 to 36 dedicated block RAMs, which are organized as dual-
port configurable 18 Kbit blocks. Functionally, the block RAM is identical to the Spartan-3 architecture
block RAM. Block RAM synchronously stores large amounts of data while distributed RAM, is better suited
for buffering small amounts of data anywhere along signal paths. This section describes basic block RAM
functions. Each block RAM is configurable by setting the content’s initial values, default signal value of
the output registers, port aspect ratios, and write modes. Block RAM can be used in single-port or dual-port
modes.
Each block RAM contains 18,432 bits of fast static RAM, 16K bits of which is allocated to data storage
and, in some memory configurations, an additional 2K bits allocated to parity or additional "plus" data bits.
Physically, the block RAM memory has two completely independent access ports, labelled Port A and Port
B. The structure is fully symmetrical, and both ports are interchangeable and both ports support data read
and write operations. Each memory port is synchronous, with its own clock, clock enable, and write enable.
Read operations are also synchronous and require a clock edge and clock enable.
3. Complex Test Pattern Generation for high speed fault diagnosis in
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2017 | 7 |
IV.IMPLEMENTATION
Our test bench architecture for memories is composed of one computer, a versatile March
test generator, a serial interface (for the communication between the programmable generator and the
computer) and a deck containing 4 SRAM memories under test, Fig. 1.
A user interface, presented in Fig. 2, allows students to choose or set a specific March test of the
literature (March A, March C-, Matt, Matt +) or introduce a new one (Custom). The chosen March
test is uploaded through the serial connection to the programmable test generator and then
applied to each memory on the deck.
If no fault is detected, the programmable generator returns a positive acknowledgement on the four
memories. Whether the opposite case occurs, i.e. when a reading operation (r0 or r1) does not return the
expected data, the test bench returns the following data: the failing memory, the failing address, the
failing march element and operation. Only the knowledge of this information allows the identification of
physical defects beside the observed fault, or at least to make reasonable
suppositions.
Fig. 3 depicts the test bench (with four memories under test) that is proposed to our students.
A serial cable connects the test bench to a computer. The four memories (on the top of the picture) are
tested in sequence (not simultaneously) following a scheduling that is fixed by the user.
4. Complex Test Pattern Generation for high speed fault diagnosis in
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 4 | Apr. 2017 | 8 |
One or more than one memory can be replaced by a memory emulator, in which we can
introduce any kind of fault model [4] such as stuck @, transition, address decoder, coupling faults, etc.
The use of the fault injection through the memory emulator is important to make the student able
to check the efficiency of March test algorithms to test specific fault models that may affect the
memories. With the analysis of the test report the student obtains useful data to uncover the
correlation between the detected fault and the sequence of read/write operations that allow the
sensitization and observation of the fault itself. This analysis highly helps the student's knowledge of
memory failing processes as well as his skill to generate appropriate March test algorithms to target
specific pull of faults.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The following chapter consists of all the software and hardware results observed in the project. The results
include snapshots of each and every module individually with all the inputs, outputs and intermediate
waveforms.
Figure 4: Data output of BRAM using March C-
The written input values into BRAM are read with expected values. Here the contents of BRAM are read
without any failure. Hence March test C- is Successful and BRAM is fault Free.
Figure 5: Data output of BRAM using March C- with Fault insertion
The written input values into BRAM are read with expected values except at
address “aa”. Here the contents of BRAM are read with fault. Hence March test C- is Successful and BRAM is
faulty.
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Chip scope results:
Figure 6: Data output of BRAM using March C-
Figure 7: Data output of BRAM using March C- with Fault insertion
Results of Integrated top module with GUI: Fault diagnosis using March C- test:
Figure 8: Without Fault insertion
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Figure 9: Without Fault insertion
Fault coverage and test lengths of March tests
Table 2: Fault coverage of March tests
Table 3: Test length of March tests
VI.CONCLUSION
With technology scaling, process variations result in functional failures in memory
systems. In this work, physical failure mechanisms in BRAM on FPGA boards are analyzed and classified
into the established logic fault models. March test sequences are compared and optimized to target these
emerging failure mechanisms. March C- test sequence, the memory test time is reduced.
Future scope
An open problem to be investigated in the future is diagnosis under a mixed-fault model, locating
unlinked faults. Here the testing time depends upon the no. of memory locations (i.e; memory size) rather
than the no. of faults. Hence we look forward for an alternative for this purpose. The complexity of the
BRAM test configuration will increase in some worst case. All these problems need to be studied in the future
research work in
this area.
