ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
Municipal solid waste management is one of the
major problems in almost all major cities all over the world. A
variety of technologies have been employed to manage the
problem of solid waste as well as the conversion of waste to
clean energy. The constant rise in the world’s population
invariably gives rise to more waste production as well as rise
in energy demands which places a strain on already existing
energy resources like fossil. Waste in the 21st century is no
more seen as ‘waste’ as it were but a resource which can be
transformed into various forms and uses like energy.
Therefore waste multi-reuse and conversion should be given
priority in developing countries, for a better solution of waste
control and management. This will not only reduce the
ecological and environmental damage caused by pollution, but
also reduce the energy demand and consumption and, thus,
save primary energy. This paper presents the challenge of
waste in the environment and makes a case for the potential of
converting this waste to energy. It further discusses six
methods of waste to energy conversion, their environmental
impacts, merits and demerits of each method and finally gives
recommendations for use cases for each method.
Credits of the paper are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This paper was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Olorunnisola, A.O., Richards, A. and Omoniyi, T.E., 2021. A Review on the Renewable Energy from Agricultural and Forest Residues in Nigeria. United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), 3(1), pp.04-11.
Mulugeta Bantigegn, Achenef Motbainor and Teferi Mekonnon,“Onsite Proper Solid Waste Handling Practices and Associated Factors Among Condominium Residents in Debre-Markos Town, East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 06, pp. 01-11, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i6/UIJRTV1I60001.pdf
Municipal Solid Waste and Energy Production in the United StatesMohammed Alsharekh
In order to protect the environment, this waste must be disposed of safely, and recycled and reused when possible. This paper describes the prevalence and diverse sources of MSW across the United States, the means, along with principles, employed by United States and other countries to treat MSW and produce renewable products, mainly bioenergy or biofuel, the costs and benefits associated with waste-to-energy conversion, and future prospects of this application.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Municipal solid waste management is one of the
major problems in almost all major cities all over the world. A
variety of technologies have been employed to manage the
problem of solid waste as well as the conversion of waste to
clean energy. The constant rise in the world’s population
invariably gives rise to more waste production as well as rise
in energy demands which places a strain on already existing
energy resources like fossil. Waste in the 21st century is no
more seen as ‘waste’ as it were but a resource which can be
transformed into various forms and uses like energy.
Therefore waste multi-reuse and conversion should be given
priority in developing countries, for a better solution of waste
control and management. This will not only reduce the
ecological and environmental damage caused by pollution, but
also reduce the energy demand and consumption and, thus,
save primary energy. This paper presents the challenge of
waste in the environment and makes a case for the potential of
converting this waste to energy. It further discusses six
methods of waste to energy conversion, their environmental
impacts, merits and demerits of each method and finally gives
recommendations for use cases for each method.
Credits of the paper are to the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
This paper was included in the event kit of Green Bloggers Forum, held 7 June 2016 at the Cocoon Boutique Hotel, QC, Philippines. The DENR authorized all bloggers and participants to promote the information and materials during the event.
Olorunnisola, A.O., Richards, A. and Omoniyi, T.E., 2021. A Review on the Renewable Energy from Agricultural and Forest Residues in Nigeria. United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), 3(1), pp.04-11.
Mulugeta Bantigegn, Achenef Motbainor and Teferi Mekonnon,“Onsite Proper Solid Waste Handling Practices and Associated Factors Among Condominium Residents in Debre-Markos Town, East Gojjam Zone, North West Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT), Volume 01, Issue 06, pp. 01-11, 2020. https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i6/UIJRTV1I60001.pdf
Municipal Solid Waste and Energy Production in the United StatesMohammed Alsharekh
In order to protect the environment, this waste must be disposed of safely, and recycled and reused when possible. This paper describes the prevalence and diverse sources of MSW across the United States, the means, along with principles, employed by United States and other countries to treat MSW and produce renewable products, mainly bioenergy or biofuel, the costs and benefits associated with waste-to-energy conversion, and future prospects of this application.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
Solar assisted dryer for municipal solid wasteSumit Dharmarao
Urban India generates 188,500 tons per day (68.8 million tons per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. Improper solid waste management deteriorates public health, degrades quality of life, and pollutes local air, water and land resources. It also causes global warming and climate change and impacts the entire planet. Improper waste management is also identified as a cause of 22 human diseases and results in numerous premature deaths every year. The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics, 17.5% recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, and glass) and 31 % of inerts. The moisture content of urban MSW is 47% and the average calorific value is 7.3 MJ/kg (1745 kcal/kg). The composition of MSW in the North, East, South and Western regions of the country varied between 50-57% of organics, 16-19% of recyclables, 28-31% of inerts and 45-51% of moisture. The calorific value of the waste varied between 6.8-9.8 MJ/kg (1,620-2,340 kcal/kg). Currently, there is no system or mechanism exists to dry the municipal solid waste. In this research work such system can be designed and developed which will dry the municipal solid waste and remove the odor from it. Dried municipal solid waste can be further used as fuel for boiler.
