ABSTRACT: Nigeria is endowed with natural resources which are aim at developing the country.The need for alternative energy resources to drive the nation economy cannot be over-emphasized. The incessant power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlement. A robust solution must be found to end the crises. Alternative energy source has the potential of solving power problem in Nigeria as well as providing safer and cleaner environment than the fossil fuel. This paper also examines the socio–economic benefits of the alternative energy (solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal) to the nation economy and the utilization of the resources to meet human needs and the generation yet unborn and to provide sustainable development, thereby improve the standard of living and mitigating climate change.
Sustainable Development of Bioenergy from Agriculture Residues and EnvironmentTriple A Research Journal
This communication discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy
sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the
biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy
conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures
necessary to reduce emissions globally. The current literature is reviewed
regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass
technology. This study gives an overview of present and future use of
biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and
other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market
situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that
biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested,
implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.
Keywords: Biomass resources, wastes, woodfuel, biofuels, energy,
environment, sustainability related with bioenergy development, disperse
systems formulation science, surfactant sciences
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Sustainable Development of Bioenergy from Agriculture Residues and EnvironmentTriple A Research Journal
This communication discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy
sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the
biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy
conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures
necessary to reduce emissions globally. The current literature is reviewed
regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass
technology. This study gives an overview of present and future use of
biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and
other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market
situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that
biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested,
implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.
Keywords: Biomass resources, wastes, woodfuel, biofuels, energy,
environment, sustainability related with bioenergy development, disperse
systems formulation science, surfactant sciences
Presently, there is rapid growth in Technology advancement. Developed countries are searching for new alternative energy sources to minimize the pressure on natural sources like gas, uranium, oil, coal, etc. However, natural sources of energy are inadequate and expensive, which also contributed heavily to greenhouse gas emissions. Developing countries like Nigeria are also trying to exploit different renewable energy sources like solar energy, hydropower, wind energy, bioenergy, etc. to accomplish their increasing demand and also to eradicate the energy crisis Nigeria has been experiencing due to insufficient electricity generation. This paper analyses the importance of renewable sources, the challenges and the benefits. This paper also analyses how renewable energy can be accepted as a perfect solution for economic development.
Growing Renewable Energy in the Future of India: Opportunities over Challengesijsrd.com
As the demand is going to increase the generations have to be increased. So as the time is going to pass the conventional energy sources are going to be decreased and it might happen that after some years these sources are going to be exhausted. The best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional energy sources, which are never going to become exhausted because they are the natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The challenges required for the conventional energy for increasing population demand with the use of renewable energy the future of India get good opportunities to full fill it. Among the various non-conventional energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, Hydro energy, tidal energy, wave energy, Ocean Thermal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass energy, fuel cell energy, Hydrogen etc. are never going to become exhausted because they are natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The sharp increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several decades has raised fears of exhausting the globe's reserves of fossil fuels in the near future. Approximately, 90% of our energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. Energy and development are inter-related. Energy sector is the backbone of any country's growth and economy. India is one of the largest growing economies in the world and today not just India, but the whole world is looking for alternate sources of energy like wind, solar, hydro, biomass, biofuel etc. known as renewable energy sources for Sustainable energy development.
Sesti project: Global Sustainable Energy optionsVictor Van Rij
This presentation gives the result of the emerging issues analysis of the SESTI project on the energy domain in 2010. It provides the questions around 5 of the less well known future sustainable options/risks that were discussed in the project. The topics that were addressed are still worth while to review today.
These topics were :
1. Enhancement of the photosynthetic cycle on global scale to provide all food, energy and maintain biodiversity (briefly biomimics)
2. Use of desert areas for gaining solar energy (the DESERTEC scheme)
3. Hybrid nuclear fission-fusion to speed up nuclear fusion
4. The unknown risks of going deeper and further for energy mining
5. The unknown risks of and hydrogen leaking economy
A public lecture on RENEWABLE ENERGY: HOW READY ARE WE AS A NATION delivered by Engr Kayode Odunlami at National Association of Electrical Engineering Students 2018 Annual Public Lecture Series.
A Review of Nano -Technology and Renewable Energy: Challenges and scope ijiert bestjournal
The objective of this research is to cover both old and the latest and emerging technologies in the field of re newable energy sources. The topic describes the various forms of renewable sources of energy and their applications. The term Nano technology and its applications have captured the worldwide market. The nanomaterials which are developing using this technol ogy can be incorporated into the devices so that renewable energy can be converted or generated more efficiently. Nanomaterials have the potential to change the way we generate,deliver and use energy.
A Presentation given on Photon 2k18 in our college Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, in the Stream of Physics.
this slide explains briefly the various Renewable energy Sources available to us, their classification, and focuses more on the Photo Voltaic Cells.
In the present generation energy plays a vital role in our world and for human life it´s very important factor. There is a methodical meeting taking place regarding the conservation of energy and every time there is a review in the agenda. Energy demand and supply were endeavored by these countries. To rectify these problems, there should be more research in the generation of energy with the greater efficiency and try to use energy in more efficient manner. Solar energy remains as the most prominent source of energy as it is cost effective and environmentally friendly. Reviews convey that solar energy systems will play a major role in the power generations. As per present scenario there is a great importance to the solar energy using photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems exhibit an important role for solar energy production.
