This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a technique called reconfigurable built-in self test (RBIST) to detect and correct faults in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The RBIST approach uses the partial reconfiguration capability of FPGAs to dynamically reconfigure logic blocks and implement a self-test controller for fault detection. The self-test controller coordinates test pattern generation, response verification, and identification of faults. The technique was implemented on a Xilinx FPGA board to demonstrate fault detection and correction without disrupting the normal operation of other logic blocks.
This document discusses fault tolerance techniques for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It begins with an abstract and introduction describing how FPGAs are complex and must work reliably. It then covers FPGA architecture and different types of faults that can occur. The main methods of fault detection discussed are functional redundancy, off-line testing (built-in self-test), and roving testing. Functional redundancy uses additional logic for detection and has fast detection but high area overhead. Off-line testing has no performance impact but can only detect faults during dedicated test modes. Roving testing exploits run-time reconfiguration to test parts of the FPGA online with low overhead.
This document discusses fault tolerance in FPGA-based systems. It begins by defining an FPGA and its architecture, consisting of programmable logic blocks and a routing matrix. Fault tolerance aims to prevent failures caused by defects introduced during manufacturing. Methods of fault detection discussed include redundant error detection, offline testing, and roving tests. The document also covers single and multiple fault tolerance, as well as hardware, configuration, and system-level approaches. It provides VHDL code examples and concludes that the best solution combines dynamic and static fault tolerance methods to adapt to different environments.
This document discusses two methods for diagnosing faulty logic blocks in FPGA fabrics: the algebraic logic method and vector-logical method. The algebraic logic method is more useful for processing sparse fault tables with fewer than 20% 1s values, as it reduces the fault table size and simplifies computations to generate sum-of-products expressions to diagnose issues. The method involves removing rows and columns with all 0s, then constructing product-of-sums terms for each 1 in the response vector and converting to sum-of-products form. The vector-logical method is better for dense fault tables with many 1s, as it can more easily analyze tables where 1s predominate over 0s. Both methods aim to localize
This document discusses built-in self-test (BIST) techniques for testing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It describes how the FPGA can be configured with BIST logic during offline testing to test the programmable logic blocks and interconnects. For online testing, the FPGA can be configured as a processor with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that has a BIST feature. The design implements a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture on the FPGA with the ALU and is verified through simulation. BIST allows exhaustive testing of the FPGA at operating speed without external test equipment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An application specific reconfigurable architecture for fault testing and dia...eSAT Journals
This document discusses application-specific reconfigurable architectures for fault testing and diagnosis in FPGAs. It provides an overview of different types of faults that can occur in FPGAs at runtime, including logical faults, interconnect faults, and delay faults. It then reviews several previous works that proposed various techniques for application-independent and application-dependent fault diagnosis in FPGAs, focusing on methods for detecting and locating logical faults and interconnect faults. The goal is to remove faults at the application level to improve FPGA performance and reliability.
Verilog Ams Used In Top Down Methodology For Wireless Integrated CircuitsRégis SANTONJA
The document discusses using the VerilogAMS language and top-down methodology for wireless integrated circuit designs. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Using the top-down methodology to allow for general functionality verification early in the design process by analyzing the ASIC from top to bottom before individual block implementation.
2) Describing the steps of behavioral modeling of blocks using VerilogA, replacing blocks with transistor-level designs, and simulating the entire design with mixed behavioral and transistor-level blocks.
3) Noting that the top-down methodology can be applied whether the design has a large analog/small digital portion or large digital/small analog portion.
This document discusses techniques for mitigating single event upsets (SEUs) in SRAM-based FPGAs. It describes how SEUs have different effects in FPGAs compared to ASICs due to the programmable logic being implemented using SRAM cells. Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with voting is commonly used but has high area and power overhead. The document proposes a new technique that combines duplication with comparison and concurrent error detection to detect faults in the programmable logic while reducing overhead compared to TMR.
This document discusses fault tolerance techniques for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It begins with an abstract and introduction describing how FPGAs are complex and must work reliably. It then covers FPGA architecture and different types of faults that can occur. The main methods of fault detection discussed are functional redundancy, off-line testing (built-in self-test), and roving testing. Functional redundancy uses additional logic for detection and has fast detection but high area overhead. Off-line testing has no performance impact but can only detect faults during dedicated test modes. Roving testing exploits run-time reconfiguration to test parts of the FPGA online with low overhead.
This document discusses fault tolerance in FPGA-based systems. It begins by defining an FPGA and its architecture, consisting of programmable logic blocks and a routing matrix. Fault tolerance aims to prevent failures caused by defects introduced during manufacturing. Methods of fault detection discussed include redundant error detection, offline testing, and roving tests. The document also covers single and multiple fault tolerance, as well as hardware, configuration, and system-level approaches. It provides VHDL code examples and concludes that the best solution combines dynamic and static fault tolerance methods to adapt to different environments.
This document discusses two methods for diagnosing faulty logic blocks in FPGA fabrics: the algebraic logic method and vector-logical method. The algebraic logic method is more useful for processing sparse fault tables with fewer than 20% 1s values, as it reduces the fault table size and simplifies computations to generate sum-of-products expressions to diagnose issues. The method involves removing rows and columns with all 0s, then constructing product-of-sums terms for each 1 in the response vector and converting to sum-of-products form. The vector-logical method is better for dense fault tables with many 1s, as it can more easily analyze tables where 1s predominate over 0s. Both methods aim to localize
This document discusses built-in self-test (BIST) techniques for testing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It describes how the FPGA can be configured with BIST logic during offline testing to test the programmable logic blocks and interconnects. For online testing, the FPGA can be configured as a processor with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that has a BIST feature. The design implements a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture on the FPGA with the ALU and is verified through simulation. BIST allows exhaustive testing of the FPGA at operating speed without external test equipment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An application specific reconfigurable architecture for fault testing and dia...eSAT Journals
This document discusses application-specific reconfigurable architectures for fault testing and diagnosis in FPGAs. It provides an overview of different types of faults that can occur in FPGAs at runtime, including logical faults, interconnect faults, and delay faults. It then reviews several previous works that proposed various techniques for application-independent and application-dependent fault diagnosis in FPGAs, focusing on methods for detecting and locating logical faults and interconnect faults. The goal is to remove faults at the application level to improve FPGA performance and reliability.