Green waste includes grass clippings, leaves, tree limbs, Christmas trees, and organic materials. Green waste management practices protect the environment and residents from the detrimental health effects of pollution and climate change. Serious treatment of the environmental issues associated with the dumping of the green wastes is in progress worldwide. This paper provides a short introduction to the green waste disposal. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Nana K. Ampah | Sarhan M. Musa "Green Waste Disposal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21359.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/21359/green-waste-disposal/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Gezgin, U. B. (2010). Urban biodiversity, economics & ethics. (Paper to be presented at ACERP 2011: Asian Conference on Ethics, Religion and Philosophy 2011. 20-22 March, 2011,Osaka, Japan.) Full text published in ACERP Conference Proceedings, pp.28-42, ISSN: 2185-6141. http://www.iafor.org/ACERP_Proceedings_2011.pdf
Environmental Impact of Burning Electrical and Electronic Componentsresearchinventy
Electronic waste (e-waste) has been an increasing problem facing the global village. Much of the problem is due to the profligate disposal and burning of these devices without consideration to the municipality’s ability to handle the volume of waste streams that are generated or the effects of the gases released during the burning process. The burning is used as a processing pathway to recovering some of the components of these devices as well as to reduce their volumes to more manageable levels in order to facilitate final disposal as incinerator ash. This paper highlights the effects of burning electronic waste on the local environment. It was found that due to the burning of these e-wastes, there is a tremendous and harmful impact to both the health of the local population as well as that of the environment, particularly the aquatic habitat. Thus, necessitating the need for robust and speedy implementation of legislative oversight in order to ensure a sustainable and long lasting relationship between man and the environment. Some of these laws have been highlighted in this report.
Hospital wastes pose a significant impact on health and environment. From this study it can be said that there is an urgent need for raising awareness and education on medical waste issues. Proper waste management strategy is needed to ensure health and environmental safety. by Nimbalkar Girajaram Swamirao, Chavan Rdhul Tulashiram, Pedasangi Sachin Chandrakant and Mr. Ghatage S. A 2018. Hospital Waste Disposal. International Journal on Integrated Education. 1, 1 (Dec. 2018), 88-93 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/791/760 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/791
Study of Muncipal Solid Waste Management Scenario of Kadapa CityIJERA Editor
Municipal Solid Waste management constitutes a serious problem in many third world cities. Most cities do not collect the totality of wastes generated and of the wastes collected, only a fraction received proper disposal. The insufficient collection and inappropriate disposal of solid wastes represent a source of water, land and air pollution and poses risks to human health and the environment. Over the next several decades globalization, rapid urbanization and economic growth in the developing world tend to further deteriorate this situation. Items that we no longer need or don’t have any further use are falling in the category of waste and we tend to throw them away. In early days people were not facing such big problems of disposals because of availability of space and natural materials but now a day’s congestion in cities and use of non-biodegradable materials in our day life create many problems. It is directly deals with our hygiene and psychology. So, proper management of solid waste has become unavoidable.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
The Major Environmental Problems Related to Pollutionijtsrd
Pollution, also called environmental pollution, is the addition of any substance solid, liquid, or gas or any form of energy such as heat, sound, or radioactivity into the environment at a rapid rate of diffusion, dilution, decomposed, recycled, or stored in a harmless form. Pollution can take many forms the air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil we use to grow our food, the sparkling skies and even the noises we hear every day. , they can all contribute to health problems and may lead to low quality of life. Environmental pollution is one of the most serious global challenges. Wild type organisms have a slow degradation rate of hazardous substances. Currently, advanced molecular biology tools along with conventional approaches allow us to rapidly degrade or deposit hazardous materials from the atmosphere. In a developing country like India, the use of environmental standards as a decision making criterion should be properly evaluated. If the norms of developed countries apply in India, the cost would be much higher. Thus, the selected parameters should be suited to the economic condition of the country. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Haemophiluspa that were found in petrochemical waste disposal sites contaminated with phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorine, pyrene, and asenaphthene showed a 70 -100 drop in PAHs over 40 days. Dr. Renu Durgapal "The Major Environmental Problems Related to Pollution" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47696.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/47696/the-major-environmental-problems-related-to-pollution/dr-renu-durgapal
Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-waste) in Ab...iosrjce
The management of e-waste is a challenge especially in the developing countries. E-waste comprises
of a multitude of components, some containing potentially toxic elements that can have an adverse impact on
human health and the environment if not handled properly. This work examined existing e-waste management
protocol in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The investigation revealed poor practices including; indiscriminate waste
dumping, the use of obsolete waste disposal equipment, handling all waste as one, the use of open burning and
landfill as the treatment option and lack of adequate legislation covering e-waste management in the State.
Obviously, such practices would release significant toxic contaminants which could negatively affect human
health and the environment.
Waste is Wealth: depending on how it is managed and utilized.Dr. Joshua Zake
This is a policy brief highlighting key issues and respective policy and practice change recommendations to advance sustainable waste management along the generation chain in Uganda.
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Solar assisted dryer for municipal solid wasteSumit Dharmarao
Urban India generates 188,500 tons per day (68.8 million tons per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. Improper solid waste management deteriorates public health, degrades quality of life, and pollutes local air, water and land resources. It also causes global warming and climate change and impacts the entire planet. Improper waste management is also identified as a cause of 22 human diseases and results in numerous premature deaths every year. The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics, 17.5% recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, and glass) and 31 % of inerts. The moisture content of urban MSW is 47% and the average calorific value is 7.3 MJ/kg (1745 kcal/kg). The composition of MSW in the North, East, South and Western regions of the country varied between 50-57% of organics, 16-19% of recyclables, 28-31% of inerts and 45-51% of moisture. The calorific value of the waste varied between 6.8-9.8 MJ/kg (1,620-2,340 kcal/kg). Currently, there is no system or mechanism exists to dry the municipal solid waste. In this research work such system can be designed and developed which will dry the municipal solid waste and remove the odor from it. Dried municipal solid waste can be further used as fuel for boiler.