Literature Review of Solar Energy EngineeringYogeshIJTSRD
Scientific concept of energy is capacity to do work. Energy is the basic ingredient to sustain life and development. It is the key to industrial development for the promotion of economic and living standard of the society. The growth of world population coupled with rising standard of living has escalated the growth of energy consumption. The modern industrialization has been dependent upon the conventional energy resources i.e. crude oil, natural gas and coal. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Literature Review of Solar Energy Engineering" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40045.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/40045/literature-review-of-solar-energy-engineering/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
The presentation is mostly focused on the Renewable Energy and there Prospects in India. In the presentation there is important points for the World's Renewable Energy and also for the India's Renewable Energy.
Growing Renewable Energy in the Future of India: Opportunities over Challengesijsrd.com
As the demand is going to increase the generations have to be increased. So as the time is going to pass the conventional energy sources are going to be decreased and it might happen that after some years these sources are going to be exhausted. The best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional energy sources, which are never going to become exhausted because they are the natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The challenges required for the conventional energy for increasing population demand with the use of renewable energy the future of India get good opportunities to full fill it. Among the various non-conventional energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, Hydro energy, tidal energy, wave energy, Ocean Thermal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass energy, fuel cell energy, Hydrogen etc. are never going to become exhausted because they are natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The sharp increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several decades has raised fears of exhausting the globe's reserves of fossil fuels in the near future. Approximately, 90% of our energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. Energy and development are inter-related. Energy sector is the backbone of any country's growth and economy. India is one of the largest growing economies in the world and today not just India, but the whole world is looking for alternate sources of energy like wind, solar, hydro, biomass, biofuel etc. known as renewable energy sources for Sustainable energy development.
Sesti project: Global Sustainable Energy optionsVictor Van Rij
This presentation gives the result of the emerging issues analysis of the SESTI project on the energy domain in 2010. It provides the questions around 5 of the less well known future sustainable options/risks that were discussed in the project. The topics that were addressed are still worth while to review today.
These topics were :
1. Enhancement of the photosynthetic cycle on global scale to provide all food, energy and maintain biodiversity (briefly biomimics)
2. Use of desert areas for gaining solar energy (the DESERTEC scheme)
3. Hybrid nuclear fission-fusion to speed up nuclear fusion
4. The unknown risks of going deeper and further for energy mining
5. The unknown risks of and hydrogen leaking economy
A public lecture on RENEWABLE ENERGY: HOW READY ARE WE AS A NATION delivered by Engr Kayode Odunlami at National Association of Electrical Engineering Students 2018 Annual Public Lecture Series.
A Review of Nano -Technology and Renewable Energy: Challenges and scope ijiert bestjournal
The objective of this research is to cover both old and the latest and emerging technologies in the field of re newable energy sources. The topic describes the various forms of renewable sources of energy and their applications. The term Nano technology and its applications have captured the worldwide market. The nanomaterials which are developing using this technol ogy can be incorporated into the devices so that renewable energy can be converted or generated more efficiently. Nanomaterials have the potential to change the way we generate,deliver and use energy.
A Presentation given on Photon 2k18 in our college Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, in the Stream of Physics.
this slide explains briefly the various Renewable energy Sources available to us, their classification, and focuses more on the Photo Voltaic Cells.
In the present generation energy plays a vital role in our world and for human life it´s very important factor. There is a methodical meeting taking place regarding the conservation of energy and every time there is a review in the agenda. Energy demand and supply were endeavored by these countries. To rectify these problems, there should be more research in the generation of energy with the greater efficiency and try to use energy in more efficient manner. Solar energy remains as the most prominent source of energy as it is cost effective and environmentally friendly. Reviews convey that solar energy systems will play a major role in the power generations. As per present scenario there is a great importance to the solar energy using photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems exhibit an important role for solar energy production.
Literature Review of Solar Energy EngineeringYogeshIJTSRD
Scientific concept of energy is capacity to do work. Energy is the basic ingredient to sustain life and development. It is the key to industrial development for the promotion of economic and living standard of the society. The growth of world population coupled with rising standard of living has escalated the growth of energy consumption. The modern industrialization has been dependent upon the conventional energy resources i.e. crude oil, natural gas and coal. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Literature Review of Solar Energy Engineering" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40045.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/40045/literature-review-of-solar-energy-engineering/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
The presentation is mostly focused on the Renewable Energy and there Prospects in India. In the presentation there is important points for the World's Renewable Energy and also for the India's Renewable Energy.