Verilog Ams Used In Top Down Methodology For Wireless Integrated CircuitsRégis SANTONJA
The document discusses using the VerilogAMS language and top-down methodology for wireless integrated circuit designs. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Using the top-down methodology to allow for general functionality verification early in the design process by analyzing the ASIC from top to bottom before individual block implementation.
2) Describing the steps of behavioral modeling of blocks using VerilogA, replacing blocks with transistor-level designs, and simulating the entire design with mixed behavioral and transistor-level blocks.
3) Noting that the top-down methodology can be applied whether the design has a large analog/small digital portion or large digital/small analog portion.
This document discusses techniques for mitigating single event upsets (SEUs) in SRAM-based FPGAs. It describes how SEUs have different effects in FPGAs compared to ASICs due to the programmable logic being implemented using SRAM cells. Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with voting is commonly used but has high area and power overhead. The document proposes a new technique that combines duplication with comparison and concurrent error detection to detect faults in the programmable logic while reducing overhead compared to TMR.
This document discusses the architecture of Xilinx Cool Runner CPLDs. It provides an overview of Xilinx CPLD technologies including Cool Runner XPLA3 and Cool Runner-II. For the Cool Runner XPLA3, it describes the features and specifications, and details the architecture including the high-level block diagram, function block, macrocell, and I/O cell. For the Cool Runner-II, it lists the key features and specifications. The document is intended to explain the architectures of these Xilinx CPLD families.
The document discusses the evolution of programmable logic from TTL to FPGAs. It describes how early programmable logic arrays (PLAs) combined logic gates and registers into single devices with programmable connections. Modern FPGAs arrange logic blocks in an array with programmable interconnect to implement complex digital designs with high density, performance and reprogrammability. The document outlines FPGA architecture including look-up tables, routing resources and specialized blocks to efficiently implement applications like high-speed data processing.
The document discusses various programmable chip and board implementation technologies including PLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs. It describes the basic components and features of these technologies. PLDs contain programmable logic arrays that can implement sum-of-products logic functions. CPLDs are an evolution of PLDs, containing multiple PALs and an interconnect matrix. FPGAs provide even higher densities by placing programmable logic elements in an array with a programmable routing fabric between them. The document discusses the logic elements, interconnect, memory blocks, I/O and other features of example FPGA families from Altera and Actel.
Field-programmable gate array\
only for these students that are intrested in Field-programmable gate array
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing – hence "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). (Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs
The FPGA industry sprouted from programmable read-only memory (PROM) and programmable logic devices (PLDs). PROMs and PLDs both had the option of being programmed in batches in a factory or in the field (field-programmable). However, programmable logic was hard-wired between logic gates.[6]
In the late 1980s, the Naval Surface Warfare Center funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to develop a computer that would implement 600,000 reprogrammable gates. Casselman was successful and a patent related to the system was issued in 1992.[6]
Some of the industry's foundational concepts and technologies for programmable logic arrays, gates, and logic blocks are founded in patents awarded to David W. Page and LuVerne R. Peterson in 1985.
Microcontroller Based Testing of Digital IP-CoreVLSICS Design
Testing core based System on Chip [1] is a challenge for the test engineers. To test the complete SOC at one time with maximum fault coverage, test engineers prefer to test each IP-core separately. At speed testing using external testers is more expensive because of gigahertz processor. The purpose of this paper is to develop cost efficient and flexible test methodology for testing digital IP-cores [2]. The prominent feature of the approach is to use microcontroller to test IP-core. The novel feature is that there is no need of test pattern generator and output response analyzer as microcontroller performs the function of both. This approach has various advantages such as at speed testing, low cost, less area overhead and greater flexibility since most of the testing process is based on software.
This document discusses various digital circuit implementation approaches including full-custom design, semi-custom design using standard cells, and programmable logic approaches using PLAs, PALs, FPGAs, and CPLDs. Full-custom design allows maximum optimization but requires significant design effort. Semi-custom uses pre-defined cells and automation to reduce effort. Programmable logic allows late-binding implementation through configurable interconnects.
This document provides a summary of Tieng D. Nguyen's experience and qualifications as a Principal Hardware/FPGA Engineer. Over his career, Nguyen has led numerous hardware design projects involving FPGAs, PCB design, signal integrity, and power distribution. Recent experience includes helping to redesign parts of a robotic surgical machine to meet safety standards and improve performance. Nguyen has extensive experience with FPGA design processes, high-speed PCB design, and managing hardware engineering teams.
An FPGA (field programmable gate array) is a reprogrammable silicon chip that can be configured to perform different logic functions. It allows for personalized hardware design without physical chips and wiring. FPGAs offer parallel processing capabilities across different sections of the chip. They contain programmable logic blocks and routing resources that can be configured using hardware description languages. FPGAs provide advantages over processors like true parallel processing, high reliability, maintenance flexibility, and performance that exceeds DSPs. They are useful for applications like signal processing, robotics, and prototyping.
The document discusses programmable logic arrays (PLAs) and their minimization and testing. It describes how PLAs can be used to implement combinational and sequential logic. PLA minimization techniques include removing redundant product terms and raising terms to optimize area usage. Folding is also described as a technique to minimize the PLA by allowing columns and rows to be shared, reducing the overall size. Column and row folding algorithms are discussed as well as their complexity.
This document provides an introduction to semi-custom integrated circuit design and different types of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It discusses the evolution of IC scale and complexity from SSI to VLSI. The main types of ASICs are described as full-custom, cell-based, and gate-array based. Full-custom ASICs have all layers customized, cell-based ASICs use predefined standard cells, and gate-array based ASICs have predefined transistors with customized interconnect. Channeled and channel-less gate arrays are subtypes that differ in routing architecture. The document aims to outline the design approaches and tradeoffs of semi-custom IC design.
Application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) are microchips designed for special applications. There are two types: full-custom ASICs where all logic cells and mask layers are customized, and semi-custom where pre-designed logic cells have some customizable mask layers. ASICs have advantages over FPGAs like lower costs, higher speeds, and lower power usage, but have higher design costs and longer development times. Common applications of ASICs include aerospace systems, high-performance processors, and specialized consumer electronics.
