ABSTRACT: Fluid Power is widely employed in applications required high loads such as tractors, cranes, and airplanes. In load sensing hydraulic systems, loads are controlled by adjusting a pump-valve arrangement. In this paper, the swash plate pump hydraulic characteristics will be determined, the pump and its fluid gains will be derived to obtain the pump overall transfer function. Firstly, the swash plate pump mechanism is analyzed and its dynamic model is constructed; the pump pressure and flow rate are plotted and the possible improvement is introduced. The load sensing unit parameters such as orifice width, orifice area, maximum passage area, and piston area at X and Y will be examined to identify their influence on the pump characteristics; and the optimum parameters will be introduced. All results are developed and simulated numerically.
A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THROUGH MODIFICATIO...ijiert bestjournal
The paper reviews the literature available on the i mprovement of efficiency of centrifugal pump through modification in suction manifolds. The paper discusses the available material of performance improvement through various paramete rs and mainly focuses on the research related to manifold modifications.
Performance, Optimization and CFD Analysis of Submersible Pump Impellerijsrd.com
To improve the efficiency of submersible flow pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the advanced tools used in the pump industry. A detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. From the results of CFD analysis, the velocity and pressure in the outlet of the impeller is predicted. CFD analyses are done using ANSYS CFX software. In this research paper we will modified the impeller design by choosing some parameter.
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
This is a water engineering assignment on Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel
(Use of Industry Standard Software)
Module Code: NG2S106, Module Title: Water Engineering
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THROUGH MODIFICATIO...ijiert bestjournal
The paper reviews the literature available on the i mprovement of efficiency of centrifugal pump through modification in suction manifolds. The paper discusses the available material of performance improvement through various paramete rs and mainly focuses on the research related to manifold modifications.
Performance, Optimization and CFD Analysis of Submersible Pump Impellerijsrd.com
To improve the efficiency of submersible flow pump, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is one of the advanced tools used in the pump industry. A detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. From the results of CFD analysis, the velocity and pressure in the outlet of the impeller is predicted. CFD analyses are done using ANSYS CFX software. In this research paper we will modified the impeller design by choosing some parameter.
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
This is a water engineering assignment on Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel
(Use of Industry Standard Software)
Module Code: NG2S106, Module Title: Water Engineering
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
This chapter is describing pump definitions, calculations, sump pump, vacuum pumps, pump selection, pump curves and also maintenance and troubleshooting of pumps.
Knowledge Based Design of Axial Flow CompressorIJERA Editor
In the aerospace industry with highly competitive market the time to design and delivery is shortening every day. Pressure on delivering robust product with cost economy is in demand in each development. Even though technology is older, it is new for each customer requirement and highly non-liner to fit one in another place. Gas turbine is considered one of a complex design in the aircraft system. It involves experts to be grouped with designers of various segments to arrive the best output. The time is crucial to achieve a best design and it needs knowledge automation incorporated with CAD/CAE tools. In the present work an innovative idea in the form of Knowledge Based Engineering for axial compressor is proposed, this includes the fundamental design of axial compressor integrated with artificial intelligence in the form of knowledge capturing and programmed with high level language (Visual Basis.Net) and embedded into CATIA v5. This KBE frame work eases out the design and modeling of axial compressor design and produces 3D modeling for further flow simulation with fluid dynamic in Ansys-Fluent. Most of the aerospace components are developed through simulation driven product development and in this case it is established for axial compressor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Field Behaviour and Pressure Fluctuations wit...Mustansiriyah University
this present work, CFD numerical method is applied to analyses the flow field in
an axial flow pump qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis for these
parameters comprise static pressure variations, dynamic pressure variations, velocity magnitude,
turbulent kinetic energy, shear stress. Quantitative analysis including the pressure fluctuations in
frequency domain analysis under different operation conditions. Also, sliding mesh method and
turbulence model type k- epsilon are used. Various monitoring points are stalled in order to
analyses pressure fluctuation mechanism in the impeller blade. The numerical results revealed
that the flow field for pressure and velocity are increase start from the suction side of the pump
to discharge side. Also, the results found that the high pressure occurs at the discharge side
along the axial direction of the impeller. The maximum value of pressure fluctuations is
occurred at tip blade region due to high interaction flow at this particular area. Moreover, the
pressure decreases as flow rate in the pump increases. Additionally, the results shown that the
pressure fluctuations have four peaks and four valleys the similar impeller blades number.
Furthermore, there are different positive and negative pressure regions, the negative pressure
area occurs due to lower pressure zone at inlet impeller area and hence which can lead to cause
occurrence of cavitation in this specific area. The current numerical demonstration results can
help the researches for further axial flow pump design.
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
This chapter is describing pump definitions, calculations, sump pump, vacuum pumps, pump selection, pump curves and also maintenance and troubleshooting of pumps.
Knowledge Based Design of Axial Flow CompressorIJERA Editor
In the aerospace industry with highly competitive market the time to design and delivery is shortening every day. Pressure on delivering robust product with cost economy is in demand in each development. Even though technology is older, it is new for each customer requirement and highly non-liner to fit one in another place. Gas turbine is considered one of a complex design in the aircraft system. It involves experts to be grouped with designers of various segments to arrive the best output. The time is crucial to achieve a best design and it needs knowledge automation incorporated with CAD/CAE tools. In the present work an innovative idea in the form of Knowledge Based Engineering for axial compressor is proposed, this includes the fundamental design of axial compressor integrated with artificial intelligence in the form of knowledge capturing and programmed with high level language (Visual Basis.Net) and embedded into CATIA v5. This KBE frame work eases out the design and modeling of axial compressor design and produces 3D modeling for further flow simulation with fluid dynamic in Ansys-Fluent. Most of the aerospace components are developed through simulation driven product development and in this case it is established for axial compressor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Field Behaviour and Pressure Fluctuations wit...Mustansiriyah University
this present work, CFD numerical method is applied to analyses the flow field in
an axial flow pump qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis for these
parameters comprise static pressure variations, dynamic pressure variations, velocity magnitude,
turbulent kinetic energy, shear stress. Quantitative analysis including the pressure fluctuations in
frequency domain analysis under different operation conditions. Also, sliding mesh method and
turbulence model type k- epsilon are used. Various monitoring points are stalled in order to
analyses pressure fluctuation mechanism in the impeller blade. The numerical results revealed
that the flow field for pressure and velocity are increase start from the suction side of the pump
to discharge side. Also, the results found that the high pressure occurs at the discharge side
along the axial direction of the impeller. The maximum value of pressure fluctuations is
occurred at tip blade region due to high interaction flow at this particular area. Moreover, the
pressure decreases as flow rate in the pump increases. Additionally, the results shown that the
pressure fluctuations have four peaks and four valleys the similar impeller blades number.
