Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Promote Sustainable Delivery of Infrastructural and Economic Development in Nigeria
ABSTRACT: Public Private Partnership involves private sector engagement in infrastructural development. Though in the past, the country infrastructure had been experiencing a decline in the system, this is because, government had been the sole contributor to infrastructural finance and had often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. This decline in the system is caused by escalating population growth depending on available infrastructure, decaying of existing power infrastructure, political instability and corruption in the system. The ongoing reform is about bringing the system to a lime light. Hence, Public Private Partnership participation in the infrastructural development in Nigeria, will create favorable environment for an investors, provide job opportunities, long time policy, decision making and efficient use of the available resources. This paper therefore dwells on overview of the public private partnership with regards to energy and other infrastructural development of Nigeria. Challenges of the partnership and possible solutions towards subduing the problems are proffered.
With the increase in public debt, 100% privately funded initiatives are now re-emerging yet experience had shown earlier that early successes of privatization programs were short lived and led later to bailouts / subsidy by Governments. PPP,s are likely to remain a better way to allocate the risks based on each entity’s ability to manage , mitigate and absorb risks. This brief highlights various aspects of PPP’s in terms of explaining the various PPP’s models and PPP’s transactions types, fiscal risks in PPP’s, PPP’s best practices and how to create an enabling PPP Environment. Major MENA PPP’s projects preview of is highlighted.
Part one of investigation into Public Private Partnerships and the potential scope and role for their application to development interventions in the Caribbean- presented as a webinar for the PMI (c) International Development Community of Practise (IDCoP)
With the increase in public debt, 100% privately funded initiatives are now re-emerging yet experience had shown earlier that early successes of privatization programs were short lived and led later to bailouts / subsidy by Governments. PPP,s are likely to remain a better way to allocate the risks based on each entity’s ability to manage , mitigate and absorb risks. This brief highlights various aspects of PPP’s in terms of explaining the various PPP’s models and PPP’s transactions types, fiscal risks in PPP’s, PPP’s best practices and how to create an enabling PPP Environment. Major MENA PPP’s projects preview of is highlighted.
Part one of investigation into Public Private Partnerships and the potential scope and role for their application to development interventions in the Caribbean- presented as a webinar for the PMI (c) International Development Community of Practise (IDCoP)
A presentation on what is Public, Private partnership. It also depicts the use, benefits, defects and why it should be adopted or avoided in the tourism sector.
This ppt was prepared for educational purpose, and to teach about PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP scheme and their models for using this scheme. Many projects now days are using this method with help of gov. parties or private parties. This methods helps in decreasing load on construction and infrastructure, and road development load from government, as they are not participating in finance of project but let the construction firm, construct the project and run by their names to recover their cost and profit for predetermined time period and on predetermined rate of recovery, either by tolling system or annuity system.
Public private partnership(PPP) and Safety,Risk & Benefit AnalysisYubraj Ghimire
This slide includes public private partnership and Safety,Risk & Benefit Analysis of PPP.
This slide is presented at Engineering Professional Practice class by team of four people.
This ppt covers about public private partnerships in india and brics nations .The ppt covers in depth analysis of PPP in india and how ppp is done in brazil,russia,china,south africa .also laws and changes in fdi and rules for PP
A public–private partnership (PPP) is a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies
The PPP projects are good as it do not put financial implications on union and states and creating better infrastructural facilities to the people
Public private partnerships are becoming increasing important as governments harness the expertise and flexibility of the private sector to make investments they could not otherwise afford. The long-term nature of these partnerships makes them different from conventional procurements or privatisation. Both partners, government and private business, must learn new methods to maximize the value for investors and taxpayers.
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ARE MOSTLY PURSUIED TO SATISFY THE INFRASTRUCTURAL NEEDS OF A COUNTRY, REGION OR A CITY . PPP Is an instrument for infrastructure development AND HAS BASIC TENETS AND PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING ITS SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION.