One of the most important resources of a nation is energy. The significance of
energy definitely cannot be overemphasized as it is immensely utilized in our everyday
activities as a very germane requirement for survival and robust lifestyle. The amount
of energy availability and its usage in a country measures the level of
industrialization. Several devices including machines, electronics, household
electrical appliances and other domestic equipment and machines, industrial
production and processing machines, streetlights for lighting, our vehicles all require
energy in various form be it solar, hydro-electric, biogas, gasoline, diesel and the
likes to function properly to optimum capacity. However, owing to the stupendous
hike in fuel price, increase in electricity charges and the desire to limit the use of
fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions, there have been several human efforts on the
pursuit for alternate means of power. This study is aimed at analyzing the range of
renewable energy potentials in Nigeria, and how they can ultimately be used for
national development.
Renewable Energy Sources in Tamilnadu by MATHANKUAMRMathankumar S
Renewable Energy Resources in TamilNadu ..... Need for Improvement ....Energy Crisis ............. Power Demand in TamilNadu .......... Need to Develop Power Resources............... Power Plants in TamilNadu ..... Electricity Sector in India ............. World Electricity Generation ------------- TamilNadu Electricity Status in the year of 2012 .................. Present Problems in Electric Generation .............. Findout the possibilities ..............
Similar to Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy. (20)
Modeling And Simulation Swash Plate Pump Response Characteristics in Load Sen...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Fluid Power is widely employed in applications required high loads such as tractors, cranes, and airplanes. In load sensing hydraulic systems, loads are controlled by adjusting a pump-valve arrangement. In this paper, the swash plate pump hydraulic characteristics will be determined, the pump and its fluid gains will be derived to obtain the pump overall transfer function. Firstly, the swash plate pump mechanism is analyzed and its dynamic model is constructed; the pump pressure and flow rate are plotted and the possible improvement is introduced. The load sensing unit parameters such as orifice width, orifice area, maximum passage area, and piston area at X and Y will be examined to identify their influence on the pump characteristics; and the optimum parameters will be introduced. All results are developed and simulated numerically.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
A New Two-Dimensional Analytical Model of Small Geometry GaAs MESFETIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : In this paper, a simple and exact analytical model for Small Geometry GaAs MESFET is developed to determine the potential distribution along the channel of the device. The model is based on the exact solution of two-dimensional Poisson’s equation in the depletion region under the gate. Then the obtained model is used to study the channel potential and threshold voltage of the device. Using the analytical model, the effect of the device parameter and bias conditions on performance of the device is investigated. The obtained results are graphically exhibited and discussed. In order to verification of the analytical results, TCAD device simulator is used and good accordance is observed.
Design a WSN Control System for Filter Backwashing ProcessIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Day by day, there is a higher rate of need for accurate automation system to be used in industries and environment monitoring and control. In water treatment plants during the filtration phase, there is a process called backwashing, which particles suspended in the filter basin are removed. in this process the water are forcedly pumped through the filter in upward direction at enough speed to expand the filter media. Therefore, various types of valves used, which are opened and closed in a time sequencing manner. The paper proposed an automation control system for the backwashing process to be initiated and completed automatically using PLC, level sensors and valves installed inside the filter basin. Practically, a control system has been applied which all valves are opened and closed according to wireless signals coming from PLCs on its suitable time. In summary, the control in the process demonstrated that the proposed system is efficient, effective, and able to be reliable. Besides, the results increase the productivity at a low-cost mode.
Application of Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Dimensions: A Critical ...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT”: Customer relationship management is crucial due to the competitive environment. For this reason, it has become a widely implemented strategy across the hotel industry in retaining customers and maintaining good relationships with them. It also promotes customer satisfaction and loyalty which lead to the achievement of competitive business performance. However, due to the ever-increasing competition and the continuous changing customers’ needs in the hotel industry, the ability to achieve customer satisfaction is becoming a major challenge. Using 40 respondents from 20 hotels, this paper, therefore, explores the managers’ perspective into how the application of CRM dimensions impact on the performance of hotels and also examines the relationships between them since studies evaluating their relationships are limited. It studies CRM from the hotels’ perceptive as Guest Services Managers and Marketing Managers were the respondents. This study employed an exploratory research design and quantitative technique. The survey was conducted in New Delhi and simple random sampling was the sampling technique used to select respondents. With the study’s objectives in mind, the developed research hypotheses constructed were tested using multiple regression analysis as the statistical tool. Through the results, it has been revealed that CRM dimensions are positively related to the performance of hotels. Finally, CRM dimensions are highly recommended as a competitive strategic tool to enhance competitiveness.
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
Place of Power Sector in Public-Private Partnership: A Veritable Tool to Prom...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Public Private Partnership involves private sector engagement in infrastructural development. Though in the past, the country infrastructure had been experiencing a decline in the system, this is because, government had been the sole contributor to infrastructural finance and had often taken responsibility for implementation, operations and maintenance as well. This decline in the system is caused by escalating population growth depending on available infrastructure, decaying of existing power infrastructure, political instability and corruption in the system. The ongoing reform is about bringing the system to a lime light. Hence, Public Private Partnership participation in the infrastructural development in Nigeria, will create favorable environment for an investors, provide job opportunities, long time policy, decision making and efficient use of the available resources. This paper therefore dwells on overview of the public private partnership with regards to energy and other infrastructural development of Nigeria. Challenges of the partnership and possible solutions towards subduing the problems are proffered.