Furthermore, there are different positive and negative pressure regions, the negative pressure
area occurs due to lower pressure zone at inlet impeller area and hence which can lead to cause
occurrence of cavitation in this specific area. The current numerical demonstration results can
help the researches for further axial flow pump design.
DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS OF VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS-A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
In Variable displacement pump the displacement or amount of fluid pumped per revolution of
pump‟s input shaft can be varied as per requirement. This paper investigate the different
improvements achieved for increase the efficiency of variable displacement pump .This paper
also discussed about the alternative mechanisms for variable displacement pump to improve
efficiency and cost reduction of pump.
The effect of rotational speed variation on the static pressure in the centri...IOSR Journals
The current investigation is aimed to simulate the three-dimensional complex internal flow in a
centrifugal pump impeller with five twisted blades by using specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software ANSYS /FLUENT 14code with a standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model.
A single blade passage will be modeled to give more accurate results for static pressure contours on (blade,
hub, and shroud). The potential consequences of static pressure associated with operating a centrifugal
compressor in variable rotation speed.
A numerical three-dimensional, through flow calculations to predict static pressure through a
centrifugal pump were presented to examined the effect of rotational speed variation on the static pressure of
the centrifugal pump . The contours of the static pressure of the blade, hub, and shroud indicates negative low
static pressure in the suction side at high rotational speed (over operation limits )and the static pressure
increases gradually until reach maximum value at the leading edge (6×105 Pa) of the blade.
Design of Industrial Electro-Hydraulic Valves, New ApproachIJERA Editor
A fully flexible valve actuation systems are being under consideration as an enabling technology for advanced internal combustion engine concepts. Electro-hydraulic valve actuator systems are being considered as a dominating variable valve technology. Compared to the servo control system, the system using a proportional valve has the advantages of low price, high anti-pollution ability and high reliability. Unlike existing electromechanical or servo actuated electro-hydraulic valve actuation systems, precise valve motion control is achieved with an internal feedback mechanism. This feedback mechanism can be turned on or off in real-time using simple two state valves which helps reduce the system cost and enables mass production.
Dynamic Stability of Zaghloul Drainage Pumping Station, Kafr El Shiekh, EgyptIJERA Editor
Zaghloul Pumping Station located at El-Moheet drainage in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. The station consists of four axial pumping units. The operating system depends on running not more than three pumping units. The old station is replaced by new one and the old sump is reused with some modifications. Each pump takes 20 second to start and takes 300 second to reach steady state. Activation more than two units lead to decrease the suction water level, disturbance of velocity distribution in suction intake and increase vibration and noise levels. The disturbance in velocity distribution generates dynamic instability of pumping units which leads to failure, damage and other operation and maintenance difficulties. Field measurements and numerical simulation were done to investigate dynamic stability of the station. The Solid Works flow simulation software, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the flow conditions at different water levels to predict the hydraulic problem at the suction side. The field measurements are used to investigate the dynamic problem. Measurements are used to measure pump flow rate, pump head and vibration levels. The (MVP2C OneproD/ ACOEM) two channel vibration analyzer and data collector was used to prepare dynamic balancing for each unit with different weights. In general, the results indicated that with the decrease of water level; approach velocity increases, swirl and vortices induce vibrations and excessive bearing loads. From simulation results the geometry of suction intake is proper for running three parallel axial flow pumps with the designed flow rate. The input data to simulation model were taken from the filed measurements and this data is validating to simulation model. The dynamic balancing as a solution leads to reduce vibration level and save bearing life. It is very important to investigate the dynamic stability and check the dynamic balancing for pumping units at the primary operation of the new stations as mentioned in the bidding
The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pumps.”
“If the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy or kinetic energy by means of centrifugal force
acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called Centrifugal pump.”
High pressure common rail injection system modeling and controlISA Interchange
In this paper modeling and common-rail pressure control of high pressure common rail injection system (HPCRIS) is presented. The proposed mathematical model of high pressure common rail injection system which contains three sub-systems: high pressure pump sub-model, common rail sub-model and injector sub-model is a relative complicated nonlinear system. The mathematical model is validated by the software Matlab and a virtual detailed simulation environment. For the considered HPCRIS, an effective model free controller which is called Extended State Observer – based intelligent Proportional Integral (ESO-based iPI) controller is designed. And this proposed method is composed mainly of the referred ESO observer, and a time delay estimation based iPI controller. Finally, to demonstrate the performances of the proposed controller, the proposed ESO-based iPI controller is compared with a conventional PID controller and ADRC.
Evaluating performance of centrifugal pump through cfd while modifying the su...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluating performance of centrifugal pump through cfd while modifying the su...eSAT Journals
Abstract
For operating the pump there are many factor affect pump working which include their speed, suction head, exhaust head,
properties of liquid, and physical arrangement etc. cavitations, vibration, reduced efficiency, and lowered capacity could cause
serious trouble like Suction Head available, Excessive suction lift, shallow inlet submergence. Category of connection and
arrangement are the suction conditions.The conventional suction geometry is not efficient for higher capacity of pump and thus
reduced discharge on the delivery side. Intake manifold is being designed for this work. The previous configuration would be
studied using CFD techniques while pursuing the objective of arriving at the most efficient geometry for the given application.