This document provides an overview of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It discusses the main types of ASICs including full custom, semi-custom (standard cell-based and gate array-based), and programmable. For semi-custom, it describes standard cell-based ASICs using predesigned logic cells and different types of gate arrays including channeled, channelless, and structured. The document also covers the design flow, economics, merits like improved speed and power consumption, and demirts such as high costs for redesigns.
Re usable continuous-time analog sva assertionsRégis SANTONJA
This paper shows how SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) modules can be bound to analog IP blocks, shall they be at behavioral or transistor-level, enabling the assertions to become a true IP deliverable that can be reused at SoC level. It also highlights how DPIs can fix analog assertions specificities, such as getting rid of hierarchical paths, especially when probing currents. This paper also demonstrates how to flawlessly switch models between digital (wreal) and analog models without breaking the assertions. Finally, it demonstrates how one can generate an adaptive clock to continuously assert analog properties whose stability over time is critical, such as current or voltage references or supplies.
This document discusses field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). It begins with an introduction to programmable logic technology and compares application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic devices, FPGAs, and CPLDs. Key differences between FPGAs and CPLDs are that FPGAs contain over 100,000 logic blocks while CPLDs typically contain thousands of logic gates. FPGAs also offer higher complexity and can implement high-grade data processing, while CPLDs offer moderate data processing. The document then discusses FPGA and CPLD families, performance, and technical development differences compared to microcontrollers. It provides block diagrams of C
This document discusses using genetic algorithms and evolvable hardware techniques to evolve digital circuit designs, specifically a 1-bit adder circuit. It describes representing circuit designs as chromosomes in a genetic algorithm population. Over generations, genetic operators like crossover and mutation create new circuit designs with the goal of optimizing a fitness function. The best designs are kept and used to populate the next generation. The document outlines compiling and executing provided C++ code to evolve a 1-bit adder circuit and interpret the resulting circuit design using graph data structures like adjacency matrices and lists.
Upgrading to System Verilog for FPGA Designs, Srinivasan Venkataramanan, CVCFPGA Central
This document discusses upgrading FPGA designs to SystemVerilog. It presents an agenda that covers SystemVerilog constructs for RTL design, interfaces, assertions, and success stories. It then discusses the SystemVerilog-FPGA ecosystem. The presenter has over 13 years of experience in VLSI design and verification and has authored books on verification topics including SystemVerilog assertions. SystemVerilog is a superset of Verilog-2001 and offers enhanced constructs for modeling logic, interfaces, testbenches and connecting to C/C++.
This document summarizes an academic paper that presents an intelligent home monitoring system created using LabVIEW software. The system can monitor temperature, humidity, lighting, fire/burglar alarms, gas density and includes infrared sensors for security in a house. It connects to the internet to allow remote monitoring and control of house equipment from anywhere. The system controls internal/external lighting, fire/burglar alarms, temperature and can power switch rooms. It uses LabVIEW as the main controller and interfaces with sensors, alarms and equipment via data acquisition hardware.
O documento descreve a evolução histórica da educação infantil no Brasil e a criação da Creche Central da USP. Inicialmente, as creches eram vistas como assistencialistas para crianças carentes. Posteriormente, a Creche Central da USP foi criada com foco no desenvolvimento infantil, considerando as famílias. Um projeto pedagógico foi desenvolvido de forma coletiva, estruturando a rotina em ateliês, recreio, atividades em pequenos grupos e momentos de descanso.
El documento proporciona información sobre tres razas de perros: el Norwich Terrier, el Norwegian Elkhound y el Norfolk Terrier. El Norwich Terrier es originario de Gran Bretaña y se usaba como guardián y cazador de presas pequeñas. Es una buena opción como mascota para toda la familia. El Norwegian Elkhound se usaba para buscar alces y mantenerlos quietos hasta que el cazador disparara, y hoy en día es un perro enérgico que le gusta estar al aire libre. El Norfolk Terrier es sumamente ágil y se ent
Ryan P. Davis is a technical and customer service professional with over 10 years of experience in customer service, support, and real estate sales. He has a background in computer repair and networking and has held roles as a field technician supervisor and real estate sales associate. His experience includes account maintenance, troubleshooting, sales support, training employees, and facilitating real estate transactions from start to closing. He has a high school diploma and CCNA certification.
This document discusses the architecture of Xilinx Cool Runner CPLDs. It provides an overview of Xilinx CPLD technologies including Cool Runner XPLA3 and Cool Runner-II. For the Cool Runner XPLA3, it describes the features and specifications, and details the architecture including the high-level block diagram, function block, macrocell, and I/O cell. For the Cool Runner-II, it lists the key features and specifications. The document is intended to explain the architectures of these Xilinx CPLD families.
The document discusses the evolution of programmable logic from TTL to FPGAs. It describes how early programmable logic arrays (PLAs) combined logic gates and registers into single devices with programmable connections. Modern FPGAs arrange logic blocks in an array with programmable interconnect to implement complex digital designs with high density, performance and reprogrammability. The document outlines FPGA architecture including look-up tables, routing resources and specialized blocks to efficiently implement applications like high-speed data processing.
The document discusses various programmable chip and board implementation technologies including PLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs. It describes the basic components and features of these technologies. PLDs contain programmable logic arrays that can implement sum-of-products logic functions. CPLDs are an evolution of PLDs, containing multiple PALs and an interconnect matrix. FPGAs provide even higher densities by placing programmable logic elements in an array with a programmable routing fabric between them. The document discusses the logic elements, interconnect, memory blocks, I/O and other features of example FPGA families from Altera and Actel.
Field-programmable gate array\
only for these students that are intrested in Field-programmable gate array
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing – hence "field-programmable". The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). (Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs
The FPGA industry sprouted from programmable read-only memory (PROM) and programmable logic devices (PLDs). PROMs and PLDs both had the option of being programmed in batches in a factory or in the field (field-programmable). However, programmable logic was hard-wired between logic gates.[6]
In the late 1980s, the Naval Surface Warfare Center funded an experiment proposed by Steve Casselman to develop a computer that would implement 600,000 reprogrammable gates. Casselman was successful and a patent related to the system was issued in 1992.[6]
Some of the industry's foundational concepts and technologies for programmable logic arrays, gates, and logic blocks are founded in patents awarded to David W. Page and LuVerne R. Peterson in 1985.