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A mature PPP framework is one of the most useful tools with the Governments to facilitate private investment into infrastructure.PPPs are long term contracts between the Government (sponsoring authority) and a private company that may typically provide for financing, construction, operation, and maintenance under a single firm or a consortium. It is generally advised to adopt a suitable PPP framework in case of large and complex projects that can justify the associated transaction and monitoring costs and thus provide value for money considering the project’s life-cycle cost to the Government.
A plan designed to value and remove difficult strength from the balance sheet of troubled financial institutions in the U.S. Essentially, the Public-Private Investment Program's goal is to create cooperation with private investors to buy toxic strenth. The program is designed to increase fluidity in the market and to serve as a price-discovery tool for valuing troubled assets.
A presentation on what is Public, Private partnership. It also depicts the use, benefits, defects and why it should be adopted or avoided in the tourism sector.
This ppt was prepared for educational purpose, and to teach about PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP scheme and their models for using this scheme. Many projects now days are using this method with help of gov. parties or private parties. This methods helps in decreasing load on construction and infrastructure, and road development load from government, as they are not participating in finance of project but let the construction firm, construct the project and run by their names to recover their cost and profit for predetermined time period and on predetermined rate of recovery, either by tolling system or annuity system.
Public private partnership(PPP) and Safety,Risk & Benefit AnalysisYubraj Ghimire
This slide includes public private partnership and Safety,Risk & Benefit Analysis of PPP.
This slide is presented at Engineering Professional Practice class by team of four people.
This ppt covers about public private partnerships in india and brics nations .The ppt covers in depth analysis of PPP in india and how ppp is done in brazil,russia,china,south africa .also laws and changes in fdi and rules for PP
A public–private partnership (PPP) is a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector companies
The PPP projects are good as it do not put financial implications on union and states and creating better infrastructural facilities to the people
Public private partnerships are becoming increasing important as governments harness the expertise and flexibility of the private sector to make investments they could not otherwise afford. The long-term nature of these partnerships makes them different from conventional procurements or privatisation. Both partners, government and private business, must learn new methods to maximize the value for investors and taxpayers.
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ARE MOSTLY PURSUIED TO SATISFY THE INFRASTRUCTURAL NEEDS OF A COUNTRY, REGION OR A CITY . PPP Is an instrument for infrastructure development AND HAS BASIC TENETS AND PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING ITS SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION.
.
A mature PPP framework is one of the most useful tools with the Governments to facilitate private investment into infrastructure.PPPs are long term contracts between the Government (sponsoring authority) and a private company that may typically provide for financing, construction, operation, and maintenance under a single firm or a consortium. It is generally advised to adopt a suitable PPP framework in case of large and complex projects that can justify the associated transaction and monitoring costs and thus provide value for money considering the project’s life-cycle cost to the Government.
A plan designed to value and remove difficult strength from the balance sheet of troubled financial institutions in the U.S. Essentially, the Public-Private Investment Program's goal is to create cooperation with private investors to buy toxic strenth. The program is designed to increase fluidity in the market and to serve as a price-discovery tool for valuing troubled assets.
Similar to Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Promote Sustainable Delivery of Infrastructural and Economic Development in Nigeria
International Trade Laws: International Contracts of Sale of Goods Transactions, International Trade Insurance,
Patents, Trademarks, Copyright and Neighboring Rights. Intellectual property Rights, Dispute settlement
Procedures under GATT & WTO, Payment systems in International Trade, International Labour Organization and
International Labour Laws.
Public- Private Partnership (Ppp) As Catalyst for Sustainable Infrasstructura...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This research presents a microeconomic outlook on the benefits of a strong infrastructure base to the Nigerian economy as evident in some states in Nigeria. The overall objective is to highlights the importance of infrastructure development to economic growth and the need for government to take more strategic approach to tackling its dearth in Nigeria. It provides an informed perceptive on economic impact on infrastructure development has on nation building. Special focus is given to the strategic position the Construction industry takes in bridging the gap between - a state of underdevelopment (economic-anorexia) and economic prosperity. A look at strategic procurement options through the use of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) as a viable alternative to Traditional procurement is also discussed.