Key Wors: centrifugal pump, discharge, CFD
Pumps come in a variety of sizes for a wide range of applications. They can be classified
according to their basic operating principle as dynamic or displacement pumps. Dynamic
pumps can be sub-classified as centrifugal and special effect pumps. Displacement pumps can
be sub-classified as rotary or reciprocating pumps.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INTAKE PORT OF A DIESEL ENGINE TO DETERMINE SWIRLijmech
This paper focuses on experimentalstudies of intake port of a four cylinder diesel engine for different
vacuum pressures and valve lift positions. In this study, the cylinder head is experimented through a paddle
wheel flow setup, which gives the flow coefficient and swirl number asoutput. Main scope of the work is to
understand the flow behaviour through the intake port and finally to determine mean flow coefficient and
mean swirl number for different valve lift ratios L/D, where L is valve lift and D is bore diameter.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
A New Two-Dimensional Analytical Model of Small Geometry GaAs MESFETIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In this paper, a simple and exact analytical model for Small Geometry GaAs MESFET is developed to determine the potential distribution along the channel of the device. The model is based on the exact solution of two-dimensional Poisson’s equation in the depletion region under the gate. Then the obtained model is used to study the channel potential and threshold voltage of the device. Using the analytical model, the effect of the device parameter and bias conditions on performance of the device is investigated. The obtained results are graphically exhibited and discussed. In order to verification of the analytical results, TCAD device simulator is used and good accordance is observed.
Design a WSN Control System for Filter Backwashing ProcessIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Day by day, there is a higher rate of need for accurate automation system to be used in industries and environment monitoring and control. In water treatment plants during the filtration phase, there is a process called backwashing, which particles suspended in the filter basin are removed. in this process the water are forcedly pumped through the filter in upward direction at enough speed to expand the filter media. Therefore, various types of valves used, which are opened and closed in a time sequencing manner. The paper proposed an automation control system for the backwashing process to be initiated and completed automatically using PLC, level sensors and valves installed inside the filter basin. Practically, a control system has been applied which all valves are opened and closed according to wireless signals coming from PLCs on its suitable time. In summary, the control in the process demonstrated that the proposed system is efficient, effective, and able to be reliable. Besides, the results increase the productivity at a low-cost mode.
Application of Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Dimensions: A Critical ...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT”: Customer relationship management is crucial due to the competitive environment. For this reason, it has become a widely implemented strategy across the hotel industry in retaining customers and maintaining good relationships with them. It also promotes customer satisfaction and loyalty which lead to the achievement of competitive business performance. However, due to the ever-increasing competition and the continuous changing customers’ needs in the hotel industry, the ability to achieve customer satisfaction is becoming a major challenge. Using 40 respondents from 20 hotels, this paper, therefore, explores the managers’ perspective into how the application of CRM dimensions impact on the performance of hotels and also examines the relationships between them since studies evaluating their relationships are limited. It studies CRM from the hotels’ perceptive as Guest Services Managers and Marketing Managers were the respondents. This study employed an exploratory research design and quantitative technique. The survey was conducted in New Delhi and simple random sampling was the sampling technique used to select respondents. With the study’s objectives in mind, the developed research hypotheses constructed were tested using multiple regression analysis as the statistical tool. Through the results, it has been revealed that CRM dimensions are positively related to the performance of hotels. Finally, CRM dimensions are highly recommended as a competitive strategic tool to enhance competitiveness.
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Prom...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Public Private Partnership involves private sector engagement in infrastructural development. Though in the past, the country infrastructure had been experiencing a decline in the system, this is because, government had been the sole contributor to infrastructural finance and had often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. This decline in the system is caused by escalating population growth depending on available infrastructure, decaying of existing power infrastructure, political instability and corruption in the system. The ongoing reform is about bringing the system to a lime light. Hence, Public Private Partnership participation in the infrastructural development in Nigeria, will create favorable environment for an investors, provide job opportunities, long time policy, decision making and efficient use of the available resources. This paper therefore dwells on overview of the public private partnership with regards to energy and other infrastructural development of Nigeria. Challenges of the partnership and possible solutions towards subduing the problems are proffered.
Study of Part Feeding System for Optimization in Fms & Force Analysis Using M...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the development of a flexible and vibratory bowl feeding system which is suitable for use in a flexible manufacturing system. The vibratory bowl feeder for automatic assembly, presents a geometric model of the feeder, and develops force analysis, leading to dynamical modeling of the vibratory feeder. Based on the leaf-spring modeling of the three legs of the symmetrically arranged bowl of the feeder, and equating the vibratory feeder to a three-legged parallel mechanism, the paper reveals the geometric property of the feeder. The effects of the leaf-spring legs are transformed to forces and moments acting on the base and bowl of the feeder. Resultant forces are obtained based upon the coordinate transformation, and the moment analysis is produced based upon the orthogonality of the orientation matrix. This reveals the characteristics of the feeder, that the resultant force is along the z-axis and the resultant moment is about the z direction and further generates the closed-form motion equation.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
Analytical Solutions of simultaneous Linear Differential Equations in Chemica...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Analytical method for solving homogeneous linear differential equations in chemical kinetics and pharmacokinetics using homotopy perturbation method has been proposed. The mathematical model that depicts the pharmacokinetics is solved. Herein, we report the closed form of an analytical expression for concentrations species for all values of kinetic parameters. These results are compared with numerical results and are found to be in satisfactory agreement. The obtained results are valid for the whole solution domain.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
Hybrid Methods of Some Evolutionary Computations AndKalman Filter on Option P...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The search for a better option price continues within the financial institution. In pricing a put option, holders of the underlying stock always want to make the best decision by maximizing profit. We present an optimal hybrid model among the following combinations: Kalman Filter-Genetic Programming(KF-GP), Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) and Evolutionary Strategy -Genetic Programming(ES- GP). Our results indicate that the hybrid method involving Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) is the best model for any investor. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on the model parameters to ascertain the rigidity of the model.