Microcontroller Based Testing of Digital IP-CoreVLSICS Design
Testing core based System on Chip [1] is a challenge for the test engineers. To test the complete SOC at one time with maximum fault coverage, test engineers prefer to test each IP-core separately. At speed testing using external testers is more expensive because of gigahertz processor. The purpose of this paper is to develop cost efficient and flexible test methodology for testing digital IP-cores [2]. The prominent feature of the approach is to use microcontroller to test IP-core. The novel feature is that there is no need of test pattern generator and output response analyzer as microcontroller performs the function of both. This approach has various advantages such as at speed testing, low cost, less area overhead and greater flexibility since most of the testing process is based on software.
This document discusses various digital circuit implementation approaches including full-custom design, semi-custom design using standard cells, and programmable logic approaches using PLAs, PALs, FPGAs, and CPLDs. Full-custom design allows maximum optimization but requires significant design effort. Semi-custom uses pre-defined cells and automation to reduce effort. Programmable logic allows late-binding implementation through configurable interconnects.
This document provides a summary of Tieng D. Nguyen's experience and qualifications as a Principal Hardware/FPGA Engineer. Over his career, Nguyen has led numerous hardware design projects involving FPGAs, PCB design, signal integrity, and power distribution. Recent experience includes helping to redesign parts of a robotic surgical machine to meet safety standards and improve performance. Nguyen has extensive experience with FPGA design processes, high-speed PCB design, and managing hardware engineering teams.
An FPGA (field programmable gate array) is a reprogrammable silicon chip that can be configured to perform different logic functions. It allows for personalized hardware design without physical chips and wiring. FPGAs offer parallel processing capabilities across different sections of the chip. They contain programmable logic blocks and routing resources that can be configured using hardware description languages. FPGAs provide advantages over processors like true parallel processing, high reliability, maintenance flexibility, and performance that exceeds DSPs. They are useful for applications like signal processing, robotics, and prototyping.
The document discusses programmable logic arrays (PLAs) and their minimization and testing. It describes how PLAs can be used to implement combinational and sequential logic. PLA minimization techniques include removing redundant product terms and raising terms to optimize area usage. Folding is also described as a technique to minimize the PLA by allowing columns and rows to be shared, reducing the overall size. Column and row folding algorithms are discussed as well as their complexity.
This document provides an introduction to semi-custom integrated circuit design and different types of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It discusses the evolution of IC scale and complexity from SSI to VLSI. The main types of ASICs are described as full-custom, cell-based, and gate-array based. Full-custom ASICs have all layers customized, cell-based ASICs use predefined standard cells, and gate-array based ASICs have predefined transistors with customized interconnect. Channeled and channel-less gate arrays are subtypes that differ in routing architecture. The document aims to outline the design approaches and tradeoffs of semi-custom IC design.
Application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) are microchips designed for special applications. There are two types: full-custom ASICs where all logic cells and mask layers are customized, and semi-custom where pre-designed logic cells have some customizable mask layers. ASICs have advantages over FPGAs like lower costs, higher speeds, and lower power usage, but have higher design costs and longer development times. Common applications of ASICs include aerospace systems, high-performance processors, and specialized consumer electronics.
This document provides an overview of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It discusses the main types of ASICs including full custom, semi-custom (standard cell-based and gate array-based), and programmable. For semi-custom, it describes standard cell-based ASICs using predesigned logic cells and different types of gate arrays including channeled, channelless, and structured. The document also covers the design flow, economics, merits like improved speed and power consumption, and demirts such as high costs for redesigns.
Re usable continuous-time analog sva assertionsRégis SANTONJA
This paper shows how SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) modules can be bound to analog IP blocks, shall they be at behavioral or transistor-level, enabling the assertions to become a true IP deliverable that can be reused at SoC level. It also highlights how DPIs can fix analog assertions specificities, such as getting rid of hierarchical paths, especially when probing currents. This paper also demonstrates how to flawlessly switch models between digital (wreal) and analog models without breaking the assertions. Finally, it demonstrates how one can generate an adaptive clock to continuously assert analog properties whose stability over time is critical, such as current or voltage references or supplies.
This document discusses field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). It begins with an introduction to programmable logic technology and compares application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic devices, FPGAs, and CPLDs. Key differences between FPGAs and CPLDs are that FPGAs contain over 100,000 logic blocks while CPLDs typically contain thousands of logic gates. FPGAs also offer higher complexity and can implement high-grade data processing, while CPLDs offer moderate data processing. The document then discusses FPGA and CPLD families, performance, and technical development differences compared to microcontrollers. It provides block diagrams of C
This document discusses using genetic algorithms and evolvable hardware techniques to evolve digital circuit designs, specifically a 1-bit adder circuit. It describes representing circuit designs as chromosomes in a genetic algorithm population. Over generations, genetic operators like crossover and mutation create new circuit designs with the goal of optimizing a fitness function. The best designs are kept and used to populate the next generation. The document outlines compiling and executing provided C++ code to evolve a 1-bit adder circuit and interpret the resulting circuit design using graph data structures like adjacency matrices and lists.
Upgrading to System Verilog for FPGA Designs, Srinivasan Venkataramanan, CVCFPGA Central
This document discusses upgrading FPGA designs to SystemVerilog. It presents an agenda that covers SystemVerilog constructs for RTL design, interfaces, assertions, and success stories. It then discusses the SystemVerilog-FPGA ecosystem. The presenter has over 13 years of experience in VLSI design and verification and has authored books on verification topics including SystemVerilog assertions. SystemVerilog is a superset of Verilog-2001 and offers enhanced constructs for modeling logic, interfaces, testbenches and connecting to C/C++.
This document summarizes an academic paper that presents an intelligent home monitoring system created using LabVIEW software. The system can monitor temperature, humidity, lighting, fire/burglar alarms, gas density and includes infrared sensors for security in a house. It connects to the internet to allow remote monitoring and control of house equipment from anywhere. The system controls internal/external lighting, fire/burglar alarms, temperature and can power switch rooms. It uses LabVIEW as the main controller and interfaces with sensors, alarms and equipment via data acquisition hardware.