Public private partnership refers to an association between a Government agency and a private-sector organization that intend to complete a project for public welfare. This relationship is basically used to finance, build and purpose projects like public transportation systems, conference centers and parks. Aiming for a project to be accomplished on priority or may be sooner can be allowed in the association with public private partnerships.
Similar to Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Promote Sustainable Delivery of Infrastructural and Economic Development in Nigeria (20)
Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sen...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluid Power is widely employed in applications required high loads such as tractors, cranes, and airplanes. In load sensing hydraulic systems, loads are controlled by adjusting a pump-valve arrangement. In this paper, the swash plate pump hydraulic characteristics will be determined, the pump and its fluid gains will be derived to obtain the pump overall transfer function. Firstly, the swash plate pump mechanism is analyzed and its dynamic model is constructed; the pump pressure and flow rate are plotted and the possible improvement is introduced. The load sensing unit parameters such as orifice width, orifice area, maximum passage area, and piston area at X and Y will be examined to identify their influence on the pump characteristics; and the optimum parameters will be introduced. All results are developed and simulated numerically.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
A New Two-Dimensional Analytical Model of Small Geometry GaAs MESFETIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In this paper, a simple and exact analytical model for Small Geometry GaAs MESFET is developed to determine the potential distribution along the channel of the device. The model is based on the exact solution of two-dimensional Poisson’s equation in the depletion region under the gate. Then the obtained model is used to study the channel potential and threshold voltage of the device. Using the analytical model, the effect of the device parameter and bias conditions on performance of the device is investigated. The obtained results are graphically exhibited and discussed. In order to verification of the analytical results, TCAD device simulator is used and good accordance is observed.
Design a WSN Control System for Filter Backwashing ProcessIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Day by day, there is a higher rate of need for accurate automation system to be used in industries and environment monitoring and control. In water treatment plants during the filtration phase, there is a process called backwashing, which particles suspended in the filter basin are removed. in this process the water are forcedly pumped through the filter in upward direction at enough speed to expand the filter media. Therefore, various types of valves used, which are opened and closed in a time sequencing manner. The paper proposed an automation control system for the backwashing process to be initiated and completed automatically using PLC, level sensors and valves installed inside the filter basin. Practically, a control system has been applied which all valves are opened and closed according to wireless signals coming from PLCs on its suitable time. In summary, the control in the process demonstrated that the proposed system is efficient, effective, and able to be reliable. Besides, the results increase the productivity at a low-cost mode.
Application of Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Dimensions: A Critical ...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT”: Customer relationship management is crucial due to the competitive environment. For this reason, it has become a widely implemented strategy across the hotel industry in retaining customers and maintaining good relationships with them. It also promotes customer satisfaction and loyalty which lead to the achievement of competitive business performance. However, due to the ever-increasing competition and the continuous changing customers’ needs in the hotel industry, the ability to achieve customer satisfaction is becoming a major challenge. Using 40 respondents from 20 hotels, this paper, therefore, explores the managers’ perspective into how the application of CRM dimensions impact on the performance of hotels and also examines the relationships between them since studies evaluating their relationships are limited. It studies CRM from the hotels’ perceptive as Guest Services Managers and Marketing Managers were the respondents. This study employed an exploratory research design and quantitative technique. The survey was conducted in New Delhi and simple random sampling was the sampling technique used to select respondents. With the study’s objectives in mind, the developed research hypotheses constructed were tested using multiple regression analysis as the statistical tool. Through the results, it has been revealed that CRM dimensions are positively related to the performance of hotels. Finally, CRM dimensions are highly recommended as a competitive strategic tool to enhance competitiveness.