Study of Part Feeding System for Optimization in Fms & Force Analysis Using M...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the development of a flexible and vibratory bowl feeding system which is suitable for use in a flexible manufacturing system. The vibratory bowl feeder for automatic assembly, presents a geometric model of the feeder, and develops force analysis, leading to dynamical modeling of the vibratory feeder. Based on the leaf-spring modeling of the three legs of the symmetrically arranged bowl of the feeder, and equating the vibratory feeder to a three-legged parallel mechanism, the paper reveals the geometric property of the feeder. The effects of the leaf-spring legs are transformed to forces and moments acting on the base and bowl of the feeder. Resultant forces are obtained based upon the coordinate transformation, and the moment analysis is produced based upon the orthogonality of the orientation matrix. This reveals the characteristics of the feeder, that the resultant force is along the z-axis and the resultant moment is about the z direction and further generates the closed-form motion equation.
Investigating The Performance of A Steam Power PlantIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance analysis of Shobra El-Khima power plant in Cairo, Egypt is presented based on energy and exergy analysis to determine the causes , the sites with high exergy destruction , losses and the possibilities of improving the plant performance. The performance of the plant was evaluated at different loads (Full, 75% and, 50 %). The calculated thermal efficiency based on the heat added to the steam was found to be 41.9 %, 41.7 %, 43.9% , while the exergetic efficiency of the power cycle was found to be 44.8%, 45.5% and 48.8% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively. The condenser was found to have the largest energy losses where (54.3%, 55.1% and 56.3% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively) of the added energy to the steam is lost to the environment. The maximum exergy destruction was found to be in the turbine where the percentage of the exergy destruction was found to be (42%, 59% and 46.1% at max, 75% and, 50 % load respectively). The pump was found to have the minimum exergy destruction. It was also found that the exergy destruction in feed water heaters and in the condenser together represents the maximum exergy destruction in the plant (about 52%). This means that the irreversibilities in the heat transfer devices in the plant have a significant role on the exergy destruction. So, it is thought that the improvement in the power plant will be limited due to the heat transfer devices.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
Mitigation of Voltage Imbalance in A Two Feeder Distribution System Using IupqcIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Proliferation of electronic equipment in commercial and industrial processes has resulted in increasingly sensitive electrical loads to be fed from power distribution system which introduce contamination to voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling of industrial loads. The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is connected between two different feeders (lines), hence this method of connection of the UPQC is called as Interline UPQC (IUPQC).This paper proposes a new connection for a UPQC to improve the power quality of two feeders in a distribution system. Interline Unified Power Quality Conditioner (IUPQC), specifically aims at the integration of series VSC and Shunt VSC to provide high quality power supply by means of voltage sag/swell compensation, harmonic elimination in a power distribution network, so that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling. The structure, control and capability of the IUPQC are discussed in this paper. The efficiency of the proposed configuration has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Adsorption of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution with Vermicompost Produced...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The removal of Methylene blue as a synthetic dye from aquatic system was investigated by using vermicompost. The dye concentration, contact time and pH of the solution carried out in the adsorption studies. Batch adsorption experimental data were suitable for the Langmuir isotherm and a very good fit to the second order kinetic model (pH=10). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated 256.66 mg g-1 . Vermicompost and the dye loaded vermicompost were characterized by SEM and FTIR. It was found that the vermicompost is stable without losing their activity.
Analytical Solutions of simultaneous Linear Differential Equations in Chemica...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Analytical method for solving homogeneous linear differential equations in chemical kinetics and pharmacokinetics using homotopy perturbation method has been proposed. The mathematical model that depicts the pharmacokinetics is solved. Herein, we report the closed form of an analytical expression for concentrations species for all values of kinetic parameters. These results are compared with numerical results and are found to be in satisfactory agreement. The obtained results are valid for the whole solution domain.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
Hybrid Methods of Some Evolutionary Computations AndKalman Filter on Option P...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The search for a better option price continues within the financial institution. In pricing a put option, holders of the underlying stock always want to make the best decision by maximizing profit. We present an optimal hybrid model among the following combinations: Kalman Filter-Genetic Programming(KF-GP), Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) and Evolutionary Strategy -Genetic Programming(ES- GP). Our results indicate that the hybrid method involving Kalman Filter-Evolutionary Strategy(KF-ES) is the best model for any investor. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on the model parameters to ascertain the rigidity of the model.
An Efficient Methodology To Develop A Secured E-Learning System Using Cloud C...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Now-a-days, each and every action involved in our life becomes computerized in order to reduce the time, complexity and manual power. The education systems are also being computerized, to train the students in a much efficient way. This system is termed as E-Learning. E-Learning is an Internet-based learning process, in which the Internet technology is used to design, implement, manage and extend learning, which will improve the efficiency of learning. Learning, Teaching and Training are intensely connected components, which are all included in the development of E-Learning system. Cloud Computing provides an efficient platform to support the E-Learning systems, as it can be dramatically changes over time .In this paper, an overview on the new emerging E-Learning system , utilization of the SAAS (Software as a Service) and the methodology to test the efficiency of the person in a secured way are described.