O documento descreve a evolução histórica da educação infantil no Brasil e a criação da Creche Central da USP. Inicialmente, as creches eram vistas como assistencialistas para crianças carentes. Posteriormente, a Creche Central da USP foi criada com foco no desenvolvimento infantil, considerando as famílias. Um projeto pedagógico foi desenvolvido de forma coletiva, estruturando a rotina em ateliês, recreio, atividades em pequenos grupos e momentos de descanso.
El documento proporciona información sobre tres razas de perros: el Norwich Terrier, el Norwegian Elkhound y el Norfolk Terrier. El Norwich Terrier es originario de Gran Bretaña y se usaba como guardián y cazador de presas pequeñas. Es una buena opción como mascota para toda la familia. El Norwegian Elkhound se usaba para buscar alces y mantenerlos quietos hasta que el cazador disparara, y hoy en día es un perro enérgico que le gusta estar al aire libre. El Norfolk Terrier es sumamente ágil y se ent
Ryan P. Davis is a technical and customer service professional with over 10 years of experience in customer service, support, and real estate sales. He has a background in computer repair and networking and has held roles as a field technician supervisor and real estate sales associate. His experience includes account maintenance, troubleshooting, sales support, training employees, and facilitating real estate transactions from start to closing. He has a high school diploma and CCNA certification.
El documento resume el 40 aniversario de Internet. Leonard Kleinrock envió el primer mensaje entre dos computadores a través de la red Arpanet en 1969 en UCLA. Aunque la comunicación se interrumpió, se considera el inicio de Internet. Kleinrock predijo que Internet estaría integrada en la vida diaria pero no previó las redes sociales. Internet se expandió en los años 90 con la World Wide Web. Kleinrock cree que en 10 años Internet estará en dispositivos como gafas y uñas.
El documento describe la ubicación de los puertos USB en laptops y computadoras de escritorio. En las laptops, los puertos USB se encuentran en los lados y parte posterior, mientras que en las computadoras de escritorio se ubican en la parte posterior y laterales de la torre.
nowGoogle.com adalah Multiple Search Engine Popular SEO GGUIDERTeknik Biasa
Dokumen tersebut merupakan blog yang membahas tentang nowGoogle.com sebagai mesin pencari ganda populer. Blog tersebut mengulas berbagai aspek tentang nowGoogle.com seperti fitur, manfaat, dan cara penggunaannya.
Team Lead - Operations was informed that his designation was being revised according to iGATE Patni's new designations policy. His new designation is Team Lead - Operations and he was requested to use only this designation for all purposes going forward such as business cards and email signatures.
Presentación de apoyo a las actividades en linea en la plataforma tellmemoresena
Para ingresar a la plataforma Tellmemore para actividades en línea de inglés, los usuarios deben seleccionar la opción "Acceso TellMeMore", luego dar clic en "PERMITIR y RECORDAR" y "CONTINUAR" en la siguiente pantalla, y finalmente dar clic en "PRINCIPIANTE" y "APRENDIZAJE" para acceder a las actividades en línea.
Habilidades e competencias_do_administrador_deUCPel
O documento discute as habilidades e competências necessárias para um administrador de sucesso, dividindo-as em três categorias principais: habilidades técnicas, habilidades humanas e habilidades conceituais. Também define competências técnicas como aquelas adquiridas por educação formal e treinamento, enquanto competências comportamentais facilitam o sucesso e podem ser inerentes ou desenvolvidas.
El documento presenta un proyecto llamado "Sé un ángel" que busca recolectar donaciones para proveer de pantalones a 172 niños y ancianos en albergues. Se solicita la cooperación de la comunidad donando 100 pesos por niño o 150 pesos por anciano para comprar los pantalones, o participando como coordinador para recolectar fondos. El proyecto se llevará a cabo del 1 al 15 de diciembre de 2009.
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DESIGN APPROACH FOR FAULT TOLERANCE IN FPGA ARCHITECTUREVLSICS Design
Failures of nano-metric technologies owing to defects and shrinking process tolerances give rise to significant challenges for IC testing. In recent years the application space of reconfigurable devices has grown to include many platforms with a strong need for fault tolerance. While these systems frequently contain hardware redundancy to allow for continued operation in the presence of operational faults, the need to recover faulty hardware and return it to full functionality quickly and efficiently is great. In addition to providing functional density, FPGAs provide a level of fault tolerance generally not found in mask-programmable devices by including the capability to reconfigure around operational faults in the field. Reliability and process variability are serious issues for FPGAs in the future. With advancement in process technology, the feature size is decreasing which leads to higher defect densities, more sophisticated techniques at increased costs are required to avoid defects. If nano-technology fabrication are applied the yield may go down to zero as avoiding defect during fabrication will not be a feasible option Hence, feature architecture have to be defect tolerant. In regular structure like FPGA, redundancy is commonly used for fault tolerance. In this work we present a solution in which configuration bit-stream of FPGA is modified by a hardware controller that is present on the chip itself. The technique uses redundant device for replacing faulty device and increases the yield.
This document discusses built-in self-test (BIST) techniques for testing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It describes how the FPGA can be configured with BIST logic during offline testing to test the programmable logic blocks and interconnects. For online testing, the FPGA can be configured as a processor with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that has a BIST feature. The design implements a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture on the FPGA with the ALU and is verified through simulation.
An FPGA is described as a reconfigurable integrated circuit containing an array of logic blocks and programmable interconnects. The document discusses an FPGA's architecture, including configurable logic blocks and routing resources. It also provides VHDL code for an 8-bit ALU implementation on an FPGA, including a process to handle data display on an LCD screen.
The document discusses implementing convolution on an FPGA. It begins by introducing convolution and its applications in image processing. It then discusses the scope and technical approach of implementing discrete linear convolution on FPGA kits in order to perform convolution on images in real-time. The document outlines the structure of FPGAs, including configurable logic blocks and wiring tracks. It also discusses software requirements and provides an organization plan for subsequent chapters on linear convolution, FPGA technology, and a literature survey.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
An FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) is an integrated circuit device that can be reconfigured to implement different logic functions. It contains a matrix of configurable logic blocks and programmable interconnects. Unlike processors, FPGAs use dedicated hardware rather than an operating system, allowing truly parallel processing. FPGAs can be reconfigured after deployment to change their internal circuitry. A single FPGA can replace thousands of discrete components. FPGAs are classified based on their internal structure and the technology used for user programmable switches. The FPGA design flow involves system design, design description, synthesis, implementation, verification and testing.