An Efficient Methodology To Develop A Secured E-Learning System Using Cloud C...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Now-a-days, each and every action involved in our life becomes computerized in order to reduce the time, complexity and manual power. The education systems are also being computerized, to train the students in a much efficient way. This system is termed as E-Learning. E-Learning is an Internet-based learning process, in which the Internet technology is used to design, implement, manage and extend learning, which will improve the efficiency of learning. Learning, Teaching and Training are intensely connected components, which are all included in the development of E-Learning system. Cloud Computing provides an efficient platform to support the E-Learning systems, as it can be dramatically changes over time .In this paper, an overview on the new emerging E-Learning system , utilization of the SAAS (Software as a Service) and the methodology to test the efficiency of the person in a secured way are described.
Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy.IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nigeria is endowed with natural resources which are aim at developing the country.The need for alternative energy resources to drive the nation economy cannot be over-emphasized. The incessant power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlement. A robust solution must be found to end the crises. Alternative energy source has the potential of solving power problem in Nigeria as well as providing safer and cleaner environment than the fossil fuel. This paper also examines the socio–economic benefits of the alternative energy (solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal) to the nation economy and the utilization of the resources to meet human needs and the generation yet unborn and to provide sustainable development, thereby improve the standard of living and mitigating climate change.
ABSTRACT: Many writers describe empowerment as a process as opposed to a condition or state of being which is being a key feature of empowerment emphasized by many researchers. As a process empowerment becomes difficult to be measured by standard tools available to social scientists. As case study helps in bringing us to understand a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies also emphasized on detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researcher had made use of this qualitative research method to examine contemporary real-life situations.
Validation of Maintenance Policy of Steel Plant Machine Shop By Analytic Hier...IJMERJOURNAL
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And Pressure Compensated Hydraulic System
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 6 |
Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response
Characteristics in Load Sensing And Pressure Compensated
Hydraulic System
*
Molham Chikhalsouk1,4
,Khalid Zouhri2,3,4,*,
Omar Khondker4,
Luis Ferreira4
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, CANADA
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University,
Townsend Dr., Houghton, USA
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Haven, Boston Post RoadWest Haven, .
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Higher College of Technology Abu Dhabi, UAE
Corresponding author: *Molham Chikhalsouk
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past twenty years, a remarkable attention has been directed toward the variable displacement
swash plate pumps. These studies covered several aspects of the pump such as the pump kinematics and pump
characteristics control to achieve the optimum performance. One interesting study has been presented by
Tanglin []. Tanglin proposal based on controlling the pump characteristics by controlling the prime mover speed.
Akers and Lin []have modeled the axial piston pump and controller the pump pressure as they have used a single
stage electro-hydraulic valve to control the pump flow rate. They used a step function and tested the non-
stationary response by implementing the optimum control theory for the control open loop. There was a
remarkable improvement in the pump performance. One more study was conducted by Kaliftas and Costopolus
[]. They modeled and tested the dynamic and static pump characteristics. The pump was equipped with a
pressure regulator. The results have been collected numerically and matched with the pump operations’ curves.
In [], Johnson and Manring have modeled the axial swash plate pump and investigated the effect of a defined
loads on the pump characteristics. In the last few years, the swash plate pump with the conical arrangement was
introduced. In the conical arrangement, there is an angle between axial coordinate and the pistons’ axis. This
arrangement has a remarkable advantage over the cylindrical arrangement as the detachment force has been
reduced. The detachment force tends to remove the piston from its slipper pad. The conical pump has been
studied extensively, some good examples can be obtained in [, , ,]. Khalil el al. [6] has modeled and simulated
the swash plate and investigated the effect of the pump kinematics on the pump flow rate and pressure ripples.
Also, Khalil in another study has investigated the influence of the controller specifications on the pump
characteristics [6,7,]. Further study has been conducted by Chikhalsouk. The study has concluded a simplified
geometrical pump kinematic expressions and accordingly, the pump characteristics have been investigated.
Another important technique in swash plate pump characteristics control is load sensing control. The load
sensing swash plate pump consists of the pump and control valves, which automatically adjust the pump
characteristics i.e. the pump flow rate and pressure to meet the load requirements, and this maintains the
hydraulic flow quality, the pump efficiency and avoids the throttling overflow losses. Thus, the load sensing
ABSTRACT: Fluid Power is widely employed in applications required high loads such as tractors,
cranes, and airplanes. In load sensing hydraulic systems, loads are controlled by adjusting a pump-valve
arrangement. In this paper, the swash plate pump hydraulic characteristics will be determined, the pump
and its fluid gains will be derived to obtain the pump overall transfer function. Firstly, the swash plate
pump mechanism is analyzed and its dynamic model is constructed; the pump pressure and flow rate are
plotted and the possible improvement is introduced. The load sensing unit parameters such as orifice
width, orifice area, maximum passage area, and piston area at X and Y will be examined to identify their
influence on the pump characteristics; and the optimum parameters will be introduced. All results are
developed and simulated numerically.
Keywords: Swashplate pump, load sensing control, pump characteristics, pump flow rate, pump
delivery pressure.
2. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 7 |
swash plate pump has relatively fewer energy losses and higher efficiency in comparison to other types of
hydraulic pumps. In order to improve the pump operating stability and its performance, it is very vital to
optimize the pump construction. The complex structure for the swash plate sensing pump makes the
mathematical modeling is pretty challenging. Hence, the conventional development approaches are hard to
comply with the modern pumps’ designrequirements.
Load sensing systems have become very popular in the past two decades, especially in automobile and
heavy duty machinery [, ,]. One important advantage of these systems is the high potential of energy saving;
where is the pump meets the power requirements to the various loads with the least control losses. However, a
kind of interaction amongst loads and an instability is reported [].In load sensing pump, the pressure is sent back
to the pump controller to adjust the swash plate swiveling angle and pump flow rate accordingly.