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
Study of Part Feeding System for Optimization in Fms & Force Analysis Using M...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the development of a flexible and vibratory bowl feeding system which is suitable for use in a flexible manufacturing system. The vibratory bowl feeder for automatic assembly, presents a geometric model of the feeder, and develops force analysis, leading to dynamical modeling of the vibratory feeder. Based on the leaf-spring modeling of the three legs of the symmetrically arranged bowl of the feeder, and equating the vibratory feeder to a three-legged parallel mechanism, the paper reveals the geometric property of the feeder. The effects of the leaf-spring legs are transformed to forces and moments acting on the base and bowl of the feeder. Resultant forces are obtained based upon the coordinate transformation, and the moment analysis is produced based upon the orthogonality of the orientation matrix. This reveals the characteristics of the feeder, that the resultant force is along the z-axis and the resultant moment is about the z direction and further generates the closed-form motion equation.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
Analytical Solutions of simultaneous Linear Differential Equations in Chemica...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Analytical method for solving homogeneous linear differential equations in chemical kinetics and pharmacokinetics using homotopy perturbation method has been proposed. The mathematical model that depicts the pharmacokinetics is solved. Herein, we report the closed form of an analytical expression for concentrations species for all values of kinetic parameters. These results are compared with numerical results and are found to be in satisfactory agreement. The obtained results are valid for the whole solution domain.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
Hybrid Methods of Some Evolutionary Computations AndKalman Filter on Option P...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The search for a better option price continues within the financial institution. In pricing a put option, holders of the underlying stock always want to make the best decision by maximizing profit. We present an optimal hybrid model among the following combinations: Kalman Filter-Genetic Programming(KF-GP), Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) and Evolutionary Strategy -Genetic Programming(ES- GP). Our results indicate that the hybrid method involving Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) is the best model for any investor. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on the model parameters to ascertain the rigidity of the model.
An Efficient Methodology To Develop A Secured E-Learning System Using Cloud C...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Now-a-days, each and every action involved in our life becomes computerized in order to reduce the time, complexity and manual power. The education systems are also being computerized, to train the students in a much efficient way. This system is termed as E-Learning. E-Learning is an Internet-based learning process, in which the Internet technology is used to design, implement, manage and extend learning, which will improve the efficiency of learning. Learning, Teaching and Training are intensely connected components, which are all included in the development of E-Learning system. Cloud Computing provides an efficient platform to support the E-Learning systems, as it can be dramatically changes over time .In this paper, an overview on the new emerging E-Learning system , utilization of the SAAS (Software as a Service) and the methodology to test the efficiency of the person in a secured way are described.
Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy.IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nigeria is endowed with natural resources which are aim at developing the country.The need for alternative energy resources to drive the nation economy cannot be over-emphasized. The incessant power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlement. A robust solution must be found to end the crises. Alternative energy source has the potential of solving power problem in Nigeria as well as providing safer and cleaner environment than the fossil fuel. This paper also examines the socio–economic benefits of the alternative energy (solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal) to the nation economy and the utilization of the resources to meet human needs and the generation yet unborn and to provide sustainable development, thereby improve the standard of living and mitigating climate change.
ABSTRACT: Many writers describe empowerment as a process as opposed to a condition or state of being which is being a key feature of empowerment emphasized by many researchers. As a process empowerment becomes difficult to be measured by standard tools available to social scientists. As case study helps in bringing us to understand a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies also emphasized on detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researcher had made use of this qualitative research method to examine contemporary real-life situations.
Validation of Maintenance Policy of Steel Plant Machine Shop By Analytic Hier...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper the maintenance activities of the Machine shop of Steel plant have been considered. As maintenance is a routine activity to keep a machine at its normal operating condition so that it can deliver its expected performance without causing any loose of time on account of accidental damage or breakdown and maintenance is a recurring activity. So for reduction of maintenance cost and safety of the operator as well as the residents of nearby area it is better to decide which machines should go for which type of maintenance. For this decision AHP is used and the Expert choice software is used for that calculations and this paper is for the validation of results.
li-fi: the future of wireless communicationIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays people and their electronic devices access wireless internet. But, clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. So, Radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can carry our data. We can use “Data through Illumination”. In this process, the data is sent through an LED source that varies in intensity faster than the human eye could follow. The future can be envisioned where the data for laptops, smart phones and all other smart applications is transmitted through the light in our living room. And security would be a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data.