This document compares FPGAs and microcontrollers. FPGAs can provide much higher performance per watt than microcontrollers due to their ability to perform thousands of calculations per clock cycle. However, microcontrollers are better suited for floating point calculations and have an advantage for tasks that require dynamic parallelism. FPGAs are well-suited for problems that can be parallelized, while microcontrollers may be preferable for unpredictable tasks. Both device types have pros and cons related to factors like power usage, programming difficulty, cost, and interfaces. The selection depends on the specific application requirements and developer resources.
IRJET- A Review- FPGA based Architectures for Image Capturing Consequently Pr...IRJET Journal
This document presents a review of FPGA-based architectures for image capturing, processing, and display using a VGA monitor. It discusses using the Xilinx AccelDSP tool to develop the system on a Spartan 3E FPGA. The AccelDSP tool allows converting a MATLAB design into HDL for implementation on the FPGA. It summarizes the FPGA-based system architecture, which includes units for initialization, data transfer, image processing, and memory management. It then outlines the Xilinx AccelDSP design flow, which verifies the functionality at each stage of converting the floating-point MATLAB model to a fixed-point hardware implementation on the FPGA. The goal is to accelerate image processing applications using the parallel
Three-phase ac motors have been the workhorse of industry since the earliest days of electrical engineering. They are reliable, efficient, cost-effective and need little or no maintenance. In addition, ac motors such as induction and reluctance motors need no electrical connection to the rotor, so can easily be made flameproof for use in hazardous environments such as in mines.
In order to provide proper speed control of an ac motor, it is necessary to supply the motor with a three phase supply of which both the voltage and the frequency can be varied. Such a supply will create a variable speed rotating field in the stator that will allow the rotor to rotate at the required speed with low slip. This ac motor drive can efficiently provide full torque from zero speed to full speed, can overspeed if necessary, and can, by changing phase rotation, easily provide bi-directional operation of the motor. A drive with these characteristics is known as a PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) motor drive.
Drives and motors are an integral part of industrial equipment from packaging,robotics, computer numerical control (CNC), machine tools, industrial pumps,and fans. Designing next-generation drive systems to lower operating costs requires complex control algorithms at very low latencies as well as a flexibleplatform to support changing needs and the ability to design multiple-axis systems.
Traditional drive systems based on ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), and microcontroller units lack the performance and flexibility to address these needs. Altera’s family of FPGAs provides a scalable platform that can be used to offload control algorithm elements in hardware. You may also integrate the whole drive system with industry-proven processor architectures while supporting multipletypes of encoders and industrial Ethernet protocols. This “drive on a chip” system reduces cost and simplifies development.
Abstract: Design verification is an essential step in the development of any product. It ensures that the product as designed is the same as the product as intended. Software simulation is the common approach for validating hardware design unfortunately, it will take hours together to execute. Difficulties in validation arise due to the complexity of the design and also due to the lack of on chip observability. One common solution to this problem is to instrument the prototype using trace-buffers to record a subset of internal signals into on-chip memory for subsequent analysis. In the proposed system, an example circuit is implemented to perform the tracing operation and various trace buffers are designed to record the different stages of internal signal states. The resulting signal states are to be stored, like a error outputs. Low power methodologies are also implemented to achieve low power consumption. Thus the errors are separately stored in the memory for analyzing the signals. This might be used for changes in the logic wherever needed. Thus this tracing is performed to monitor signal states of an FPGA.
This document provides an overview of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). It discusses that FPGAs are programmable logic devices with a 2D array of logic blocks and flip-flops that can be configured by the user. The document outlines the core components of an FPGA including logic blocks, look-up tables, multiplexers, flip-flops, and programmable interconnections. It also describes different FPGA programming technologies such as SRAM, antifuse, EPROM, and EEPROM programming. The document concludes by discussing FPGA advantages such as rapid prototyping and reconfigurability compared to ASICs.
This document discusses techniques to enhance security in FPGA-based systems. It begins by describing the basic architecture of FPGAs, including their programmable logic blocks and interconnects. It then discusses the main security concern with FPGAs, which is the copying or cloning of the configuration bitstream. Several threat and defense models are proposed to address this issue. Finally, a new technique is proposed to enhance the security of FPGA-based systems against bitstream cloning attacks.
This document summarizes a research paper about new techniques to enhance security in FPGA-based systems. It discusses how FPGA bitstreams can be copied, allowing unauthorized use of intellectual property. The paper proposes using control words to configure FPGA lookup tables, making the system functionality dependent on the control word provided. This reduces hardware complexity compared to encryption methods, while still providing security against bitstream copying if the correct control word is unknown. The technique also allows runtime reconfiguration by changing the control word, an advantage over conventional encrypted FPGA systems.
An FPGA is a programmable logic device containing an array of configurable logic blocks and interconnects that can be programmed to perform different logic functions. It allows reprogramming to perform different functions in microseconds. The key parts of an FPGA are I/O blocks around the edge to interface with other components, logic blocks in the interior to implement logic functions, and interconnects to connect the blocks. FPGAs are programmed by configuring electronic switches to define logic functions and connect the blocks as required.
IRJET- Review on Dynamic Reconfiguration of Filters for Signal ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on dynamic reconfiguration of filters for signal processing. It discusses implementing a dynamically reconfigurable image processing system on an FPGA that can reconfigure in real-time without stalling overall operation. It proposes optimizing LUT-based architectures by directly mapping them to FPGA CLB primitives. Dynamic partial reconfiguration is used to reconfigure the LUT values at run-time. The combination of optimized implementations with CLB primitives and dynamic partial reconfiguration results in multi-functional, area-efficient, and high-performance systems. It also discusses implementing a partially reconfigurable FIR filter design targeting low power consumption, autonomous adaptability, and reconfigurability on FPGAs
Selective fitting strategy based real time placement algorithm for dynamicall...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Programmable logic controller performance enhancement by field programmable g...ISA Interchange
This document proposes designing a programmable logic controller (PLC) using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to improve performance. The FPGA implementation allows for parallel execution of logic compared to a typical microprocessor-based PLC. A GUI is developed in Visual Basic to program ladder logic into the FPGA by transmitting hex codes representing the logic. The proposed design architecture includes 4 rungs that can each contain up to 16 components. Simulation results demonstrate the FPGA-based PLC functioning for typical logic and alarm applications.