The remarkable advancements in computer simulation grant researchers with an effective and
convenient platform to design the pump[]. The simulation tests enable the researchers to discover the potential
design problems and enhance the required parameters to achieve the desired performance and then building the
prototype. Some of the computer simulations that can significantly simplify the development process and
shorten its cycle, and substantially reducing the development costs which lead to the ideal design scheme []. In
the past few years, the computer simulation has been employed in improving the design of the hydraulic pump
and has shown a remarkable success []. For example in [], Cho et al. have used AMESim software to model and
simulate the conical swash plate pump and studied and analyzed the piston pressure fluctuation. In [],Baek et al.
have extended their studies to include the piston behaviors under disk eccentricity ratio. The axial piston pump
characteristics and the effect of the internal leak on the pump pressure and flow rate were investigated by
Bergada []. Casoli et al. have modeled and simulated an excavator’s arm powered by swash plate pump by using
gray box technique, and have obtained fast excavation cycle[]. The pressure control by pressure compensator
for swash plate pump was studied by Mandal in []. In [], Xu et al. have studied the optimum structure for anti-
overturning slipper of swash plate pump to enhance the service life and the swash plate pump reliability.
Roccatello et al. have modeled and simulated multi subsystems of a swash plate pump based on software
technology and tested the swash plate pump dynamic response characteristics []. The Zhu et al.’s study has
added a significant analysis of the swash plate load sensing pump [], however, more work needs to be
achieved.Other studies have concentrated on the structure and optimum parameters of the load sensing swash
plate pump [].
In this paper, the swash plate pump is selected for the research object. The load sensing and swash plate
pump structure are explained. The mathematical model is developed. The test rig specification and structure are
detailed. The pump characteristics are obtained. The load sensing unit parameters influence on the pump
characteristics are studied. Finally, the optimum load sensing parameters are recommended.
Load Sensing Unit with Swash Plate Pump
The load sensing arrangement consists of a variable displacement pump i.e. swash plate pump, an
actuatingyoke, a pump control piston, and a critically lapped adjusting valve. The orifice is controlled by two
pressures, which are upstream(pump pressure) and downstream (load pressure).When the load increases, there
will be an increase in pump feedback sensing load pressure. Hence, there will be a change in the pressure acting
on the spool. The spool is experiencinga unbalance force and shifting it to the right and connecting to the tank.
On the other hand, a decrease in the fluid pressure will increase the swash plate swivelingangle, which increases
the pump flow rate. This increase in the pump flow experiences a higher resistance in the controlling orifice,
which increases the pressure. The pump feedback line pressure is sensed, which affects the compensator piston
right handed side. The pressure keeps building up till the balance occurs through the compensator. Accordingly,
the orifice pressure drops and the flow is adjusted reaching to its original level (control flow). In other words, in
load sense control, the pump flow increases or decreases to main the differential pressureacross the orifice.
Thus, the flow will be constant for the same orifice opening regardless the load condition or the prime mover
revolution. Accordingly, the pump will use only the enough power to maintain suitable flow. A limiting pressure
control is a controlled method to set the maximum system pressure. The pressure limiting valve is installed to
hinder pump pressure to go beyond the preset pressure. The load sensing valve preloaded spring is calculated
with the following equation as:
.v vf p A (1)
where
p desired differential pressure across the control valve in Pa
vA control valve cross-sectional area in m2
3. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 8 |
3. Pressure and Flow Control Arrangement for the Swash Plate Pump
The control unit consists of a 3-way hydraulic directional valve and a double-acting servo cylinder that controls
the pump yoke. The load sensing is enabled by keeping a predetermined pressure differential through the flow
control valve. These pressures act upon the sides of the directional valve and move it correspondingly to the
pressure difference.
The control unit elements are:
A. Flow Control Variable Area Orifice: The variable orifice consists of a cylindrical sharp-corner spool and a
rectangular opening in a sleeve. The orifice flow rate is proportional to the pressure differential through the
orifice faces and its opening. The connections A and B are maintaining hydraulic channels with the orifice
inlet/outlet. The positive direction is from A to B, where the positive signal at spool “S” opens/closes the
orifice according to the orifice orientation parameters.
B. Load Sensing Fixed Orifice: Is s squared corner fixed area orifice. The flow rate is proportional to the
pressure differential through t the orifice. Ports A and B are maintaining hydraulic channels linked with the
orifice inlet/outlet. The positive direction is from port A to port B, which means that when the flow from A
to B is counted positive, and the differential pressure is computed as P = PA - PB.
C. Pressure Relief Valve: it opens as the pressure exceeds the valve preset pressure, where value control
member is pushed against its seat and initiating a gap between the outlet and inlet. This relief sends some of
the fluid back to the tank and decreases the pressure at the inlet. Yet, the pressure starts to be built as the
flow rate is insufficient. At this condition, the area increases till the control element reaches its peak.
Connections A and B are maintaining channels and the working direction from A to B.
D. Double Acting Calve Actuator: It uses as a pilot actuator for pressure/directional/flow control valves,
where all flow consumption and forces can be neglected except spring force. The actuator has two single
acting actuators advancing against each other. Each actuator contains a centering spring with its washer and
a piston. When a port is under a control pressure, one centering spring is compressed across its washer only,
while will exert no force. When a pressure control is released on the both ports, the spool centers between
them. This design enables each actuator to have its own design parameters. When a control pressure
applies, the piston will move against its spring. The different control unit elements are listed in Figure 2.
4. Swash Plate PumpStructure
As shown in Figure 1, the swash plate pump consists of a certain number of pistons moving inside their
cylinders and combined in a common block named the cylinders block. The cylinders/pistons are enclosed in an
annular array within the cylinders’ block at an equal interval around the axial coordinate. The cylinders block is
retained securely aginst the port plate by the aid of the cylinder block spring compressed force. A ball and
socket joint links the piston base to its slipper. The slippers are maintained in touch with the swash plate and the
swash plates swiveling angle is controlled by a servomechanism depending on the delivery pressure/ flow rate
demands. In actual applications, the loadon the hydraulic actuator may alter from instance to instance, which
will require the swash plate pump to produce a several operating pressure/ flow rate accordingly.
II. Mathematical Modeling
The analytic method is the most popular method to model and analyzes the hydraulic pumps in general and
swash plate pumps in particular [,], state space method [], and bond graph approach []. In this work, the dynamic
model for the load sensing pump will be built based on analytic approach.