The Comprehensive Computation Model of Gas Permeability Based on Fuzzy Comple...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper, in order to reveal the gas migration law of loaded coal under multi-factor coupling, the researches on gas permeability were carried out under different influencing factors, namely effective stress, gas pressure, confining pressure and moisture content, with the self-developed experimental platform of gas permeability. Meanwhile, the function relationship of each influencing factor and permeability was established by use of the mathematical least squares principle. In this paper, the comprehensive expression of gas permeability was established, which is based on fuzzy complementary judgment matrix. And the comprehensive expression was drawn from the experimental conclusions of the loaded coal under multi-factor coupling.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Promote Sustainable Delivery of Infrastructural and Economic Development in Nigeria
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 7 | July. 2017 | 32 |
Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable
Tool to Promote Sustainable Delivery of Infrastructural and
Economic Development in Nigeria
1*
Lawal M., 2
Adeleke D.A.,3
Chukwunyeaka C., 4
Ejura G.J, 5
Nafisa M.A
Energy Commission of Nigeria
I. INTRODUCTION
Public Private Partnership is a prescribe arrangement which is formed between public and private
sector partners which involve the private sector in the development, financing, ownership, or operation of a
public facility or service to make available adequate infrastructure through public private partnership
development. In such a partnership, public and private resources are position and divided so that the partners
’efforts are complementary. The private sector partner usually makes a substantial cash or equity investment in
the project and the public sector gains access to new revenue or service delivery capacity, and this arrangement
between the public and private sector differ from service contracting. Egbewole Qasim A, (2011)
In general, PPP refers to form of cooperation between public authorities and the private sector to finance,
construct, renovate, manage, operate or maintain an infrastructure or service. It also involves some form of risk
sharing between the public and private sector to provide the infrastructure or services. The allocation of sizable
and, at times significant, elements of risk to the private partner is essential in distinguishing a PPP from the
more traditional public sector model of public service delivery. There are two basic forms of PPP: contractual
and institutional. Although institutional PPP have been quite successful in some circumstances, particularly in
countries with well-developed institutional and regulatory capacities, contractual PPP are significantly more
common, especially in developing economies.
Risks are distributed between the public partner and private partner and are allocated to the party best
positioned to manage each individual risk. PPP are complex structures, involving multiple parties and relatively
high transaction costs. PPP is a procurement tool where the focus is payment for the successful delivery of the
service. In PPP arrangements, the private partner is typically compensated through either: User-based payments
(i.e., toll roads, airport or port charges) Availability payments from the public authority [i.e., PFI, power
purchase agreements (PPAs), water purchase agreements (WPAs)] A combination of the above in user-based
payment structures, the government or public authority often needs to provide some financial support to the
project to reduce specific risks, such as demand risk, or to ensure that full cost recovery is compatible with
affordability . Government support mechanisms can take many forms, such as contributions, investments,
guarantees and subsidies, but they should be carefully designed and implemented to allow for optimal risk
allocation between the public and private sectors. When government supports are present, the objective is to
increase private capital mobilization per unit of public sector. Egbewole Qasim A, (2011).
ABSTRACT: Public Private Partnership involves private sector engagement in infrastructural
development. Though in the past, the country infrastructure had been experiencing a decline in the
system, this is because, government had been the sole contributor to infrastructural finance and had
often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. This decline in the
system is caused by escalating population growth depending on available infrastructure, decaying of
existing power infrastructure, political instability and corruption in the system. The ongoing reform is
about bringing the system to a lime light. Hence, Public Private Partnership participation in the
infrastructural development in Nigeria, will create favorable environment for an investors, provide job
opportunities, long time policy, decision making and efficient use of the available resources. This paper
therefore dwells on overview of the public private partnership with regards to energy and other
infrastructural development of Nigeria. Challenges of the partnership and possible solutions towards
subduing the problems are proffered.
Keyword: Infrastructure, Energy, Economy, Public-Private, Partnership, Power.