The document discusses FPGA architecture and programming technologies. It provides an overview of FPGA components like logic blocks and interconnect frameworks. It compares SRAM, anti-fuse, EPROM and EEPROM programming technologies in FPGAs and how each is configured and reprogrammed. Commercially available FPGAs from Xilinx and CPLDs from Altera are described as examples.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper that presents the implementation of an artificial neural network (ANN) using a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Specifically, it maps an FPGA to a field programmable neural network array (FPNNa). The paper describes designing a generalized multi-layer perceptron ANN architecture in VHDL to run on an FPGA. This provides a flexible hardware platform for exploring ANN design spaces and prototypes more quickly than traditional hardware. Simulation results show the network operates in real-time on the FPGA with performance comparable to other hardware-based implementations. In conclusion, mapping FPGAs to FPNNas can find applications in real-time analysis and provide a flexible way to
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
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1. Mrs.Jamuna.S, Dr. V.K. Agrawal / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1517-1521
Partially reconfigured self test controller for fault detection and
correction for FPGAs
Mrs.Jamuna.S1, Dr. V.K. Agrawal2
1Associate Professor, Department of ECE, DSCE, Bangalore
2 Director,CORI,PESIT , Bangalore
Abstract
Field programmable gate arrays testing paradigms. Integrated circuits are presently
(FPGAs) are the reconfigurable logic devices tested using a number of structured designs for
which are widely used in many applications like testability (DFT) techniques. These techniques use
system prototyping, complex computing systems, the general concept of making all or some state
automotive electronics and mobile devices. variables controllable and observable [2].
Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) are the main A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
logic resources for implementing sequential as is a logic device that can be programmed to
well as combinatorial circuits in FPGA. implement a variety of digital circuits. FPGAs are
However, increase in density and complexity also widely used both in product prototyping and
has resulted in more probability of faults. To development because of their ability for
effectively deal with the increased defect density, configuration and re-configuration. Some of the
we need efficient methods for fault detection and advantages are reduced design time and low non-
correction. Many methods have been developed recurring engineering cost. FPGA consists of an
for fault detection, fault diagnosis and fault array of configurable logic blocks inter connected
tolerance. Partial reconfiguration [PR] is a by programmable routing resources, and
powerful solution which extends the capabilities programmable I/O cells. The set of all programming
of FPGAs. PR is a technique, which allows a bits establishes a configuration which determines
portion of an FPGA to be reconfigured while the function of the device. With the increase in
other regions of the device continue to operate density, capability and speed, FPGAs have become
without any interruption. It is very useful for the more vulnerable to faults, as it is the case for all
devices operating in mission-critical applications integrated circuits. A percentage of manufactured
which cannot be disrupted while some FPGA chips are determined to be faulty after initial
subsystems are being reconfigured. Here, we application-independent tests. Faulty FPGAs can
introduce an approach for FPGA testing that also be found after delivery to users, during system
exploits the reprogram ability of a FPGA to development or operation. They may be still usable
create the self-test logic by configuring it using for some particular application if only a portion of
partial reconfiguration process. We have the circuitry is defective.
designed a reconfigurable built-in self test Reconfigurable Built-In Self Test is a
controller (RBIST) for coordinating the technique of integrating the functionality of an
operations like detection and correction of faults. automatic test system onto CLBs of FPGA. It is a
This technique is based on high level description Design for Test technique in which testing (test
without modifying the device architecture. All generation and test application) is accomplished
the reconfigurable modules are designed and through built in hardware features. The general
implemented using Xilinx ISE 12.4 and ML 507 RBIST architecture has a self test controller which
FPGA board. controls entire tester circuit, test pattern generator
which generates the test address sequence, response
Key words – Configurable logic block, Field verification as a comparator which compares the
programmable gate array, Partial Reconfiguration, memory output response with the expected correct
RBuilt-in self test, SRAM, data and a circuit under test (CUT). Testability is
achieved without disturbing normal system
I. INTRODUCTION functionality and with no area overhead, since the
As integrated circuits are produced with RBIST logic is configured on the CLBs which are
greater and greater levels of circuit density, efficient not utilized by system function. We have utilized the
testing schemes that guarantee very high fault flexibility of on-site programming and re-
coverage while minimizing test costs and chip area programming of FPGA for implementing the fault
overhead have become essential [1]. As the detection correction technique. Partial
complexity of circuits continues to increase, high Reconfiguration (PR) is a process of modifying a
fault coverage of several types of fault models subset of logic in an operating FPGA design by
becomes more difficult to achieve with traditional downloading a partial configuration file [3]. In this
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Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1517-1521
paper we explain how faults can be detected and properly. Yet, defects created during the
corrected using RBIST. PR concept is been taken manufacturing process are unavoidable and, as a
as a base for RBIST. result, some number of FPGA’s is expected to be
In this paper section II presents overview of faulty; therefore, testing is required to guarantee
FPGA CLB architecture, types of faults and fault fault free FPGA’s.Faults can be divided into two
models and previous techniques. Section III explains categories:
partial reconfiguration concept and self test 1. Permanent Faults
controller. Section IV gives Implementation results 2. Transient Faults
and concludes with V. Fabrication faults and design faults are
among the permanent faults. Transient faults,
II. General FPGA and CLB Architecture of commonly called single event upsets (SEUs), are
VIRTEX5: brief incorrect values resulting from external forces
There are several families of FPGAs (terrestrial radiation, particles from solar flares,
available from different semiconductor companies. cosmic rays, and radiation from other space
These device families slightly differ in their phenomena) altering the balance or locations of
architecture and feature set, however most of them electrons, usually in a small area of the system.