REFERANCES
[1]. Versatile march test generator for hands-on memory testing laboratory, Galliere, J.; Dilillo, L.; Polytech.
Montpellier, Univ. of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Microelectronic Systems Education (MSE), 2011 IEEE
International.
[2]. Efficient Testing of SRAM With Optimized March Sequences and a Novel DFT Technique for Emerging
Failures Due to Process Variations, Qikai Chen, Hamid Mahmoodi, Swarup Bhunia, and Kaushik Roy, IEEE
Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, VOL. 13, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2005.
[3]. A.J. Van de Goor,”Testing Semiconductor Memories: theory and practice,” John Wiley&
sons, ISBN 0-471-92586-1,1991.
[4]. A.J. Van De Goor, 1993, “Using March Test to test SRAMs”, IEEE Design of Computers, USA.
Algorithm SAF TF ADF CFst C
F
i
n
March C- All All All All A
l
l
March SR All All - All A
l
lMarch B All All All - A
l
l
Algorithm Complexity
March C- 10n
March SR 14n
March B 17n
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II. VERSATILE MARCH TEST GENERATOR
Memory testing may be considered as a full disciplinary subject. Commonly, test sequences or test algorithms
for memories are known under the name of March tests. Every March test has specific capabilities that allow
revealing the typical defects of memories [3]. A typical didactic test bench has to allow not only the
implementation of March tests existing in the literature but also the creating of new test algorithms. A March
test consists of a sequence of March elements. A March element has a certain number of operations (or March
primitive) that must be applied to all memory cells of an array. Thus, ↑(r0;w1) is a March element and r0 and
w1 are March primitives. The addressing order of a March element can be done in an up (↑), down (↓) way or
(↕) if the order is not significant. A March primitive can be a write 1 (w1), write 0 (w0), read 1(r1) and read 0
(r0) that can be performed in a memory cell.
Here, we introduce, for example, the March C- :
{↑(w0);↑(r0,w1);↑(r1,w0);↓(r0,w1);↓(r1,w0);↑(r0)}
This well-known March test allows to detect all the stuck @ and transition fault of a memory cell array, as well
as all address decoder faults and coupling (interaction between two cells) faults.
A way to create a function allowing the implementation of any March test is to use the
Structure described on table 1.
A 274 bits register is needed to memorize the March test data Table 1 gives for example the data -base
implementation of the March test C-.
III. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are a popular choice among VLSI devices, any logical
circuit can be implemented into the FPGA at low cost. It consists of an array of configurable logic
blocks (CLBs), programmable interconnect and programmable Input/output blocks, Block Random
Access Memories (BRAMs), a multiplier, a Digital Clock Manager. Many methods have been proposed
to test FPGAs. In some works, the circuits under consideration are programmed FPGAs, in which logic
circuits have been implemented. Since an FPGA can be programmed in many different ways, this method is
not applicable to manufacturing time testing, as we do not know the final configuration. Testing faults
in general FPGAs has been proposed by many researchers. In these methods, the FPGA under test is
not mapped to a specific logic function. As a result, multiple test sessions are usually required, with each
session dealing with one configuration.
For applications requiring large, on-chip memories, Spartan-3 FPGAs provides plentiful, efficient
BRAMs. All Spartan-3 devices feature multiple block RAM memories, organized in columns. The total
amount of block RAM memory depends on the size of the Spartan-3 device.
Spartan-3E devices incorporate 4 to 36 dedicated block RAMs, which are organized as dual-
port configurable 18 Kbit blocks. Functionally, the block RAM is identical to the Spartan-3 architecture
block RAM. Block RAM synchronously stores large amounts of data while distributed RAM, is better suited
for buffering small amounts of data anywhere along signal paths. This section describes basic block RAM
functions. Each block RAM is configurable by setting the content’s initial values, default signal value of
the output registers, port aspect ratios, and write modes. Block RAM can be used in single-port or dual-port
modes.
Each block RAM contains 18,432 bits of fast static RAM, 16K bits of which is allocated to data storage
and, in some memory configurations, an additional 2K bits allocated to parity or additional "plus" data bits.
Physically, the block RAM memory has two completely independent access ports, labelled Port A and Port
B. The structure is fully symmetrical, and both ports are interchangeable and both ports support data read
and write operations. Each memory port is synchronous, with its own clock, clock enable, and write enable.
Read operations are also synchronous and require a clock edge and clock enable.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)