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Table 1: Nigeria Infrastructural Project Undergoing PPP Development
S/N Project PPP Model
1 Rehabilitation and upgrade of Muritala Airport
Road
Build Operate and transfer(BOT)
2 2nd Niger Bridge Build Operate and transfer(BOT)
3 River Niger Bridge at Nupeko Build Operate and transfer(BOT)
4 Small and Medium Hydro Power
Projects
Rehabilitate/Build Operate
Transfer (RBOT) mode
5 PHCN 3 Large Hydro Power Plants Build Operate and transfer(BOT)
6 25 Silos complexes Rehabilitate/Build Operate
Transfer (RBOT) mode
7 National Centre for Women
Development
Rehabilitation Lease and Transfer (RLT)
8
Rehabilitation and Upgrade of Kiri
Kiri Lighter Terminals I & II
Landlord Port Model” for the Nigerian
ports in line with the ports reform
programme
9 Development of Katampe District Build Operate and transfer(BOT)
10 Development of Four Districts Design, Build, Finance, Operate
and Transfer (DBFOT)
Source: (Infrastructure Regulatory Commission, 2012)
II. Why Public Private Partnership in Infrastructural Development in Nigeria
In the past the government has been the sole financial of infrastructure finance and has often taken
responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. There is a gradual recognition which is
the best way to execute/finance these projects. This recognition is based on considerations such as cost
efficiency, equity considerations, allocation efficiency, and fiscal prudence, most countries have adopted the
PPP policy about two or three decades ago as a way of fixing their infrastructural gap and at the same time,
delivering good welfare for their citizens. From the World Bank report, since 1984, 86 industrialized and
developing countries have privatized 547 infrastructures in developing countries. This is far beyond the public
sector’s capacity and clearly highlights the opportunities for private sector involvement. In the light of this
many developing countries including Nigeria have therefore begun a review of previously natural monopolies in
order to create opportunities for the private sector to add value in the provision of infrastructure and to provide
relief to their already overstretched budgets. The restructuring of public enterprises is an efficient strategy and
an important first step towards private provision of infrastructure. Through reform and privatization of public
enterprises, new private infrastructure companies will emerge, with incentives to seek additional opportunities
for further development. (Ikpefan, Ochei. Ailemen, 2015).
III. Models of Public-Private Partnerships
The following terms are developed from commonly used terms to describe PPP agreements globally as in
Nigeria.
• Design-Build (DB) or “Turnkey” contract: The private sector designs and builds infrastructure to meet
public sector performance specifications, often for a fixed price, so the risk of cost overruns is transferred to
the private sector. (Many do not consider DB’s to be within the spectrum of PPP’s).
• Service Provision (e.g., Specific customer services or operation & maintenance) contract: A private operator,
under contract, operates a publicly-owned asset for a specified term. Ownership of the asset remains with the
public entity.
• Management contract: A private entity contracts to manage a Government owned entity and manages the
marketing and provision of a service.
• Lease and operate contract: A private operator contracts to lease and assume all management and operation of
a government owned facility and associated services, and may invest further in developing the service and
provide the service for a fixed term.
• Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO): The private sector designs, finances and constructs a new facility
under a long-term lease, and operates the facility during the term of the lease. The private partner transfers the
new facility to the public sector at the end of the lease term.
• Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT): A private entity receives a franchise to finance, design, build and operate a
facility (and to charge user fees) for a specified period, after which ownership is transferred back to the public
sector. This has been used in telecommunications service contracts.
• Buy-Build-Operate (BBO): Transfer of a public asset to a private or quasi-public entity usually under contract
that the assets are to be upgraded and operated for a specified period of time. Public control is exercised
through the contract at the time of transfer.
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• Build-Own-Operate (BOO): The private sector finances, builds, owns and operates a facility or service in
perpetuity. The public constraints are stated in the original agreement and through on-going regulatory
obligations.
• Build-Own-Operate & Transfer (BOOT): The Private Sector builds, owns, operates a facility for a specified
period as agreed in the contract and then transfers to the Public.