follow a common approach: A regular, flexible, Fault models are required for emulation of faults or
programmable architecture of Configurable Logic defects in a simulation environment. Because of the
Blocks (CLBs), surrounded by a perimeter of diversity of defects, it is difficult to generate tests
programmable Input/output Blocks (IOBs). These for real defects. Fault models are necessary for
functional elements are interconnected by a generating and evaluating a set of test vectors.
powerful hierarchy of versatile routing channels. Fault models can be divided into three types
1. Interconnect fault model
A. CLB and Slice Description: 2. Logic Block fault model
Each CLB contains two Slices- SliceL(logic 3. Delay Fault
slice ) and SliceM(memory slice).Each Slice has
four basic logic elements. Logic element intern has C. Previous Approaches:
a logic function generator (Look up table), a storage In the related research, there are different
element, Multiplexers and Carry logic.The basic approaches targeting fault detection in SRAM-
Virtex-5 logic element is illustrated in Fig1. It is based FPGAs. The first group aims at testing the
composed of a 6-input look-up table (LUT), a FPGA by using the reconfigurability and the
configurable flip-flop/latch, and multiplexers to programming facilities of the device [4]–[12]. The
control the combinational logic output and the second group aims at the modification of the
registered output (flip-flop/latch input).Fig.1 shows original FPGA hardware to a new structure to make
block diagram of a CLB. testing easy [13]–[16]. Conventionally, this class is
named design for testability (DFT).
Testing of a single CLB: FPGA consists of NxN
array of CLBs (2-D array). Testing can be done
considering a single CLB at a time but in order to
test all CLBs more time is required. Number of
configurations applied depends on the number of
CLB i/ps. Therefore testing a single CLB at a time
becomes impractical. To reduce test time, [4], [5]
[10] & [11] aimed to minimize the number of
configurations. In [15], 21 CLB configurations were
used for testing XC4000family.M.Renovell et al [4]
Fig.1 Structure of CLB Used 8 configurations. While T. Inoue et al [1]
technique used only 4 configurations. C.Stroud et al
[5] achieved maximal fault coverage only during
B. Fault & Fault Models
A fault is the representation of a defect offline testing. It used pseudo exhaustive testing
reflecting a physical condition that causes a circuit excluding functionality of the FPGA.
to fail to perform in a required manner. A circuit
error is a wrong output signal produced by a III. PR concept and Self test controller
defective circuit. The reduction in feature size Partial reconfiguration is a powerful
increases the probability that a manufacturing defect solution that can dramatically extend the capabilities
in the IC will result in a faulty chip. FPGA’s are no of FPGAs. In addition to the potential for reducing
exception from this. A very small defect can easily size, weight, power, and cost, partial reconfiguration
found when the feature size of the device is less than enables new types of FPGA designs that provide
100 nm. Furthermore, it takes only one faulty CLB efficiencies unattainable with conventional design
or wire to make the entire FPGA fail to function techniques[17]. PR takes this flexibility of FPGAs
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Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1517-1521
one step further, allowing the modification of an
operating FPGA design by loading a partial
configuration file, usually a partial bit file. After a
full bit file configures the FPGA, partial bit files can
be downloaded to modify reconfigurable regions in
the FPGA without compromising the integrity of the
applications running on those parts of the device
that are not being reconfigured.[18].
In an SRAM-based FPGA, all user-
programmable features are controlled by memory
cells that are volatile and must be configured on
power-up. These memory cells are known as the
configuration memory, and they define the look-up
table (LUT) equations, signal routing, input/output
block (IOB) voltage standards, and all other aspects
of the design[R]. In order to program the
configuration memory, instructions for the
configuration control logic and data for the
configuration memory are provided in the form of a
bit stream, which is downloaded to the device
through a suitable configuration interface. An FPGA
can be partially reconfigured using a partial bit
stream. This partial bit stream in turn changes logic
of a selected part of the design while rest of the
device continues to operate.
We have designed an online self tester
using PR for detection and correction of faults in the
CLBs. HDL model of a CLB of VIRTEX5 is taken
as circuit under test[CUT] . Two copies of the CLB
are considered at a time. Faults are introduced at
random locations in one and other is configured as
fault free. CLB where faults are introduced is
defined as Partial blocks using Plan ahead tool of
ISE software.
Self test controller: RBIST Controller is a finite
state machine, whose state transition is controlled by
the Test Mode (TM) input. It provides the clock
signal to the test pattern generator (LFSR), Circuit
Under Test (CUT) and the signature generation
circuit (MISR). The RBIST controller also decides
the input to the circuit under test based on whether
the module is in normal mode or test mode on
seeing the Test Mode (TM) input. Fig. 2 depicts the
procedure.
Fig. 2 flowchart for fault detection procedure.
Fault correction: once identification of stuck – at
faults is over, fault correction logic is applied. Fault
correction logic block also is implemented as a PR
block as it has to take multiple configuration bit files
depending on the position of fault. Correction of
faults is done by modifying the content of CLB.
Faulty cells of the logic slice are avoided with the
help of partial reconfiguration. For fault correction,
configuration memory is accessed through the
internal configuration access port (ICAP).Detected
faults are avoided by shifting the bits of
configuration memory content as per the design
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Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1517-1521
requirement. Partial bit files are generated and
downloaded on to the device depending on the
position of fault. We have applied this technique for
detection and correction of single as well as multiple
faults. RTL schematic of the technique is as in fig.3
Fig 5. routed design on VIRTEX5 FPGA.
Fig. 3 RTL schematic.
IV. Implementation Results:
As we can see in fig .4, reconfigurable self
tester and fault correction blocks have been defined
as partially reconfigurable blocks and implemented
successfully. Interconnected structure of the design
is as shown in fig 5.Bit files are generated for the
previously defined partial blocks which are then
down loaded to VIRTEX5 on the ML507 board.
Fig. 6 result after bit file generation.
V. Conclusion
In this paper we have explained about
detection and correction of stuck-at faults which
occur in CLB of an FPGA. VHDL is used for
modeling the device under test. Partial
reconfiguration concept is used for correcting the
faults through ICAP configuration interface. Using
this single as well as multiple faults can be detected
and corrected. As we can optimize placement and
mapping of the logic blocks in plan ahead tool of
XILINX ISE12.4, area overhead and
implementation time is reduced.
Fig.4. Implemented Pblocks of RBIST and FC
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