1) Load Sensing Valve Dynamic Equation:
The load sensing valve dynamic expression can be written as:
0. . . ( )v v v v v v s l vM x C x K x P P A F
(2)
Let’s name total inputs as ef , hence, the load sensing valve transform function can be obtained by Laplace
transform
1 2
2
1
( )
( )
( )
2. 1
v v
e
v
nv nv
X s K
G s
s sF s
(3)
4. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 9 |
2) Swash plate dynamic equation:
The dynamic equation of swash plate[] can be expressed as:
1 02 2
1 0 1 0
.
. . . ( ) .
. . .
q v p p p p
J V J
k x A x x K C x
A l A l
(4)
Hence, the swash plate transferfunction can be obtained by Laplace transform
1
2 2
2
( )
( )
( )
( 2. 1)
q
p
v
p
np np
K
X s A
G s
s sX s
s
(5)
3) Pump output flow rate characteristics. The pump flow gain equation of the pump [] can be written as:
. .pump Q pQ K n x (6)
The pump output flow rate gain can be obtained by Laplace transform as
3
( )
( ) .
( )
pump
Q
p
Q s
G s K n
X s
(7)
4) Pump pressure characteristics. The pump flow rate variation causes the pressure variation. Hence, the
pressure differential equation can be written as follows:
. t
p l l s s
V
Q Q c P P
(8)
Consequently, the pump pressure may be expressed as
4
1
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 1
s l
p l
t
P s c
G s
sQ s Q s
(9)
Open loop transfer function of the load sensing swash plate pump is the product of the four gains i.e.
1
2 2
2 2
1 1
( ) ( . )( )( )
( ) . .
(1 )( 2. 1) ( 2. 1)
q
Q
v l
v p
tnv nv np np
K
K n
K cA
G s
ss s s s
s
(10)
Equation (10) represents the load sensing swash plate pump transfer function. Two oscillatoryelements, one
inertial element, and one amplifying element are the cascade gains for the open loop of the equivalent transfer
function for the pump. The pump response in the time domain can be represented by the fundamental frequency
of the elements, at the same time, the vibration characteristics of the system can be figured out by the elements
damping coefficients.
Hence and in order to improve the system performance, there is a need to lessen the influence of the
first order inertial element and secure that the second order vibratory element plays the leading role in the
system. Increasing the corner frequency of the first order to increase the pressure/ flow coefficient of the load
system can be one a suitable approach. Also, decreasing the load sensing valve spring stiffness or decreasing the
piston area of the variable hydraulic cylinder are other powerful approaches.
5. Test Rig Construction
The objective of the test rig is to investigate the interaction between the swash plate pump and the control unit,
and the same time achieving the load sensing and the pressure control goals. To secure the vital accuracy, the
pump model should be derived in the way that considers this interaction among the pistons, the swash plate, and
the port plates, which makes it very critical to constructing the comprehensive pump model.
5. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 10 |
5. 1Test Rig Outline
The schematic representation of the system test rig is illustrated in Figure 3. The pump model is
symbolized with the name Swash Plate Pump. The prime mover, which is the source of pump mechanical
power, is simulated with the Ideal Angular Velocity source. The pump outputs/ delivery are a hydraulic pipeline
and two variable orifices. The flow rate is adjusted by the flow control orifices; in this work, the opening is
remained fixed during the simulation. The load sensing pump needs to reserve a constant differential pressure
across the orifice regardless the swash plate loading. The loading pump is represented in the simulation as the
load orifice block. In order to investigate the control unit for several load conditions, the load orifice area is
changed during the simulation. The changing profile is utilized by the Load Signal Builder block. The control
unit is symbolized in the test rig by a three-way valve pressure controlled, a pressure relief valve, flow control
orifice, and an orifice. The control unit senses signals on the pump pressure and the load pressure, measured
post the valve of flow control. According to these pressures, the yoke displacement is generated, which limits
the angular swash plate swiveling angle i.e. the piston stroke. In this way, the differential pressuresmaintained
across the flow control valve and eliminate the pump to generate an excessive pressure set by the manufacturers.
The fundamental test rigs parameters are listed in Table 1.
5.2: Test Rig Model
The models of the swash plate pump and the control unit are built.
5. 2. 1. Swash Plate pump Model
The pump under investigation is a swash plate pump. The pump block diagram is illustrated in Figure
(4). In Figure (4), S is symbolizing the pump driving shaft (port 3), Y for the yoke linked to the inclined swash
plate (port 1), and B is the pump discharge pressure (port 2). All pistons are symbolized by a subsystem named
piston. These pistons’ models are identicals and linked to pump external pump’s ports. Every piston is linked to
the low port (suction port i.e. A), which is simulated by with the Ideal Hydraulic Pressure Source block. The
booster pressure set point is 5 bar. The yoke is linked to the pistons’ actuator ports, hence operating on the
inclined swash plate. The yoke displacement is controlled by the hard stop function.
5.2.2: Pressure and Flow Control Subdivision Model
The control subsystem is exhibited on Figure (2), such that is constructed by a three-way directional
valve, double acting hydraulic valve actuator, pressure relief valve, and non-variable orifice blocks. The port B
and A are linked to the up and downstream of the control orifice in Figure 2. The flow control orifice
differential pressure is selected to be 20bar. In Figure (2), the lower position of the 3-way directional valve
needs to be preliminary open, to push the swash plate pump to boost its displacement at the beginning of the
operation. To conduct the load sensing objective, the pressure rise at the LSP opening have to open the 3-
directional valve lower position. These are the major consideration in valve port to system connection. The other
parameters such as orifice area, valve length, and spring stiffness are adjusted during the simulation to guarantee
the effectiveness and numerical stability. The pump needs to be operated within the power limitations, and
hence, the pressure limiting function is applied in joint with the non-variable orifice and pressure relief valve
blocks. The relief valve set value is selected to be 250bars. This value is suitable to decrease the pressure of the
double acting valve actuator, which is linked to the yoke, as the pressure increases at the non-variable orifice.