• Operating License: A private operator receives a license or rights to build and operate a public service, usually
for a specified term. Similar to BBO arrangement. This is often used in telecommunications and ICT projects.
• Finance Only: A private entity, usually a financial services company, funds a project directly or uses various
mechanisms such as a long-term lease or bond issue. (Dominic E. Obozuwa
Wali-Uwais & Co.2013)
IV. Public-Private Partnerships and Power Infrastructural Development in Nigeria.
Inadequate supply of electric power has been a big problem confronting Nigeria. It has led to high cost
of using generator as an alternative supply of power. Less than 40% of the Nigerian population is supplied with
electricity leaving the rest without. The generating capacity of electricity in Nigeria in year 2000 when the
reform started was 2000MW. By generating less than 4,000MW of electricity, the Nigeria’s per capita
consumption was 0.03kw.This per capita consumption of electricity evidences the level of industrial activity
going on in the country, hence the level of development and the standard of living of people in this country. The
problem was attributed to lack of increase in the existing generating units from 1990 to 2000, lack of
overhauling for up to a period of 15 years, and rapidly decaying of existing generating infrastructure and under
pricing of electricity services. To tackle the problem the Federal Government embarked on transformation of the
sector through some reform processes. The transformation agenda includes maintenance, rehabilitation and
upgrading of existing units in the 8 power stations in Nigeria.
The government embarked on construction of four thermal power stations in various parts of the
country; the unbundling of NEPA into18 companies and establishing PHCN in 2005. The 18 successor
companies created consist of: 6 power generation, 1 transmission and 11 distribution companies. Approval was
also given for the construction of seven new power stations in the Niger Delta in order to take advantage of the
huge gas resources in that area. As part of the reform programme, the Federal Government embarked on the
process of deregulating the power sector and therefore encouraged private sector participation in generation of
electricity under the Independent Power Producers (IPP) arrangement so that the IPPs would generate power and
sell to PHCN under power purchase agreement. The administration’s target then was to generate up to
10,000MW by the year 2007 when it would hand over power to another government but this objective was not
achieved. The Public Private Partnership (PPP) is now being extended to the distribution of power in the
country. Involvement of the private sector becomes imperative because Nigerian Government alone cannot
afford the capital requirements for development of the electricity sector in the country. The welcome
development in the participation of public private partnership in the sector would provide growth for the sector,
give financial discipline, reduce corruption in the public sector, and reduce the financial burden of
infrastructural provision on the national budget. The reform gave rise to the establishment of the Nigerian
Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) to regulate and control tariffs by providing different pricing options
for arriving at tariffs to power generators via the Multi-Year Tariff Order {MYTO}.(Grace N. O, and Steve E.
E,2013).
Table 2: Public Private Partnership Power Infrastructure in Nigeria
Power
Station
Fuel Type Installed
Capacity(MW)
Ave. Actual
Gen Capability(MW)
Ownership
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Egbin Gas/HPFO 1320 756 S C
Ibom Power Gas 35 30 IPP
Delta Gas 960 388 S C
Geregu Gas 414 156 FGN
Omotosho Gas 335 56 FGN
Kainji Hydro 760 393 S C
Afam Gas 623 86 S C
Calabar Diesel 5 0
Afam VI (Shell) Gas 625 400 IPP
Ajokuta(ASCO) Gas 80 0 IPP
Okpai Gas 480 337 IPP
Omoku Gas 150 54 IPP
AES Gas 300 192 IPP
Source: ((Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission, 2010)
V. Benefits of Public Private Partnership
The advantages of Public Private Partnerships (PPP's) include the following:
Speedy, efficient and cost effective delivery of projects.
Value for money for the taxpayer through optimal risk transfer and risk management.
Efficiencies from integrating design and construction of public infrastructure with financing, operation and
maintenance/upgrading.
Creation of added value through synergies between public authorities and private sector companies, in
particular, through the integration and cross transfer of public and private sector skills, knowledge and
expertise.