ABSTRACT: Many writers describe empowerment as a process as opposed to a condition or state of being which is being a key feature of empowerment emphasized by many researchers. As a process empowerment becomes difficult to be measured by standard tools available to social scientists. As case study helps in bringing us to understand a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies also emphasized on detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researcher had made use of this qualitative research method to examine contemporary real-life situations.
Validation of Maintenance Policy of Steel Plant Machine Shop By Analytic Hier...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper the maintenance activities of the Machine shop of Steel plant have been considered. As maintenance is a routine activity to keep a machine at its normal operating condition so that it can deliver its expected performance without causing any loose of time on account of accidental damage or breakdown and maintenance is a recurring activity. So for reduction of maintenance cost and safety of the operator as well as the residents of nearby area it is better to decide which machines should go for which type of maintenance. For this decision AHP is used and the Expert choice software is used for that calculations and this paper is for the validation of results.
li-fi: the future of wireless communicationIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Nowadays people and their electronic devices access wireless internet. But, clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch onto a reliable signal. So, Radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can carry our data. We can use “Data through Illumination”. In this process, the data is sent through an LED source that varies in intensity faster than the human eye could follow. The future can be envisioned where the data for laptops, smart phones and all other smart applications is transmitted through the light in our living room. And security would be a snap—if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data.
The Comprehensive Computation Model of Gas Permeability Based on Fuzzy Comple...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper, in order to reveal the gas migration law of loaded coal under multi-factor coupling, the researches on gas permeability were carried out under different influencing factors, namely effective stress, gas pressure, confining pressure and moisture content, with the self-developed experimental platform of gas permeability. Meanwhile, the function relationship of each influencing factor and permeability was established by use of the mathematical least squares principle. In this paper, the comprehensive expression of gas permeability was established, which is based on fuzzy complementary judgment matrix. And the comprehensive expression was drawn from the experimental conclusions of the loaded coal under multi-factor coupling.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy.
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 7 | July. 2017 | 20 |
Nigerian Economy and the Impact of Alternative Energy.
Abaka J.U*, Adeleke D.A, Salmanu H, Ibraheem T. B, Olokede O.
Renewable Energy Department,
Energy Commission of Nigeria.
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the primary needs for socio economic development in any nation in the world is the
provision of energy supply systems, which is vital to human life and technological
advancement and also widening people opportunities and empowers people to do choices. In
Nigeria the low level supply of electricity generation has been the major constraint to rapid
socio economic development especially in rural communities (A.S Ayodele, 1998). More so,
about sixty five percent (65%) of the 150 million Nigeria populace are rural dwellers
(A.O Sumonu,2011 et al) with major of them income earners whose socio-economic lives
can only be improved when provisions are made to preserved their wasting agricultural
product and provide energy for their household equipment, such as refrigerator, lighting, fan
and etc. Hence there is need to develop an indigenous technology to harness the Renewable
energies from wind, solar, biomass to generate electricity. It is pertinent to note that the
alternative energy as the basis of the discussion is a clean energy which aim to produce no or
less harm to the environment, it also contribute to the economic development of the nationals
Ayodele, 1998) by adding value to the national grid so as to improve the industrial growth of
a nation and mitigate the climate change (K.C Jean, (2011). Nigeria depends on its country
petroleum, but as the fossil fuel is declining and the world are moves towards cutting carbon
emission away from fossil fuel. Nigeria is leveraging its other resources to ready itself for the
new era. Therefore we are at the threshold of the technological break through the need for
continuous quest for alternative energy which is environmentally friendly, humanly safe and
economically viable should be embraced.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
More specifically with high cost of conventional energy lead to a considerable interest in the
development and application of renewable energy resources and utilization (A.S Sambo,
1991). Nigeria is endowed with an annual Average daily sunshine of 6.25 hours, ranging
between about 3.5 hours at the coastal areas and 9.0 hours at the far northern boundary.
Similarly, it has an annual average daily solar radiation of about 5.25 KW/m2
/day, varying
between about 3.5 kWm2
/day at the coastal Area and 7.0kW/m2
/day at the northern boundary.
ABSTRACT: Nigeria is endowed with natural resources which are aim at developing the country.The
need for alternative energy resources to drive the nation economy cannot be over-emphasized. The
incessant power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural
and sub-rural settlement. A robust solution must be found to end the crises. Alternative energy source
has the potential of solving power problem in Nigeria as well as providing safer and cleaner
environment than the fossil fuel. This paper also examines the socio–economic benefits of the alternative
energy (solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal) to the nation economy and the utilization of the
resources to meet human needs and the generation yet unborn and to provide sustainable development,
thereby improve the standard of living and mitigating climate change.
Keyword: Alternative Energy, Climate Change, Economic, Environmental Pollution.
2. Nigerian Economy And The Impact Of Alternative Energy.
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Nigeria receives about 4.851x 1012 KWh of energy per day from the sun (E.N.C .Okafor and
Uzuegbu, 2010). Solar energy technologies are divided into two broad groups namely solar-
thermal and solar photovoltaic. In solar thermal applications, solar energy, as electromagnetic
waves, is first converted into heat energy. The heat energy may then be used either directly as
heat, or converted into ‘cold’, or even into electrical or mechanical energy.