Green waste includes grass clippings, leaves, tree limbs, Christmas trees, and organic materials. Green waste management practices protect the environment and residents from the detrimental health effects of pollution and climate change. Serious treatment of the environmental issues associated with the dumping of the green wastes is in progress worldwide. This paper provides a short introduction to the green waste disposal. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Nana K. Ampah | Sarhan M. Musa "Green Waste Disposal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21359.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/21359/green-waste-disposal/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Gezgin, U. B. (2010). Urban biodiversity, economics & ethics. (Paper to be presented at ACERP 2011: Asian Conference on Ethics, Religion and Philosophy 2011. 20-22 March, 2011,Osaka, Japan.) Full text published in ACERP Conference Proceedings, pp.28-42, ISSN: 2185-6141. http://www.iafor.org/ACERP_Proceedings_2011.pdf
Environmental Impact of Burning Electrical and Electronic Componentsresearchinventy
Electronic waste (e-waste) has been an increasing problem facing the global village. Much of the problem is due to the profligate disposal and burning of these devices without consideration to the municipality’s ability to handle the volume of waste streams that are generated or the effects of the gases released during the burning process. The burning is used as a processing pathway to recovering some of the components of these devices as well as to reduce their volumes to more manageable levels in order to facilitate final disposal as incinerator ash. This paper highlights the effects of burning electronic waste on the local environment. It was found that due to the burning of these e-wastes, there is a tremendous and harmful impact to both the health of the local population as well as that of the environment, particularly the aquatic habitat. Thus, necessitating the need for robust and speedy implementation of legislative oversight in order to ensure a sustainable and long lasting relationship between man and the environment. Some of these laws have been highlighted in this report.
Hospital wastes pose a significant impact on health and environment. From this study it can be said that there is an urgent need for raising awareness and education on medical waste issues. Proper waste management strategy is needed to ensure health and environmental safety. by Nimbalkar Girajaram Swamirao, Chavan Rdhul Tulashiram, Pedasangi Sachin Chandrakant and Mr. Ghatage S. A 2018. Hospital Waste Disposal. International Journal on Integrated Education. 1, 1 (Dec. 2018), 88-93 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/791/760 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/791
Study of Muncipal Solid Waste Management Scenario of Kadapa CityIJERA Editor
Municipal Solid Waste management constitutes a serious problem in many third world cities. Most cities do not collect the totality of wastes generated and of the wastes collected, only a fraction received proper disposal. The insufficient collection and inappropriate disposal of solid wastes represent a source of water, land and air pollution and poses risks to human health and the environment. Over the next several decades globalization, rapid urbanization and economic growth in the developing world tend to further deteriorate this situation. Items that we no longer need or don’t have any further use are falling in the category of waste and we tend to throw them away. In early days people were not facing such big problems of disposals because of availability of space and natural materials but now a day’s congestion in cities and use of non-biodegradable materials in our day life create many problems. It is directly deals with our hygiene and psychology. So, proper management of solid waste has become unavoidable.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
The Major Environmental Problems Related to Pollutionijtsrd
Pollution, also called environmental pollution, is the addition of any substance solid, liquid, or gas or any form of energy such as heat, sound, or radioactivity into the environment at a rapid rate of diffusion, dilution, decomposed, recycled, or stored in a harmless form. Pollution can take many forms the air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil we use to grow our food, the sparkling skies and even the noises we hear every day. , they can all contribute to health problems and may lead to low quality of life. Environmental pollution is one of the most serious global challenges. Wild type organisms have a slow degradation rate of hazardous substances. Currently, advanced molecular biology tools along with conventional approaches allow us to rapidly degrade or deposit hazardous materials from the atmosphere. In a developing country like India, the use of environmental standards as a decision making criterion should be properly evaluated. If the norms of developed countries apply in India, the cost would be much higher. Thus, the selected parameters should be suited to the economic condition of the country. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Haemophiluspa that were found in petrochemical waste disposal sites contaminated with phenanthrene, anthracene, fluorine, pyrene, and asenaphthene showed a 70 -100 drop in PAHs over 40 days. Dr. Renu Durgapal "The Major Environmental Problems Related to Pollution" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47696.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/47696/the-major-environmental-problems-related-to-pollution/dr-renu-durgapal
Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-waste) in Ab...iosrjce
The management of e-waste is a challenge especially in the developing countries. E-waste comprises
of a multitude of components, some containing potentially toxic elements that can have an adverse impact on
human health and the environment if not handled properly. This work examined existing e-waste management
protocol in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The investigation revealed poor practices including; indiscriminate waste
dumping, the use of obsolete waste disposal equipment, handling all waste as one, the use of open burning and
landfill as the treatment option and lack of adequate legislation covering e-waste management in the State.
Obviously, such practices would release significant toxic contaminants which could negatively affect human
health and the environment.
Waste is Wealth: depending on how it is managed and utilized.Dr. Joshua Zake
This is a policy brief highlighting key issues and respective policy and practice change recommendations to advance sustainable waste management along the generation chain in Uganda.
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
Effective Waste Management and Environmental ControlIOSR Journals
There is wide spread interest in the world today in the methods that enable the re-use of waste.
According to Webster’s Mew Practical Dictionary, ‘Waste’ means “Thrown away as worthless after being used.
i.e. of no further use to a person, animal or plant; contrary to this opinion, it has been discovered that what is
regarded as waste or worthless, when worked upon can be manipulated to generated or produce materials that
are beneficial for the use of man.