This action decreases the pump displacement.
5.3: Test Rig Data
The load sensing system is investigated by simulating the derived models with appropriate parameters,
which are summarized in Table (2).
5.3.1: Simulation Data and Results
The simulation cycle contains several elements defined by several load conditions that affect the
variable area block whose opening is adjusted by spool position in Load Signal Builder block, as illustratedin
Figures(5) Figure (6)shows the load sensing evolution with respect to time. From the figure, the simulation
cycle starts with zero opening for 0.25 sec, and then, the opening increases linearly and becomes 2.8 mm at 0.31
sec. This opening remains constant for 0.20 sec, and another linear increase takes place and reaching the
maximum valve 5.2 mm at 0.52 sec. it remains constant for 0.25 sec and then decreases to 1, and another
decrease (-0.8 mm). Finally, the opening settles at 2.5 mm. At the beginning of the cycle, the pump shaft rotates
at 260 rad/sec and the initial position of the yoke is selected to be 5 mm. The pump flow rate and pressure are
illustrated in Figures (7-1) and (7-2). As can be noticed from the Pressure Profile, the servo cylinder begins to
increase the pump displacement, the pump pressure increase to reach 200 bars at 0.24 sec, where the differential
pressure across the flow control valve gets close to the pressure set value; the load sensing valve opens at this
6. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 11 |
instant. Afterward, the pressure settles at 75 bars and this lasts till 0.5 sec, hence, the pump pressure drops to 50
bars and this last for 0.25 sec (till 0.75 sec). Another two pressure increase cycles take place at 0.85 sec and 1.1
sec, respectively. Through these three cycles, the pump holds almost the same flow rate in spite of alternations
of the opening of the load valve. The limiting function dominates the pressure rise as it reaches 270 bars and the
pump reacts to the load sensing regime allowing the pressure to decrease. The simulation results exhibit that the
pump flow rate and pressure characteristics and the load sensing variable pump are compatible. Hence, the
swash plate pump characteristics can be dynamically simulated and analyzed by using the model.
6. Load Sensing System Components Simulation and Optimization
In this section, the pump flow and pressure characteristics govern the pump fundamental parameters
are discussed; then, a series of simulation runs are conducted to investigate the impact of the several loads
sensing unit parameters on the pump external characteristics i.e. the pump flow rate and the pressure. As
mentioned earlier, the load sensing unit consists of the 3-way directional valve, the double acting servo cylinder
which stroke/ stroke the control piston, the variable control orifice, the load sensing fixed orifice, and the
pressure relief valve. The objective of this simulation is to identify the most sensitive parameter for improving
the pump characteristics. The simulation matrix is formulated and the parameters are selected. The parameters
are Flow Control Orifice with Variable Area Slot /Orifice Width, Load Sensing Fixed Orifice/ Orifice Area,
Pressure Relief Valve/ Maximum Passage Area, and Hydraulic Double Acting Valve Actuator/ Piston Area at X
and Y.
The parameters are grouped in Table (1), and the simulation results are plotted accordingly in Figure
(8). Figure (8-1) illustrates the influence of flow control orifice width on the pump pressure. The orifice width is
increased consecutively starting from the original value and increased to 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and 2 cm. Increasing
the orifice width improves the pump pressure and the pressure fluctuation can be noticed at a high value of the
width, which is 2 cm. Figure (8-2) shows the influence of flow control orifice width on the pump flow rate. It is
notable that pump flow rate increase as the orifice width increase and the maximum width generates an
excessive flow fluctuation which is not recommended for hydraulic systems. Figures (8-3 and 8-4) demonstrate
the pump characteristics at different values for Load Sensing Fixed Orifice areas. The selected areas are 4, 6, 8,
and 10 mm2, respectively. The increase in the area has an impact on the pump flow rate at 1.1 sec and increases
of the flow rate, however, there is a minimal fluctuation in the flow rate. Moreover, increasing the area has a
positive impact on the pressure and the pressure overshooting dropped by 50 %. The effect of the pressure relief
maximum area on the pump flow rate and pressure are represented in Figures (8-5 and 8-6). The simulation
results show that there is no impact on the relief valve area on the pump characteristics. Figures (8-7 and 8-8)
establish the relationships between the pump characteristics and the actuator area. Increasing the area would
decrease the pump flow rate and pressure by 5% with every 5 mm2
area increase. For optimum pump
characteristics, it can be summarized the following observations: Increasing the variable orifice width up to 1.5
cm, increasing the fixed orifice area up to 10 mm2, and the small increase in actuator area (up to 85 mm2 ). On
the other hand, no impact on the relief valve area on the pump characteristics as used for maintaining the pump
pressure at the preset value.
7. Conclusions
The swash plate pump hydraulic characteristics were determined, the pump several gains and overall transfer
functions were derived and determined. The load sensing unit parameters such as orifice width, orifice area,
maximum passage area, and piston area at X and Y were first identified to simulate the pump characteristics.
Then a set of simulation runs were conducted to obtain the optimum characteristics. It was found that increasing
the orifice width reasonably would improve the pump characteristics. Also, the increase in the fixed orifice area
has a positive impact. Moreover, the small increase in the actuator area could improve the pump flow rate and
the pressure. However, there is no influence for the relief valve on the pump performance.