Typical such applications are in drying, cooking, heating, distillation, cooling and
refrigeration as well as electricity generation in thermal power plants. In solar photovoltaic
applications, the solar radiation is converted directly into electricity. The most common
method of doing this is through the use of silicon solar cells. A study of the wind energy
potential for a number of Nigeria cities shows that the annual wind speed ranges from
2.32m/s for Port-Harcourt to a figure of 3.89m/s for Sokoto which is a renewable energy and
is present in the nation (A.S Sambo, 1987). Also a report compiled by the Sokoto Energy
Research shows the detail of alternative energy technologies ready for adoption in to the
economy (A.S Sambo, 1991). Biomass resources of Nigeria can be identified as wood,
forage grasses and shrubs, animal as waste arising from forestry, agricultural, municipal and
industrial activities, as well as, Aquatic biomass (Garba B and Bashir, A.M, 2002) Also the
biomass resources of the nation have been estimated to be about 8 x 102
M.J. Plant biomass
can be utilized as fuel for small-scale industries. It could also be fermented by anaerobic
bacteria to produce a very versatile and cheap Fuel Gas i.e. biogas (E.N.C Okafor and
Uzuegbu, 2010). Moreover, hydropower systems rely on the potential energy difference
between the levels of water in reservoirs. Nigeria has a capacity of 11,500 MW for large
hydropower and only 1972 MW has being exploited while for small hydro power, the country
has about 3,500 MW and only about 64.2 MW has being exploited. (A.S Sambo, 2005).Some
alternative energy resources are available in some area of the world e.g. Nigeria which
include solar, wind, hydro and biomass. (Considine, 1977).
Situation of the Nigeria Economy in Alternative Energy
Despite the abundance of energy resources in Nigeria, the country is in short supply of
electrical power (A.S Sambo, 2009). Only about 40% of the nation have access to grid
electricity (A.S Sambo, 2009). To achieve the goals of development, an energy sector is
essential. Many countries, especially in developing countries are faced with serious energy
crises. They have been unable to meet the energy needs of their countries. In a quest to
realize this, many have turn to different sources of energy which among them are renewable
energy sources. In view of this ,the national energy policy with an optimal utilization of the
nation energy resources for sustainable development with substantial private sector was
approve by the government in 2003,which cover all energy resources and all energy
utilization sector of economy and the finance.
Table 1: Some Alternative Energy Resources
S/N Resources Renewable Energy Production
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Resources
1 Large Hydro 11,280mw 1938mw(167.4million
mwh/day)
2 Small Hydro 3,500mw 30mw(2.6millionmwh/day)
3 Solar
Radiation
3.5-7kwh/m2
/day 240kwp of solar pv
4 Wind (2-4)m/s AT 10M
height
5 Biomass (
Fuel Wood)
(Animal
Waste)
(Agric
Residue)
11million of forest
and wood hard.
211million assorted
animals.
72hectares of agric
land.
0.120million tone/day
0.781million tone
waste/day
0.256million tone crop/day
Available In the Nation
Source: Energy Commission of Nigeria (National Energy Master Plan 2005)
Table 2: Targets for Electric Generation for Alternative Energy
S/N Resources
Available(Mw)
Short Time
Line(2009)
Medium
Time Line
(2015)
Long
Time(2030)
1 Large Hydro 1930 5930 48,000
2 Small Hydro 100 734 19,000
3 Solar PV 5 120 500
4 Solar Thermals _ 1 5
5 Biomass _ 100 800
6 Wind 1 20 40
7 All Renewable
Energy
2,036 6,905 68,345
Source: Compiled by Energy Commission of Nigeria (Renewable Energy Master
Plan 2005)
We can observe that the situation will best increase the economy of the nation if the
utilization of the resources is perfectly promoted and effectively used and can mitigate
adverse effect of climate to the nation.
Definition of Alternative Energy
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Alternative energy is defined as energy fuelled in ways that do not use up natural resources or
harm the environment, especially by avoiding the use of fossil fuel. (Oxford Dictionary,
2012). It was also defined as
an energy resources that is naturally regenerated over a short time scale and derive directly
from the sun (such as Thermal, Photochemical, Photoelectric) and indirectly from the sun
(such as wind, hydro power, photosynthetic energy stored in biomass) or from other natural
movement of the environment (such as geothermal and tidal energy). (TREIA Renewable
Energy).Also alternative energy can be defined as:
The energy produced without undesirable consequence of the burning of fossil fuel, such as
high carbon dioxide emission, which is considered to be the major contributing factor of the
global warming (Michigan Next energy Authority Act of 2002).
Types of Alternative Energy
There are a number of advantages to exploring alternative energy sources. One advantage is
that alternative energy sources reduce greenhouse gases and pollutants which not only lead to
us being unhealthier but contribute to global warming. The alternative energy types are
bellow:
WIND
Wind is a natural energy source. When the wind blows, the blades of the turbine rotate. The
rotation is then converted into an electrical current through the use of an electrical generator
(Z.Araron, 1998). These wind turbines are usually built on wind farms. Electrical currents
today are harnessed by large wind farms that are used by national electrical grids. They are
also used on a smaller scale for providing electricity to smaller homes or locations.