This paper throw light into how waste resources can be control by analysis the theories of waste
management, recycling, re-use disposal and compositing from organic wastes and ways by which farm and
municipal waste can be worked upon to produce materials that are beneficial for the use of man
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Need for sustainable solution: Environment, rural agriculture and food securi...Open Access Research Paper
Electronic waste is currently the largest growing waste stream in the world. It is hazardous, complex and expensive to treat in an environmentally sound manner. Unsustainable electronic waste management of has led to pollution of rivers, which has negatively affected the environment, agriculture activities and food security. The research sought to investigate the waste management of electronic waste, its impact on environment, agriculture and food security in the rural communities. To recommend sustainable waste management strategy for the country and reduce the adverse effects on environment and agriculture to enhance food security. Zimbabwe has become an electronic waste hazard as waste pile up at backyard and in houses. A research survey was conducted in Mutare urban and peri-urban rural communities involving a sample of 1250 participants revealed that 29% of waste was electronic effluent, 29% of waste in backyard, 22% of waste in storerooms. The peri-urban rural communities are heavily affected downstream as the Sakubva River and its streams are polluted, either poisoned or drying up. Methods of disposal were landfilling, burning, backyard and storeroom storage. Food security as a state where the availability, accessibility, utilization and stability of food are ensured and food production is enough to cover the food demand of the people has been heavily affected as water for gardening and field crop irrigation is polluted. It was revealed that in some areas farmers have totally stopped gardening as the source of water has dried up due to both soil and water pollution.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
The Positive Impact of Plastic Recycling in the Built Environment, Architectu...ijtsrd
One of the ever present facts of human existence is the generation of wastes. Collection and disposal of these wastes, which are mostly plastics have always been major concerns of societies for both health and economic reasons. Every hour, Americans use 2.5 million plastic bottles, most of which are thrown away. About 9.1 of plastic production was recycled in the U.S. during 2015 although, varying by product category. Plastic packaging was recycled at 14.6 , plastic durable goods at 6.6 , and other non durable goods at 2.2 . Currently, 25 percent of plastic waste is recycled in Europe, Americans recycled 3.14 million tons of plastics in 2015, down from 3.17 million in 2014. It is the primary aim of this article to draw attention to the benefits of recycling plastics and how it is helping in keeping the built environment healthy. The instrument of more than two research strategies quantitative and qualitative research methods and their tactics were used. Secondary data were based on direct observation and relevant documents from previous studies on the related matter. Plastic recycling faces many challenges, ranging from mixed plastics to hard to remove residues. The cost effective and efficient recycling of the mixed plastic stream is perhaps the biggest challenge facing the recycling industry. With the abundance of empty plastic bottles and soil, most poor communities have embarked on taking advantage of the resources in building comfortable houses for themselves and the use of these resources have helped in keeping the built environment clean. Obiadi, Bons N "The Positive Impact of Plastic Recycling in the Built Environment, Architecture and the Waters of the World" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33134.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/33134/the-positive-impact-of-plastic-recycling-in-the-built-environment-architecture-and-the-waters-of-the-world/obiadi-bons-n
Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sen...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluid Power is widely employed in applications required high loads such as tractors, cranes, and airplanes. In load sensing hydraulic systems, loads are controlled by adjusting a pump-valve arrangement. In this paper, the swash plate pump hydraulic characteristics will be determined, the pump and its fluid gains will be derived to obtain the pump overall transfer function. Firstly, the swash plate pump mechanism is analyzed and its dynamic model is constructed; the pump pressure and flow rate are plotted and the possible improvement is introduced. The load sensing unit parameters such as orifice width, orifice area, maximum passage area, and piston area at X and Y will be examined to identify their influence on the pump characteristics; and the optimum parameters will be introduced. All results are developed and simulated numerically.
A New Two-Dimensional Analytical Model of Small Geometry GaAs MESFETIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In this paper, a simple and exact analytical model for Small Geometry GaAs MESFET is developed to determine the potential distribution along the channel of the device. The model is based on the exact solution of two-dimensional Poisson’s equation in the depletion region under the gate. Then the obtained model is used to study the channel potential and threshold voltage of the device. Using the analytical model, the effect of the device parameter and bias conditions on performance of the device is investigated. The obtained results are graphically exhibited and discussed. In order to verification of the analytical results, TCAD device simulator is used and good accordance is observed.
Design a WSN Control System for Filter Backwashing ProcessIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Day by day, there is a higher rate of need for accurate automation system to be used in industries and environment monitoring and control. In water treatment plants during the filtration phase, there is a process called backwashing, which particles suspended in the filter basin are removed. in this process the water are forcedly pumped through the filter in upward direction at enough speed to expand the filter media. Therefore, various types of valves used, which are opened and closed in a time sequencing manner. The paper proposed an automation control system for the backwashing process to be initiated and completed automatically using PLC, level sensors and valves installed inside the filter basin. Practically, a control system has been applied which all valves are opened and closed according to wireless signals coming from PLCs on its suitable time. In summary, the control in the process demonstrated that the proposed system is efficient, effective, and able to be reliable. Besides, the results increase the productivity at a low-cost mode.
Application of Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Dimensions: A Critical ...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT”: Customer relationship management is crucial due to the competitive environment. For this reason, it has become a widely implemented strategy across the hotel industry in retaining customers and maintaining good relationships with them. It also promotes customer satisfaction and loyalty which lead to the achievement of competitive business performance. However, due to the ever-increasing competition and the continuous changing customers’ needs in the hotel industry, the ability to achieve customer satisfaction is becoming a major challenge. Using 40 respondents from 20 hotels, this paper, therefore, explores the managers’ perspective into how the application of CRM dimensions impact on the performance of hotels and also examines the relationships between them since studies evaluating their relationships are limited. It studies CRM from the hotels’ perceptive as Guest Services Managers and Marketing Managers were the respondents. This study employed an exploratory research design and quantitative technique. The survey was conducted in New Delhi and simple random sampling was the sampling technique used to select respondents. With the study’s objectives in mind, the developed research hypotheses constructed were tested using multiple regression analysis as the statistical tool. Through the results, it has been revealed that CRM dimensions are positively related to the performance of hotels. Finally, CRM dimensions are highly recommended as a competitive strategic tool to enhance competitiveness.