Alleviation of capacity constraints and bottlenecks in the economy through higher productivity of labour
and capital resources in the delivery of projects.
Competition and greater construction capacity (including the participation of overseas firms, especially in
joint ventures and partnering arrangements).
Accountability for the provision and delivery of quality public services through performance incentive
management/regulatory regime.
Innovation and diversity in the provision of public services.
Effective utilization of state assets to the benefit of all users of public services.
Faster implementation.
OF NIGERIA’S I
VI. VI. Challenges of Public-Private Partnership in Nigeria
Public Private Partnerships in Nigeria are face with challenges such as: financial limitations,
dominance of public companies, corruption, inability of private companies to access local currency and
affordable long term loan. Others include, incessant changes in relevant political office holders and the Chief
Executives of Regulatory agencies is also a major problem with PPP projects. For example many of the Chief
Executives officers in Nigeria agencies have different policies, divergent opinions and perspectives on
Concession Agreement and concession itself. In the same time, the sizes of the Nigerian banks pose a problem
to the survival of such projects as they are unable to give a long term loan, when such loans are available, the
interests on them will be too high to cope with. Many of the banks officials also lack experience in project
financing .There is no sound legal and institutional frame work backing Public Private Partnership in the
country, in a situation where there is problem with the arrangement(s) the private sector or investors are left to
bear the brunt financially and otherwise (Dabak, Panmun Dantala, 2014).
VII. CONCLUSION
With the current state of dilapidated infrastructure in our economy development for the past 50 years of
our National existence, it is cleared that public and private sectors of our economy would seize the opportunities
provided by evolving global partnerships to create enduring infrastructures and development in Nigeria.
The bane of our national development has been a dearth in infrastructures. This must change and as the parties
take practical steps in this regard by harnessing the PPPs strategy, while tailoring them to the needs of the
different sectors of the economy, they must look critically at the legal implications of such arrangements to
further mutually beneficial partnerships.
Finally, In order to guarantee value for money, the relative strengths and weaknesses of each PPP
scheme should be considered. Depending on the sector of application, some models are better suited than others
in delivering targeted outputs and in ensuring accurate risk management. Choosing the wrong model or
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inaccurately evaluating the risk management capacities of each party may have extremely costly consequences
and a negative impact on public accounts.
VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS
There is need for a wide representative participatory decision-making process that takes into account
concerns of all concerned stakeholders including those who may be adversely affected.
There should be a fair and transparent rule-base administrative process by which projects are developed and
procured.
An enabling environment such as security, good road and power should be put in place that will guarantee
effective management of the PPP projects.
There is need for a long term policies that will favour the PPP by government to guide against incessant
changes which usually occurs anytime there is change in the leadership.
An arrangement for project delivery that ensures efficient utilization of human, financial, natural and other
resources without sacrificing the needs of the future generations.
REFERENCES
[1]. Ikpefan, Ochei. Ailemen, (2015): Challenges Of Public-Private Partnership In Infrastructural Financing
In Nigeria
[2]. eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/id/file/22798
[3]. Dominic E. Obozuwa Wali-Uwais & Co. (2013):PPP as a tool for Development in Nigeria.
[4]. www.fpppn.org/index.php/articles-a.../231-national-development.Accessed27/08/2015.
[5]. Dabak, Panmun Dantala, (2014): Public-Private Partnership: The Answer to Nigeria’s Development
Challenges. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development.
[6]. Egbewole Qasim A, (2011): Examining Public Private Partnership In Nigeria: Potentials and
Challenges. resourcedat.com/.../Examining-Public-Private-Partnership-in-Nigeria1.pd
[7]. Grace N. Steve E. E, (2013): Recovery of Cost of Electricity Supply in the Nigerian Power Sector.
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting.Vol.4, No.17. www.iiste.org
[8]. Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission, (2010): Electric Power Sector: Current Status And Future
Perspectives.
*Adeleke D.A. "Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool To Promote
Sustainable Delivery of Infrastural And Economic Development in Nigeria." International Journal Of
Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) 7.7 (2017): 32-36.