There are a number of advantages to using wind power. First, it produces no pollution. This
means there are no harmful by-products and our environment stays healthy. Secondly, wind
energy is a renewable source, so we will never run out of wind. Third, wind turbines can be
placed on farms in which livestock are raised. Finally, wind farms can also be built off-shore.
Clearly, wind power has some disadvantages. As with any energy source, there are some
concerns as well. Once concern is that wind power is not constant. Some days are windier
than others. On some days, there is little to no wind. In order for this energy source to be
more reliable, it needs to be more consistent so that electricity is being produced all the time.
Another concern is that some people believe that the wind turbines are ugly and they do not
want them around, it kill bird flying around and it’s noisy. Those are just a few concerns
about wind power.
SOLAR
Solar energy is created by trapping the sun's rays into solar cells where the sunlight is
changed into electricity. Solar energy is most commonly used for producing electricity,
getting the salt out of water, heating, and cooking. Some people have solar panels now on
their homes to heat them. This saves them a lot of money in the long run. Others use a very
informal type of solar power by simply opening their blinds when it is sunny to help them
heat their homes. Solar power has some advantages as an alternative energy source. One
advantage is that as long as we have a sun, its energy is renewable. Secondly, like wind
power, it does not contribute to pollution and keeps our world clean. Solar energy is a very
practical form of energy for lighting and heating. Solar power can be easily used to heat
5. Nigerian Economy And The Impact Of Alternative Energy.
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water tanks, pools, and spas. Its uses are endless. Just like wind power, solar power also has
the disadvantage of inconsistency. There are some days when ample sunlight is present,
offering a lot of solar energy; there are also days when the sun is not shining and little to no
solar power energy will be collected. Additionally, solar power stations can be very
expensive to build, which may make it somewhat impractical. These are all issues to be
considered.
GEOTHERMAL
Geothermal energy is the natural energy formed by the earth (Union of Concerned Scientist,
2012). The hot rocks that are under the ground heat the water to produce steam. Then you can
drill holes in this area, causing the steam to shoot up and drive turbines. The turbines then
power electric generators. There are some advantages to geothermal energy. Just as wind and
solar power, geothermal energy does not pollute or cause harmful by-products. A geothermal
plant is a very self-sufficient energy source once it has been built. These plants are typically
rather small and do not have much effect on the beauty of the landscape, so no complaints
there like the complaints with the wind turbines. As usual, there are always some negatives. If
the geothermal plant is not produced correctly, there can be pollutants. Also, if the drilling is
not done correctly, there will be hazardous minerals and gases released into the air. Finally,
geothermal sites can run out of steam at some point. You can see that it is vitally important
that the geothermal plants are done correctly in order for them to be effective, and they will
not last forever.
HYDROELECTRIC
Hydroelectric power is generated from dammed water that drives a water turbine and
generator. Tidal power is one version of this. The power of the water of a tide creates
pressure that will turn either a turbine or a water wheel. A hydroelectric power plant uses a
renewable source of energy that does not pollute the environment. It converts the kinetic
6. Nigerian Economy And The Impact Of Alternative Energy.
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energy contained in falling water into electricity. This energy is renewable because it is
ultimately derived from the sun: energy contained in sunlight evaporates water from oceans
and deposits it on land in the form of rain. . This power then is able to provide energy to the
electric generator.
Hydroelectric Energy has some advantages. First, water can be held in order to provide for
times of less water. This is a difference from the other forms of alternative energy since with
hydroelectric energy you have the ability to accumulate the water. This means that the energy
can be generated consistently. Hydroelectric power, like wind, solar, and geothermal energy,
has no waste or pollution. Additionally, it is renewable because the water can be reused.
Disadvantages of hydroelectric energy include that the dams can be rather expensive to build.
There also needs to be enough supply of water to create energy, and that supply of water
needs to be powerful. (O.magret Hyde, McGraw Hill).
III. EXISTING PROJECTS FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN NIGERIA
List of Some Pilot Projects
Table 3: Solar-PV Electrification Projects
S/N Capacity (kWp) Location Date
1. 2.85 Okopendi, Bende
LGA, Abia State.
2005
2. 5.0 Laje, Ondo State 2005
3. 1.5 Usman Danfodio
University, Sokoto
State.
2002
4. 2.5 Agbashi,
Nassarawa State.
2000
5. 7.2 Kwalkwalawa,
Sokoto State.
1994
6. 2.0 Iheakpu-Akwa in
Igbo-Eze South
LGA of Enugu
State.
1999
7. 2.0 Usman Danfodio
University, Sokoto
State.
2000
8. 5.0 Kawo in Kaduna
State
2002
9. 4.5 SERC 2002
10. 0.7 Solar
Electrification of
Office block.