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Prom...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Public Private Partnership involves private sector engagement in infrastructural development. Though in the past, the country infrastructure had been experiencing a decline in the system, this is because, government had been the sole contributor to infrastructural finance and had often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. This decline in the system is caused by escalating population growth depending on available infrastructure, decaying of existing power infrastructure, political instability and corruption in the system. The ongoing reform is about bringing the system to a lime light. Hence, Public Private Partnership participation in the infrastructural development in Nigeria, will create favorable environment for an investors, provide job opportunities, long time policy, decision making and efficient use of the available resources. This paper therefore dwells on overview of the public private partnership with regards to energy and other infrastructural development of Nigeria. Challenges of the partnership and possible solutions towards subduing the problems are proffered.
Study of Part Feeding System for Optimization in Fms & Force Analysis Using M...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the development of a flexible and vibratory bowl feeding system which is suitable for use in a flexible manufacturing system. The vibratory bowl feeder for automatic assembly, presents a geometric model of the feeder, and develops force analysis, leading to dynamical modeling of the vibratory feeder. Based on the leaf-spring modeling of the three legs of the symmetrically arranged bowl of the feeder, and equating the vibratory feeder to a three-legged parallel mechanism, the paper reveals the geometric property of the feeder. The effects of the leaf-spring legs are transformed to forces and moments acting on the base and bowl of the feeder. Resultant forces are obtained based upon the coordinate transformation, and the moment analysis is produced based upon the orthogonality of the orientation matrix. This reveals the characteristics of the feeder, that the resultant force is along the z-axis and the resultant moment is about the z direction and further generates the closed-form motion equation.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
Analytical Solutions of simultaneous Linear Differential Equations in Chemica...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Analytical method for solving homogeneous linear differential equations in chemical kinetics and pharmacokinetics using homotopy perturbation method has been proposed. The mathematical model that depicts the pharmacokinetics is solved. Herein, we report the closed form of an analytical expression for concentrations species for all values of kinetic parameters. These results are compared with numerical results and are found to be in satisfactory agreement. The obtained results are valid for the whole solution domain.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
Hybrid Methods of Some Evolutionary Computations AndKalman Filter on Option P...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The search for a better option price continues within the financial institution. In pricing a put option, holders of the underlying stock always want to make the best decision by maximizing profit. We present an optimal hybrid model among the following combinations: Kalman Filter-Genetic Programming(KF-GP), Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) and Evolutionary Strategy -Genetic Programming(ES- GP). Our results indicate that the hybrid method involving Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) is the best model for any investor. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on the model parameters to ascertain the rigidity of the model.
An Efficient Methodology To Develop A Secured E-Learning System Using Cloud C...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Now-a-days, each and every action involved in our life becomes computerized in order to reduce the time, complexity and manual power. The education systems are also being computerized, to train the students in a much efficient way. This system is termed as E-Learning. E-Learning is an Internet-based learning process, in which the Internet technology is used to design, implement, manage and extend learning, which will improve the efficiency of learning. Learning, Teaching and Training are intensely connected components, which are all included in the development of E-Learning system. Cloud Computing provides an efficient platform to support the E-Learning systems, as it can be dramatically changes over time .In this paper, an overview on the new emerging E-Learning system , utilization of the SAAS (Software as a Service) and the methodology to test the efficiency of the person in a secured way are described.
Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy.IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nigeria is endowed with natural resources which are aim at developing the country.The need for alternative energy resources to drive the nation economy cannot be over-emphasized. The incessant power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlement. A robust solution must be found to end the crises. Alternative energy source has the potential of solving power problem in Nigeria as well as providing safer and cleaner environment than the fossil fuel. This paper also examines the socio–economic benefits of the alternative energy (solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal) to the nation economy and the utilization of the resources to meet human needs and the generation yet unborn and to provide sustainable development, thereby improve the standard of living and mitigating climate change.
ABSTRACT: Many writers describe empowerment as a process as opposed to a condition or state of being which is being a key feature of empowerment emphasized by many researchers. As a process empowerment becomes difficult to be measured by standard tools available to social scientists. As case study helps in bringing us to understand a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies also emphasized on detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researcher had made use of this qualitative research method to examine contemporary real-life situations.
Validation of Maintenance Policy of Steel Plant Machine Shop By Analytic Hier...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper the maintenance activities of the Machine shop of Steel plant have been considered. As maintenance is a routine activity to keep a machine at its normal operating condition so that it can deliver its expected performance without causing any loose of time on account of accidental damage or breakdown and maintenance is a recurring activity. So for reduction of maintenance cost and safety of the operator as well as the residents of nearby area it is better to decide which machines should go for which type of maintenance. For this decision AHP is used and the Expert choice software is used for that calculations and this paper is for the validation of results.
li-fi: the future of wireless communicationIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays people and their electronic devices access wireless internet. But, clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. So, Radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can carry our data. We can use “Data through Illumination”. In this process, the data is sent through an LED source that varies in intensity faster than the human eye could follow. The future can be envisioned where the data for laptops, smart phones and all other smart applications is transmitted through the light in our living room. And security would be a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data.