Figures Captions:
Figure 1: Load sensing unit with swash plate
Figure 2: Schematic Representation of the Swash Plate Response Characteristics Control Unit
Figure 3: Schematic Representation of the Test Rig
Figure 4: Schematic Representation of the Swash Plate
Figure 5: Schematic Representation of theSpool Block
Figure 6: Load Sensing Valve Opening with Time
Figure 7-1: Pump Flow Rate Profile
Figure 7-2: Pump Pressure Profile
Figure 8-1: Pump Pressure Profile with Several Control Orifice Widths
Figure 8-2: Pump Flow Rate Profile with Several Control Orifice Widths
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Figure 8-3: Pump Output Flow Rate with Several Load Sensing Fixed Orifice/ Orifice Area Values
Figure 8-4: Pump Output Pressure with Several Load Sensing Fixed Orifice/ Orifice Area Values
Figure 8-5: Pump Output Flow Rate with Different Pressure Relief Valve/ Maximum Passage Area Values
Figure 8-6: Pump Output Pressure with Different Pressure Relief Valve/ Maximum Passage Area Values
Figure 8-7: Pump Output Flow Rate with Several Double Acting Valve Actuator/ Piston Area Values
Figure 8-8: Pump Output Pressure with Several Double Acting Valve Actuator/ Piston Area Values
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Load sensing unit with swash plate
Figure 2: Schematic Representation of the Swash Plate Response Characteristics Control Unit
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Figure 3: Schematic Representation of the Test Rig
Figure 4: Schematic Representation of the Swash Plate
9. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
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Figure 5: Schematic Representation of theSpool Block
Figure 6: Load Sensing Valve Opening with Time
Figure 7-1: Pump Flow Rate Profile
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Figure 7-2: Pump Pressure Profile
Figure 8-1: Pump Pressure Profile with Several Control Orifice Widths
Figure 8-2: Pump Flow Rate Profile with Several Control Orifice Widths
11. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
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Figure 8-3: Pump Output Flow Rate with Several Load Sensing Fixed Orifice/ Orifice Area Values
Figure 8-4: Pump Output Pressure with Several Load Sensing Fixed Orifice/ Orifice Area Values
Figure 8-5: Pump Output Flow Rate with Different Pressure Relief Valve/ Maximum Passage Area Values
12. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
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Figure 8-6: Pump Output Pressure with Different Pressure Relief Valve/ Maximum Passage Area Values
Figure 8-7: Pump Output Flow Rate with Several Double Acting Valve Actuator/ Piston Area Values
Figure 8-8: Pump Output Pressure with Several Double Acting Valve Actuator/ Piston Area Values
13. Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sensing And
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Appendix
Component Parameter Unit #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
Flow Control
Orifice with
Variable Area
Slot /Orifice
Width
Flow Control Orifice with Variable Area
Slot
Orifice Width cm 1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2
Load Sensing Fixed Orifice Orifice Area mm2
2
Pressure Relief Valve Maximum Passage
Area
mm2
20
Hydraulic Double Acting Valve
Actuator
Piston Area at X/ Y mm2
80
Load Sensing
Fixed Orifice/
Orifice Area
Flow Control Orifice with Variable Area
Slot
Orifice Width cm 1
Load Sensing Fixed Orifice Orifice Area mm2
2 4 6 8 10
Pressure Relief Valve Maximum Passage
Area
mm2
20
Hydraulic Double Acting Valve
Actuator
Piston Area at X/ Y mm2
80
Pressure Relief
Valve/
Maximum
Passage Area
Flow Control Orifice with Variable Area
Slot
Orifice Width cm 1
Load Sensing Fixed Orifice Orifice Area mm2
2
Pressure Relief Valve Maximum Passage
Area
mm2
40 60 80 100
Hydraulic Double Acting Valve
Actuator
Piston Area at X/ Y mm2
80
Hydraulic
Double Acting
Valve Actuator/
Piston Area at
X/ Y
Flow Control Orifice with Variable Area
Slot
Orifice Width cm 1
Load Sensing Fixed Orifice Orifice Area mm2
2
Pressure Relief Valve Maximum Passage
Area
mm2
20
Hydraulic Double Acting Valve
Actuator
Piston Area at X/ Y mm2
80 85 90 95 100
Table 1: Load Sensing Components Simulation Matrix
Nomenclature:
Flow Control Orifice with Variable Area Width 1 cm
Load Sensing Fixed Orifice Area 2 mm2
Pressure Relief ValveArea 20 mm2
Hydraulic Double Acting Valve Actuator Piston Area at X and Y 80 mm2
vf : Load sensing valve preload force
N
vx , vx , vx ( px , px , px ): Acceleration/Velocity/ displacement of the spool (nth
piston)
vM : Proportional valve spool mass
0.1 kg
vC : Proportional valve viscous friction coefficient
90 N.m/s
vK : Proportional valve spring stiffness
20 kN/m
lP : Leak Pressure
vA : Spool cross-sectional area
m2
v , p : Damping coefficient (spool, swash plate)
nv , np , t : Natural frequency (valve, swash plate, and pressure )
Rad/sec
pQ : Pump volume flow rate m3
/sec
1A : Control piston cross-sectional area m2
J : Average Swash plate inertia 1.06X10-3
N.m. sec2
/rad
V : Volume of pump at the high-pressure side m3
: Effective bulk modulus 1X109
Pa
pK : swash plate equivalent stiffness N/m
lQ : Volumetric leak
m3
/sec
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lc : Leak coefficient
4.3 X10-13
m3
/Pa.sec
sP , sP : suction pressure, instantaneous suction pressure
Pa, Pa/s
tV : Volume of the pump
m3
Pump maximum displacement 7.9 cm3
/rad
Pitch radius 5 cm
Piton diameter 2.8 cm
n: Pistons’ number 9
Maximum piston stroke 6 cm
Maximum swash plate angle 370
Arm length between the swash plate pivoting point and the actuator 5.6 cm
Swash plate actuator stroke 5 cm
Orifice diameter at the BDC 7 mm
Prime mover speed 260 rad/sec
Hydraulic fluid type Skydrol LD-4
Pump maximum pressure 260 bar
Pump maximum volume flow rate 1.1 l/s
Piston dead volume 1 cm3
Leakage area 1X10-12
m2
Pressure control unit piston area A/B 9/4.2 m2
Orifice with variable area slot orifice width 0.003
Flow discharge coefficient 0.7
Orifice with variable area slot orifice initial direction 0.002
Critical Reynolds number 12
Orifice with variable area slot orifice leakage area 1X10-9
m2
Table 2: Important Parameters
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*Molham Chikhalsouk."Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response
Characteristics in Load Sensing And Pressure Compensated Hydraulic System." International
Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) 7.7 (2017): 06-20.