2002
11. 1.25 Security Lighting 2002
12. 0.5 Security Lighting 2002
13. Lot NITEL 2000
14. 0.25 Yenagoa 2006
15. 4.0 Jigawa State 2000
16. 2.5 Govt. Gifted Sch, 2005
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Table 6: Biomass/Biogas Projects/Plants
S/N Capacity
(kWp)
Location Date
1. 200 units Danjawa, Sokoto 1990
2. 4 units Kuje Prison, Abuja 1998
3. 20 m3
NAFRI, Zaria 1998
4. 20 m3
Zaria Prison 1998
5. 20 m3
Mayflower School,
Ekene, Ogun State
1998
6. 20 m3
Ojokoro, Lagos 1999
7. 20 m3
Maiduguri 2000
8. 20 m3
Maiduguri, Cameroon,
Chad, Niger Republic
2002
9. 20 m3
Kiri-Kiri, Lagos 1993
10. 10 m3
Achalla-Nru, Nsukka
LGA, Anambra State
1999
11. 10 m3
NCERD, UNN, Nsukka 2003
12. 10 m3
Ugbo Nwankwo,
Abakpa Nike
2003
13. 10 m3
Oweri Prisons, Imo
State
2005
Source: National Centre for Energy, Research and Development (2007)
Prospect of Alternative Energy in Nigeria
Since Nigeria is endowed with renewable abundant energy resources, the renewable
energy resources can allow energy mix into the national grid and will increase power
generation and actually reduce carbon emission.
With the development of wind power for agricultural production, this reduces human
energy in activities such as winnowing in rice mill and irrigation of the farm land.
The solar energy has been successfully used in the controlled drying of agricultural
product, domestic cooking and pumping of water. There by improving economy of the
nation.
The small hydro can be used to fill the rural area in Nigeria and maintain a minimum flow
all year round, which can be used to develop small hydro power for rural agriculture.
The use of clean cooking stove will reduce the amount of wood that is use for cooking
both in rural and urban area and preserve the natural reserve.
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Since renewable energy is now a global issue and can develop a nation economy, it there
by turn other sector of energy, improve standard of living, create employment and
revenue generation.
Impact of Alternative Energy in Nigeria Economy
Since Nigeria is endowed with alternative energy resources, the impacts are as follows;
Alternative energy could mean the creation of many jobs and independence from foreign
energy resources.
Reduce crime rate, people usually have no time for idleness.
When small amount of capital is invested, it yields good returns.
To enhance agricultural productivity and promote agro processing.
It provides fuel for vehicles, equipments and cooking stoves.
It helps in revenue generation and increases to government through tax and reduces
dependence on revenue allocation from fossil fuel.
It has the capacity to increase our gross domestic product and will create new value
change of business supply markets and production.
Challenges and Way Forward
If the local communities do not accept the technologies, there will be no demand e.g. it
may not make much sense to install solar cookers in the communities which forbid
women to cook in the middle of the day.
Massive deployment of renewable energy system in Nigeria has a great future if only the
right political and legislative frame work can be put to place.
Insecurity of installation is not only an African problem, globally the security of the
installation is paramount in the decision as how and where to install the system ,so as not
to suffer vandalism
Activities of the government are instrument to the success or failure of the renewable
energy. The rate of the program can only increase within the context of the government.
Economic and financial challenges arises from lack of aces to capital, lack of means of
support, lack of information by appropriate financial institution and lack of investment on
the energy system.
Lack of technical competence continues to be a major challenge towards the development
of renewable energy system in Nigeria.
Way Forward
An energy policy which emphasis the development of renewable energy resources and
technologies should be immediately put to place.
Renewable energy can provide important new solution to reduce pollution, diversify and
secure energy supply and provide access to energy support and poverty eradication.
We commit ourselves to cooperate in further development and promotion of resources
energy technologies and Nigeria should strive to a well round energy mix (renewable and
non renewable)
Increase the use of renewable energy is an essential element to achieve sustainable
development at national and global.
10. Nigerian Economy And The Impact Of Alternative Energy.
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We commit ourselves to working with others to achieve this goal, especially through
partnership initiative which could contribute to expanding the use of renewable energy in
Nigeria.
IV. CONCLUSSION
It has been shown that energy is necessary for the economic growth of a nation and
thus essential for improving the standard of living of the nation. Therefore energy has to be
made available by the nation and cheap for rapid and quality growth of the economy .The
renewable energy resources become object of search, they are dependable and therefore
possible alternatives if there technology are develop. One will now use this opportunities to
call in government of the nation to give serious attention to the development of alternative
energy so as to have sustainable energy.
RECOMMENDATION
Nigeria needs an energy policy which stresses the development of renewable energy
resources and technology, be course the current policy has not laid emphasis on
renewable energy.
It is recommended that a resources survey and assessment be carried out to determine the
potential in the country.
It is recommended that a testing and standard laboratory for renewable energy technology
be established in Nigeria.
The existing research and development centre and technology development institution
should be adequately strengthened to support the shift towards increase renewable energy
utilization.
It is recommended that a renewable that a renewable energy fund/financing agency be
established like that of India.
It is recommended that demonstration project on various energy forms be established so
that the performance and efficiency with which services are delivered can be sensitized.
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