The Comprehensive Computation Model of Gas Permeability Based on Fuzzy Comple...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper, in order to reveal the gas migration law of loaded coal under multi-factor coupling, the researches on gas permeability were carried out under different influencing factors, namely effective stress, gas pressure, confining pressure and moisture content, with the self-developed experimental platform of gas permeability. Meanwhile, the function relationship of each influencing factor and permeability was established by use of the mathematical least squares principle. In this paper, the comprehensive expression of gas permeability was established, which is based on fuzzy complementary judgment matrix. And the comprehensive expression was drawn from the experimental conclusions of the loaded coal under multi-factor coupling.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An Incenerator
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 1 |
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste
Heat From An Incenerator
*
D.A Adeleke,O.A Solomon T.B Ibraheem, S .Haruna
Corresponding author: *D.A Adeleke
I. INTRODUCTION
Generally, waste is said to be an unwanted substance(s) emanating as a result of human, animal and
other biodegradable materials associated with it. Municipal and Non Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)&(Non-
MSW) includes household garbage , market spoils , rotten food stuffs, construction and demolition debris,
sanitation residues, non-hazardous industrial refuse, treated biomedical solid waste and agricultural waste etc
(Udoakah and Akpan, 2013).The nature of solid waste in Nigeria differs significantl, Non-Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW) is characterized to contain organic as well as inorganic materials. The latent energy present in its
organic content can be recovered for gainful utilization through adoption of suitable Waste Processing and
Treatment technologies. The total quantity of waste gets reduced by nearly 67% to over 90%, depending upon
the waste composition and the adopted technology. The cost of transportation of waste to far away landfill sites
also gets reduced accordingly and the Net reduction in environmental pollution is another important factor
(Tsunatu et al, 2015).Waste collection and disposal strategy differs from country to country. Landfills,
incineration, and recycling are often used in developed countries to dispose Non Municipal Solid Waste. In
Nigeria, these categories of wastes are often disposed in an unsustainable manner in open dumps, streets, rivers ,
and in other cases into drainages which eventually flows into streams which serves as a source of water to the
people residing in such locality. In this, the unregulated waste disposal pattern continues to pose serious health
and environmental hazards. These waste are biologically diverse, dangerous, and highly dangerous and may
breed zoonotic pathogens which revealed that most diseases which infects human are caused by protozoa
including amoebic dysentery. Furthermore most waste material host a good number of fungi numbering up to
100,000 species out of which number, 100 are pathogenic to animals and humans (Udoakah and Akpan, 2013).
If all municipal solid waste was converted into energyinstead of simply discarded, we could end up reducing our
dependence on oil and coal by at least three or four percent, which translates into hundreds of thousands of
barrels of oil and thousands of tons of coal.Municipal Solid Waste is a renewable energy sourcethat shows great
promise, and all waste to energy facilities follow almost the same procedures when the waste is first received.
At this point, a waste to energy facility that burns the waste will put the materials into the incinerator to burn, so
the released energy can be captured in the form of steam. This steam is then used to create electricity(Jaeger,
Mayer, 2000 and Weitz et al, 2000).Municipal Solid Waste is an alternative energy sourcethat is renewable,
sustainable, and ecologically friendly, and this renewable energy source may be the answer to an energy crisis.
Developed countries produce up to one tonne of municipal solid waste per person per year (Oskamp,
S,1995).The high cost and large energy requirement of reuse and recycling limit the application of this
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must
be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern
worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled
economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The
tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this
renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage
off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce
overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this
waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the non-
municipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of
municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
Keywords: power generation, Incineration plant, pollution minimization, Non-municipal waste
2. Generation Of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An Incenerator
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 2 |
apparently desirable technique to a few specific constituents of the waste. The remaining option is to recover as
much of the energy content of the waste as possible.
When the energy content of wastes can be recovered cleanly and efficiently, their combustion represents a reuse
of material and thereby contributes to our energy needs in an environmentally friendly manner. If waste is not
properly handled, it may result to indiscriminate dumping and open dumping of rubbish whichcan cause landfill
(Eniola et al,2014).
Status Of Non- Municipal Waste In Nigeria And Other Countries
There are many issues that surround reporting waste. It is most commonly measured by size or weight,
and there is a difference between the two. For example, organic waste is much heavier when it is wet and plastic
or glass bottles can have different weights but be the same size. On a global scale it is difficult to report waste
because countries have different definitions of waste and what falls into waste categories, as well as different
ways of reporting(Eniola et al, 2014).The top destination of waste is China, which in 2010 imported around
7.4m tonnes of discarded plastic, 28m tonnes of waste paper and 5.8m tonnes of steel scrap (Kara M, 2013).
Between 2000 and 2008, European exports of plastic waste increased by 250% – and about 87% of these exports
ended up in China (including Hong Kong).The trade is being driven by tough EU legislation forcing local
authorities and businesses to recycle more, and increasing landfill charges, making it cheaper to send the waste
abroad. According to a report to the secretariat of the Basel Convention in 2003, the Netherlands, Switzerland,
Belgium and Germany were the highest exporters of waste, while Italy, France and, perhaps ironically,
Germany, were the top waste importers. In 2013, Brazil and United States of America waste generation were
estimated as 64 and 250 million tonnes respectively(Brent and Fainan, 2011). In Nigeria, The commonly
practised waste management option in Nigeria, basically involves the collection of mixed waste materials and
subsequent dumping at designated dumpsites. It is not a practice to separate waste materials at source or any
point during its management (Adekunle et al, 2011). In Nigeria waste streamdespite these inconsistencies, waste
reporting is still useful on a small and large scale to determine key causes and locations, and to find ways of
preventing, minimizing, recovering, treating, and disposing waste.
Table 1: Waste generation in some urban cities in Nigeria
Cities Population Agency Tonnage/month Density (kg/m3
) Kg/capita/day
Lagos 8,029,200 Lagos state
management authority
255,556 294 0.63
Kano 3,348,700 Kano state
environmental
protection agency
156,676 290 0.56
Ibadan 307,840 Oyo state
environmental
protection commission
135,391 330 0.51
Kaduna 1,458,900 Kaduna state
environmenta
l protection agency
114,443 320 0.58
Markurdi 249,00 Urban development
board
24,242 340 0.48
Onisha 509,500 Anambra state
environmen
tal protection agency
84,137 310 0.53
Abuja 159,900 Abuja state
environmenta
l protection agency
14,785
280 0.66
Source:(Kadafa et al, 2013)
Non –Municipal Solid Waste Potential In Nigeria
Non-municipal solid waste is a large category of waste that is often divided into three categories:
mining waste, agricultural waste, and industrial waste. Sources of solid waste generation in Nigeria among
others are commercial, industrial, household, agricultural and educational establishments. The solid waste types
include paper, nylon, wood, dust, cloth, metal scraps, electronic gadgets, bottles, food remnants and vegetables;
saw dust, ashes, rubber, bones and plastics. Of total solid waste generated in Ibadan, 66.1% are domestic, 20.3%
commercial and 11.4% industrial (Adewumi et al., 2005). Average medical solid waste generation in Lagos lies
3. Generation Of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An Incenerator
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 3 |
between 0.562Kg/bed/day and 0.670Kg/bed/day (Longe and Williams, 2006). In Abuja, the Federal Capital
Territory, medical solid waste of 2.78Kg/bed/day was generated (Bassey et al., 2006), and in Ibadan,
150g/head/day (Coker et al., 1999). Several thousand used computers are imported to Nigeria through Lagos
seaport monthly and many of them lose the desired value within a short time, ending up to build the e-waste pile
in Nigeria (Ukem, 2008).Territory, medical solid waste of 2.78Kg/bed/day was generated (Bassey et al., 2006),
and in Ibadan,150g/head/day (Coker et al., 1999). Several thousand used computers are imported to Nigeria
through Lagos seaport monthly and many of them lose the desired value within a short time, ending upto build
the e-waste pile in Nigeria (Ukem, 2008). In view of some of these challenges associated with MSW in Nigeria,
the Federal Government of Nigeria laws and regulations in Nigeria promulgated to protect the environment of
which include the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act of 1988 where each state and local
government in the country set up its own environmental protection body for the protection and improvement of
the environment within its jurisdiction, thus making MSW management a major responsibility of state and local
government environmental agencies (Udoakah and ogu)
Non –Municipal Solid Waste To Energy Process Of Inceneration
Waste incineration is carried out at a high temperature of about 870-1200o
C. (1600 to 2200 o
F) (Obong
and Uduak, 2013). This very high temperature allows enough time for at least about 99% of the organic
substances such as minerals, metals and water contained in the waste to be oxidized.An Incinerator producing
exclusively heat can have a thermal generating efficiency of about 80-90%(FRM, 2012) .Incineration uses waste
as a fuel, burning it with high volumes of air to form carbon dioxide and heat. In a waste-to-energy plant that
uses incineration, these hot gases are used to make steam, the high pressure steam is then used for power
generation. Also, flue gases (CO2, H2O, O2, N2) which are generated contains a good majority of fuel energy
available as heat. (Murphy,Keogh and. Morris, 1998). It asserted that the volume and weight of waste is reduced
by 90% and 70% respectively through incineration. As sustainable as the idea of energy generation through
incineration may sound, studies have shown that depending on the operating conditions, type and composition
of the incinerated material, little quantity of HCl, Hl, HF, HBr, NOX, SO2 CO, VOCs, PCDD/F, PCBSs and
heavy metal compound are left over.The technology for electricity generation via incineration is categorized into
four processes namely: Waste collection and pre-treatment, waste combustion, gas scrubbing with pollution
control and electricity/steam generation. The generated steam is fed into a steam turbine, where it is channelled
to flow over a series of turbine blades that is connected to an electric generator which on rotation produces
electricity. The power produced can be further increased by employing a condensing turbine technology which
is used in cooling the steam ( Obong and Oduak,2013) Non-Municipal solid waste incineration technology has
been proven over time to be a sustainable system of waste disposal which is capable of not only limiting the
amount of poisonous substances emitted into the atmosphere, but also contributing to sustainably meeting the
energy need of the society( Murphy and Keogh,2006).
Source: (Willian et al,2014)
4. Generation Of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An Incenerator
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 4 |
II. WASTE INCENERATING PLANT
Factors affecting solid waste collection and generation
Several factors influence the solid waste generation in Nigeria. Lack of advanced technology, facility
for separation at source, strength of solid waste, Management policy and enforcement, environmental education
and awareness and income status of individuals among others, are factors affecting solid. Waste scenario in
Nigeria showed that education, income and social status are important factors influencing per capita solid waste
generationin some state(Abel ,2009). Age, location, occupation and amount charged for waste collection are
determinant factors for using public waste collection Services in Ibadan (Ajani, 2007). The quantity and
categories of solid waste generation also varies with socio-economic groups.
Environmental Costs.
Inappropriately managed waste can attract rodents and insects, which can harbour gastrointestinal
parasites, yellow fever, worms, the plague and other conditions for humans, and exposure to hazardous waste,
particularly when they are burned, can cause various other diseases including cancers. Toxic waste materials can
contaminate surface water, groundwater, soil, and air which cause more problems for humans, other species, and
ecosystems.
Waste treatment and disposal produces significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, notably methane,
which is contributing significantly to global climate change (Lavee D. (2007) and Decker,2000 ).
Economic Costs.
The economic costs of managing waste are high, and are often paid for by municipal
governments;money can often be saved with more efficiently designed collection routes, modifying vehicles,
and with public education. Environmental policies such as pay as you throw can reduce the cost of management
and reduce waste quantities. Waste recovery (that is, recycling, reuse) can curb economic costs because it avoids
extracting raw materials and often cuts transportation costs. The location of waste treatment and disposal
facilities often has an impact on property values due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma.
The informal waste sector consists mostly of waste pickers who scavenge for metals, glass, plastic, textiles, and
other materials and then trade them for a profit. This sector can significantly alter or reduce waste in a particular
system, but other negative economic effects come with the disease, poverty, exploitation, and abuse of its
workers (Eniola et al,2013).
Waste Supply.
For an electricity generating system using waste to work, having a large, stable supply of material is
crucial. Two legislative options could be used to create such a supply: mandatory waste collection and refuse
bans (Kathiravale,2004). Mandatory collection laws will set recycling targets for cities to aim for, usually in the
form that a certain percentage of a material must be diverted from the city's waste stream by a target date. The
city is then responsible for working to meet this target. The second method of increase supply of waste is
to ban the disposal of certain materials as waste, often including used oil, old batteries, tyres and garden waste.
One aim of this method is to create a viable economy for proper disposal of banned products. Care must be
taken that enough of these recycling services exist, or such bans simply lead to increased illegal dumping. One
advantage of these legislative measures is that valuable land that would have been destined to become landfills
can be judiciously utilized. To meet this requirement, the different waste streams (e.g., municipal solid waste,
industrial waste, pharmaceutical waste, etc.) must be treated differently (Eniola,et el,2013).
III. RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
The sustainable management of Non-Municipal solid waste which will lead to the generation of
Electricity is very realistic in Nigeria taking into consideration the large amount of waste generated in only some
regions where the study was conducted. The informal Non-municipal solid waste disposal habit must be
prohibited by legislation while conscious efforts should be made to educate and create public awareness about
the severe health and environmental impacts caused by unsustainable disposal and management of the municipal
solid waste. As noted in the course of the study that although the cost of under taking such projects may appear
quite high, the benefits of doing it would certainly outweigh the cost at the long run. It is therefore strongly
recommended in this study that incinerating facilities with energy recovery be installed at waste disposal sites
for the efficient and sustainable management solid waste. By implementing the above proposed strategy, they
study believes that the current waste management crisis that is stirring the administrators and resident of most of
the cities in Nigeria would be greatly eliminated.
5. Generation Of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An Incenerator
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 8 | August. 2017 | 5 |
REFERENCES
[1]. Abel, OA (2009). An analysis of solid waste generation in a traditional African city: the
[2]. example of Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Environment and Urbanization, SAGE Journals,Vol 19(2): Pp 527-537.
[3]. Adekunle I,M ,Adebola .A.A ,Aderonke K.A, Pius O.A ,Toyin A.A (2011):Recycling of Organic waste Throuigh
Compsting For land Applications:A Nigerian Experience Waste Management Resources Vol 29(26):Pp 582-93
[4]. Adewumi, IK; Ogedengbe, MO; Adepetu, JA; Fabiyi,YL (2005). Planning organic fertilizer industries for
municipal solid wastes management. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, Vol 1(3): Pp 285-291.
[5]. Ajani, O.I.Y (2007). Determinants of an effective solid waste management in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyostate,
Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Vol 6(1):Pp 152-157.1.
[6]. Bassey, BE; Benka, MO; Aluyi, HSA (2006). Characterization and management of solid medical wastes in the
Federal Capital Territory,Abuja, Nigeria. African Health Sciences Vol 6(1):58-63.
[7]. Brent H.B and Frainan T,(2011): Municipal Solid Waste Recycling „John Wiley and Sons New York.
[8]. Coker, AO; Sikiru, KA; Sridhar, MKC; Sangodoyin, AY (1999): Characterization and management of solid
hospital wastes. Integrated Development for Water Supply and Sanitation, 25th WEDC Conference, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
[9]. Decker, E., Elliott, S., Felisa A., Blake, D. and Rowland, F.(2000): “Energy and Material flow through the urban
Ecosystem”; Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Pp. 685–740.
[10]. Eniola, V., Adisa B., Yavala, I.and Adeleke D.(2013): A Review of the Technology for Generating Electricity
from Municipal Waste. 27th
AGM & International Conference of the Nigerian Institution for Mechanical Engineers
(NIMechE).
[11]. Frith Resource Management (FRM) (2012): Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste .Department for environment
food and rural affairs. www.defra.gov.uk
[12]. Kara .M (2013): China Lead the Waste Recycling League .The Guardian.www.the
guardian.com/environment/2013.Accessed June, 2013.
[13]. Lavee D. (2014). “Is Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Economically Efficient?” Environmental Management.
http://www.wikipedia 11 July, 2014.
[14]. Longe, E.O. and Williams, A. (2006). A preliminary study of medical waste management in Lagos metropolis,
Nigeria. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering Vol 3(2):Pp133-139.
[15]. Kathiravale, S., Yunus, M.M., Sopian, K.H.(2004) “Energy potential from Municipal Solid Waste in Malaysia”;
Elsevier, Renewable Energy, Vol 29,Pp559–567.
[16]. Murphy .J and E. McKeogh (2006) "The benefits of integrated treatment of wastes for the production of energy,"
Energy , Vol. 31, Pp. 294–310.
[17]. Morris.M (1998): "Electricity production from solid waste fuels using advanced gasification Technology," in
Swana's Wastecon .
[18]. Ogu, V.I(200): “Private sector participation and municipal waste management in Benin City”; Environment &
Urbanization, Vol 12,Pp103-117.
[19]. Oskamp .S (1995): Resources Conservation and Recycling: Behaviour and Policy, Journal of special Issues 51.4:
Pp 157-177
[20]. Tsunatu D.Y,Tickson T.S,Sam K.D and Namo J.M,(20015): Municipal Solid Waste as Alternative sources of
Energy Generation: A case Study of Jalingo Metropolic.International Journal of Engineering and technology
Vol:5No 3
[21]. Ukem, EO (2008). Electroni waste: a growing challenge in Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
14(4): 459-462.
[22]. Udoakah Y.O.(2013) “A Sustainable Approach to Municipal Solid Waste Management in Southern Nigeria”;
Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Global HumanityConference,.
22. William A. G, John and Willie .L (2014): Municipal Solid Waste and Incinerators Department of Energy
and Mineral Engineering, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The.
*D.A Adeleke. " Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From
An Incenerator." International Journal Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) 7.7 (2017):
01-05.